The document discusses brain imaging technologies such as MRI, fMRI, and emerging techniques. It describes how these methods can be used to image individual neurons, neuronal networks, and the whole brain. Examples are given of how fMRI has been used to study basic brain functions and diagnose neurological disorders. The document also suggests ways for non-experts to access and analyze brain imaging data through open access repositories and analysis tools.

3. 100 billion neurons in the human brain 100 trillion synapses in the human brain Neuron is the basic computational unit in the brain

4. Neurons are organized into circuits in the cerebral cortex

5. Neuron  Network  Whole brain

6. Brain imaging: single neuron Misgeld & Kerschensteiner, 2006 In vivo microscopy

7. Brain imaging: neuronal networks Livet, et al. Nature (2007) Transgenics & fluorescence microscopy

10. Aging of the brain 20s 80s with mild Alzheimer’s 80s aging gracefully http://www.oasis-brains.org

11. Brain volume declines with age Marcus et al., 2007

12. Advanced structural methods Van Essen et al., 2006 Csernansky et al., 2005

13. fMRI

14. fMRI depends on functional localization

17. Natural History Museum, London

19. Another sad tale

20. Anatomy of an fMRI study Buckner & Wheeler, 2001 Study Test (in scanner)

21. Anatomy of an fMRI study Buckner & Wheeler, 2001 - = Old New

23. http://www.noliemri.com

24. “ This is your brain on politics”, NY Times, Nov. 11, 2007

27. Where are the language areas? Where are the motor areas?

29. With fMRI, patients must perform an action, which is unreliable in clinic.

30. Functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) requires NO task. Highly reliable.

33. Functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) requires NO task.

36. Emerging technology: digital lab on the cloud Input: Raw MRI scans Output: Quantitative reports

37. Emerging technology: Patient-driven care Microsoft HealthVault

38. Google Health (prototype) Emerging technology: Patient-driven care

44. oasis-brains.org

45. brainscape.org

46. Get yourself some tools Neuron  Network  Whole brain Genesis Neuron Slicer, Caret, AFNI, Freesurfer, SPM, FSL, ImageJ See also NITRC ( http:// www.nitrc.org / ) Ed Boyden, Thursday 11:50 “ Synthetic Neurobiology: Towards Engineering Brain Circuits for Health and Human Augmentation”

48. Start hacking.

49. Brain imaging: gene expression Lein et al. Nature (2007)

50. Veber den Kreislauf des Blutes in Menschlichen Gehirn (Concerning the circulation of the blood in the human brain) Verlag von Viet & Company: Leipzig, 1881 Functional Brain Imaging and Brain Blood Flow Angelo Mosso

51. Monday noon, September 23, 1878 From: Angelo Mosso (1881) Resting quietly Forearm Brain Arrow: room clock strikes 12 noon and of church bells heard Brain Forearm Arrow: Mosso asked Bertino if the Ave Maria should have been said Brain Forearm Arrow: “What is 8 x 12?” ω : response Brain Forearm

52. Michael Faraday 1845 Linus Pauling 1937 The Background & Basis of the BOLD Effect in fMRI Seiji Ogawa 1990 Room Air 100% Oxygen Room Air 100% Oxygen “ BOLD” Contrast

53. fMRI depends on blood oxygenation levels ∆ Blood Flow > ∆ Oxygen Consumption fMRI BOLD Signal Difference Image “ Rest” “ Activation”