First Aid Shock djorgenmorris

1. Chapter 7
Shock

2. Introduction to Shock
• Perfusion
− Adequate blood and oxygen are provided to
all cells in the body.
• Hypoperfusion
− The cardiovascular system fails.
− Blood circulation eventually ceases.

3. Damage Caused by Shock
• Brain
− 4 to 6 minutes
• Abdominal organs
− 45 to 90 minutes
• Skin and muscle cells
− 3 to 6 hours

4. Perfusion Triangle
• Think of the circulatory system as having
three components.
− Heart (pump)
− Blood vessels (pipes)
− Blood (fluid)

5. Perfusion Triangle
• Shock occurs
when one or more
of the sides are not
working properly.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.

6. Causes of Shock
• Cardiovascular
− Pump failure
• Cardiogenic shock
− Loss of fluid or
blood
• Hypovolemic shock
or hemorrhagic
shock
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.

7. Causes of Shock
• Cardiovascular
(cont’d)
− Poor vessel
function
• Neurogenic shock
− Combined vessel
and content failure
• Septic shock
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.

8. Causes of Shock
• Noncardiovascular
− Respiratory
insufficiency
• Chest injury
• Airway obstruction
− Anaphylactic shock
• Medications
• Food
• Insect stings
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.

9. Causes of Shock
• Noncardiovascular (cont’d)
− Psychogenic shock
• Fainting, or syncope
• Causes include fear, bad news, and unpleasant
sights.

10. The Progression of Shock
• Compensated
shock
• Decompensated
shock
• Irreversible shock
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.

11. Shock: What to Look For
• Altered mental status
• Pale, cold, and clammy skin
• Pale or cyanotic lips and/or nail beds
• Nausea/vomiting
• Rapid breathing and heart rate
• Unresponsiveness when shock is severe

12. Shock: What to Do
• Treat injuries.
• If responsive and
breathing normally,
keep the person flat
on his or her back.
• If no sign of injury,
raise the feet 6–12
inches.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.

13. Shock: What to Do
• If unresponsive, roll
the person onto his
or her side.
• Prevent the loss of
body heat.
• Call 9-1-1.
• Do not give anything
to eat or drink.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.

14. Anaphylaxis: What to Look For
• Shortness of breath
• Swelling of tongue, mouth, nose
• Intense itching
• Flushed skin or swollen face
• Sneezing, coughing, wheezing
• Tightness and swelling in the throat
• Tightness in the chest

15. Anaphylaxis: What to Look For
• Increased heart rate
• Cyanosis
• Dizziness
• History of previous severe allergic
reactions
• Medical identification tag

16. Anaphylaxis: What to Do
• Call 9-1-1.
• Monitor breathing
• If the person has an epinephrine auto-
injector, help administer it.
• If the person can swallow, give an
antihistamine.

17. Using an Epinephrine
Auto-Injector
• Find the injection
site on the outer
midthigh.
• Remove the safety
cap. © Jones & Bartlett Learning.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.

18. Using an Epinephrine
Auto-Injector
• Push against the
outer midthigh.
• Hold in place for
10 seconds.
• Pull the auto-
injector straight out
from the leg.
• Rub the area for
10 seconds.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.

19. Mild Allergic Reaction:
What to Look For
• Red, itchy eyes
• Itchy, sneezing, runny nose
• Rash on skin, usually on one part of the
body

20. Mild Allergic Reaction:
What to Do
• Help the person:
− Self-administer his or her asthma “rescue”
inhaler
− Take an antihistamine

21. Fainting: What to Do
• If a person suddenly collapses:
− Check breathing.
− If breathing stops, call 9-1-1 and give CPR.
− If person is breathing:
• Keep the person flat on his or her back.
• Monitor breathing; if it stops, give CPR.
• Check and treat any injuries.
• Wipe the person’s forehead with a cool, wet cloth.

22. Fainting: What to Do
• If a person is about to faint:
− Prevent a hard fall.
• If you feel faint:
− Lie down or sit down.
− Do not place your head between your knees.