2. To which philosophy/ies
do/es each theory of man
belong?
Choose from the ff.:
•Essentialism
•Progressivism
•Perennialism
•Existentialism
•Behaviorism
3. 1. A person is a product of
his environment.
2. A person has no universal
nature.
3. A person has rational and
moral powers.
4. 4. A person has no choice; he
is determined by his
environment.
5. A person can choose what
he can become.
6. A person is a complex
combination of matter that
responds to physical stimuli.
5. 7. A person has no free
will.
8. A person has the same
essential nature with
others.
9. A person is a rational
animal.
6. 10. A person firsts exists
then defines him/herself.
11. A person is a social
animal who learns well
through an active interplay
with others.
8. ESSENTIALISM
Why teach?
For the learners to acquire basic
knowledge, skills and values.
Model citizens are those who imbibed
traditional moral values and
intellectual knowledge.
9. What toTeach?
Academically rigorous
Basic skills or 4R’s
Skills for the preparation of life
Traditional disciplines
No vocational courses
Teacher-decided curriculum
ESSENTIALISM
10. How toTeach?
Teachers are: masters of the subject
matter, intellectual and moral models
of their students; “fountain” of
information; “paragon of virtue”.
Teachers observe core requirements,
longer school days, a longer academic
year.
ESSENTIALISM
11. How toTeach?
Teaching relied heavily on the use of
prescribed textbooks, drill methods
that will enable them to cover as
much academic content as possible
like the lecture method.
Stressed heavily on memorization
and discipline.
ESSENTIALISM
12. Why teach?
To develop learners into becoming
enlightened and intelligent citizens of
a democratic society.
This group of teachers teach learners
so they may live life fully NOW not to
prepare them for adult life.
PROGRESSIVISM
13. What to teach?
Need-based and relevant curriculum –
that “responds to students’ needs and
that relates to students’ personal lives
and experiences.
Teaches the learners the skills to cope
with change.
PROGRESSIVISM
14. What to teach?
The focus is on the teaching on the
teaching skills or processes in
gathering and evaluating information
and in problem-solving.
Subjects are: natural and social
sciences
PROGRESSIVISM
15. What to teach?
Teachers expose students to many
scientific, technological and social
developments.
Students try to solve problems in the
classroom similar to those they will
encounter outside the schoolhouse.
PROGRESSIVISM
16. How to teach?
Experiential methods.
Learning by doing
Problem-solving method
Inquiry method
Hands-on-Minds-on teaching
methodology
PROGRESSIVISM
17. Why teach?
To develop the students’ rational and
moral powers.
According to Aristotle, if we neglect
the students’ reasoning skills, we
deprive them of the ability to use
higher faculties to control their
passions and appetites.
PERENNIALISM
18. What to teach?
Universal curriculum
Heavy on humanities
General education
Less emphasis on vocational and
technical education.
Lessons are lifted from the Great
Books
PERENNIALISM
19. How to teach?
Teacher-centered methods.
They do not allow the students’
interests or experiences to
substantially dictate what they teach.
They apply whatever creative
techniques and other tried and true
methods like the Socratic Method.
PERENNIALISM
20. Why teach?
To help students understand and appreciate
themselves as unique individuals who accept
complete responsibility for their thoughts,
feelings and actions
To help students define their own essence by
exposing them to various paths they take in
life and by creating environment in which
they freely choose their own preferred way.
To educate the whole person, not just the
mind
EXISTENTIALISM
21. What to teach?
A curriculum wherein students are
given a wide variety of options from
which to choose.
Students afford their preferred subject
matter.
Humanities is given tremendous
emphasis to unleash the creativity and
self-expression of students.
EXISTENTIALISM
22. What to teach?
Vocational education is regarded
more as means of teaching students
about themselves and their potential
than of earning a livelihood.
Art – encourages individual creativity
and imagination more than copying
and imitating established models.
EXISTENTIALISM
23. How to teach?
Focus on the individual.
Learning is self-paced, self0directed
Includes a great deal of individual
contact with the teacher
Employs values clarification strategy.
Teachers remain non-judgmental and
take care not to impose values.
EXISTENTIALISM
24. Why teach?
To make known to the individual that
they are product of the environment.
Student’s behavior are modified and
shaped by external environment.
Students who exemplify behaviors
based from their environment are
deemed desirable in society.
BEHAVIORISM
25. What to teach?
This school of thought teaches
students to respond favorably to
various stimuli in the environment.
BEHAVIORISM
26. How to teach?
Teachers ought to arrange environmental
conditions so students can make the
responses to stimuli.
Teachers ought to make the stimuli clear
and interesting to capture and hold the
learner’s attention.
They ought to provide appropriate
incentives to reinforce positive responses
and eliminate negative ones.
BEHAVIORISM
29. With which philosophy do you
associate the following
quotations?
Choose from the ff.:
•Essentialism
•Progressivism
•Perennialism
•Existentialism
•Behaviorism
30. 1. “Education is life not a
preparation for life.” –
Dewey
2. “Man is nothing else but
what he makes of himself…” -
Sartre
31. 3. “Gripping and enduring
interests frequently grow
out of initial learning
efforts that are not
appealing or attractive.”
32. 4. “Give me a dozen of healthy
infants, well informed, and my
own specified world to bring
them up in and I’ll guarantee
to take anyone at random and
train him to become any type of
specialist I might select-
doctor, lawyer, etc. - Watson
