1. October 20, 2008 1

2. Programmed learning is one of the
important innovations of the 20th
century in the teaching –learning
process.
October 20, 2008 2

3.  Self Instructional
Technique
 Individualized Instruction
 Logically Sequenced (Small
Segments)
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4. Related Educators
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 Thorndike -Trial and Error
 Gagne-Chain -Signal Learning
 Robertmager - Learner Controlled
Instruct
 Skinner -Operant Conditioning
 Sidne L Pressy -Teaching Machines
 Norman A Crowder -Mathetics
 T.F.Gilbert -Intrinsic
 Lawrence Stolurow - C A I (Computer
 Edgerdale - Cone Of Experience

5. Definitions
 It is a Systematic Step By Step Self Instructional
Programmes.
 It is a device which presents an exercise or a problem
to a student , inducing him to respond , and revealing
to him whether or not his response is correct.
 It is a method of designing a reproducible sequence
of instructional events to produce a measurable and
consistent effect on the behaviour of each and every
acceptable student.
 Educational programming is the scheduling and
control of student behaviour in the learning process.
 It is a planned sequence of experiences, leading to
proficiency in terms of stimulus response relationship.
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6. Characteristics
 Individualized instruction
 Logically sequenced ,small steps called
‘frames’.
 Pay due consideration to the initial or entering
behaviour of the learner.
 Provision for feed –back.
 Interaction between the learner and the
learning material is important.
 Self –pacing to the learner .
 Continuous evaluation.
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7. principles
 Small steps.
 Active participation and responding
 Reinforcement
 Self –pacing
 Self evaluation
 Immediate feed –back
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8. Programmed instructional
materials
 Teaching machines
 Programmed text books
 Scrambled book
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9. Types of programming
 Linear or extrinsic
 Branching or intrinsic
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10. LINEAR
 B.F Skinner
 Straight line-single track
 Every learner follow the same path
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21 3 4

11. Branching
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 Norman A Crowder
 Bigger frames
 Content frame
 Remedial frame

12. Content frame
a) Repeating student response,
b) Positive confirmation
c) New information
d) Question
e) Alternative answers-directions to
go to relevant page
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13. Remedial frame
a) Repeating the student response
b) Negative confirmation
c) Reason as to why he is wrong
d) Further explanations
e) Directions as to where the learner
should go next.
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14. Forward branching
Whether it is right or wrong learner
----new page
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1
Remedial
+
Parallel Qn
2

15. Backward branching
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 Repeating the missed frames

16. Linear cum Branching ,
Mathetics
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17. Structure of a programme
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 Pre test
 Entering behaviour
 Programme (broken down into
elements)
 Post test
 Terminal behaviour

18. Comparison
Programmed instruction
Linear Branching Mathetics
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small larger bigger
Written or performanceMultiple choiceconstructed
Linear book
Low cost
Scrambled
expensive
Instra -package
High cost

19. Primes & Prompts
 For helping the learner make the
correct response and eliminate error,
he is assisted in the form of primes
and prompts in the introductory
frame.
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20. Priming is introduced in a frame
through a process of copying the
response given in the stimulus
 All elements are made up of small
particles of matter called atoms
 The smallest particle of copper is
called----(Example)
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21.  Prompt is a hint or cue , is provided to
help the learner to choose the correct
response
 The prompt can be classified into
two categories
1) Formal (provides an indication of
form of response)
2) Thematic (depends on the general
properties of the prompting
stimulus).
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22. 

 Characteristics Linear Programming Branched
Programming
 of the programme
1. Step size Small Large
2. Response type Constructed Multiple choice
3. Reinforcement Correctness of response ultimate correctne
4. Subject matter
5. Paper Programme
6. Cost
7. Control of response
8. Level of learner
9. Mode of response
 10.Procedure
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23. Thanks
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