The document discusses the musculoskeletal system, which includes muscles and bones. It notes that humans have an internal skeleton made of 206 bones that support the body, protect organs, and connect to muscles for movement. Bones come in different shapes and sizes, and joints connect bones. Muscles are made of cells that contract and relax to move parts of the body, connecting to bones via tendons. The document categorizes bones and describes key bones and muscle groups in the head, trunk, and extremities, as well as different joint and muscle types. It concludes with recommendations for musculoskeletal health.

1. MUSCLES AND BONES
►BYÁLVARO
GONZÁLEZ
SÁNCHEZ

2. MUSCLES AND BONES
 The musculoskeletalm system is composes of
many muscles and bones
 Humans have got an internal skeleton. It is
made of 206 different bones
 The functions of the skeleton:
► It suports the body and helps to keep ist
shape.
► It protects the body’s soft, internal organs.
► It is connected to muscles that move the
different bones.
 Bones are made of bone cels that form bone
tissue.
 Joints are parts of the skeleton where two
or more bones are connected.
 In some joints there are elastic tissues called
ligaments that keep the bones together

3. MUSCLES
► Muscles are made of many muscle cells.
► These cells can contrac and become
shorter.
► They can also relax and become longer
again.
► Muscles contrac and relax to move
different parts of the body.
► Some muscles are conected to bones by
long, non-elastic fibres called
tendons.
► When the muscles contract, they pull on
the tendons and move the bones

4. THE HUMAN SKELETON
 WE CAN PUT THE BONES OF THE
HUMAN SKELETON INTO THREE
GROUPS:
► The bones of the head.
► The bones of the trunk.
► The bones of the extremities.
 BONES CAN BE DIFFERENT SHAPES
AND SIZES.
► Long bones.
► Short bones.
► Flat bones.
► Cylindrical bones.

5. THE CRANIUM
► The bones of the head
form the skull (or
cranium).
► These bones protect the
brain and they also form
the face.

6. SHAPES OF THE BONES
► THE FEMUR IS A LONG BONE. THE CARPALS ARE SHORT BONES.
THE SCAPULA IS A FLAT BONE

7. BONES OF THE TRUNK AND
EXTREMITIES
► The bones of the trunk include the spinal
column, the sternum and the ribs.
 The spinal column is made of vertebrae. The
spinal column supports the head and protecs
the spinal cord.
 The sternum and the ribs form the rib cage.
This protects the heart and the lungs.
 Upper extremities is connected to the trunk by
two bones: the clavicle and the scapula.
 Each hand has got 27 bones: carpals,
metacarpals and phalages .
 The lower extremities are connected to the
trunk by the pelvis.
 Each foot has got 26 bones: tarsals,
metatarsals and phalanges

8. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 All the muscles of the body form the
muscular system.
Muscles can move and apply force. They
have got different shapes. There are
long muscles, flat muscles and cicular
muscles.
We can also classify muscles by the way
they function:
 Some muscles are voluntary: you can
control them whenever you want.
 Some muscles are involuntary: they
work automatically. Your heart is an
involuntary muscle. The muscles in your
intestines are also involuntary

9. MUSCLES OF THE FACE
 The FRONTAL muscle
pulls the eyebrows up. It
also moves the forehead.
 The ORBICULAR eye
muscles close the eyelids.
 The
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
muscles turn the head.

10. JOINTS
► Joints are places where two or
more bones are connected.
We can classify joints by how
much they move:
 FIXED joints can´t move.
 SEMI-MOVEABLE joints can´t
move very much.
 MOVEABLE joints can move a
lot. Inside these joints, there is
a tough, flexible tissue called
CARTILAGE to protect them
from friction.

11. GOOD HABITS FOR YOUR
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
 Eat food with lots of calcium,
phosphorus, vitamin C and
vitamin D.
 Do different types of sport and
exercise.
 Try to sleep on your back or on
your side.
 Sit up straight.
 Bend your knees when you pick
up heavy things.
 Wear your rucksack properly.
Use both straps.