Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology, Life Cycle, Prevention and Eradication. Contains Videos in two slides. So try using Power Point 2010. My email : doc.sarathrs@gmail.com

1. Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology,
Life Cycle, Prevention and
Eradication
Sarath

2. Epidemiological Triad
Host
1.Sex-Male
2.Race-Sickle cell trait
3.Occupation-
Labourers,Farmers,Tribals
4.Socio Economic status
5.Human Habits -Nomadism
Environment
1.Seasons
2.Temperature
3.Humidity
4.Rainfall
5.Altitude
Agent Factors
1.Parasites
2.Reservoirs
3.Relapses
Vector
Anopheles Mosquito

3. Organism
Plasmodium Falciparum
Phylum : Apicomplexa
Class : Sporozoea
Subclass : Coccidia
Order : Eucoccidia
Suborder : Haemosporina

4. Features of plasmodium falciparum
Forms in the peripheral blood- Rings and
crescents only.
Ring form- Cytoplasm fine and regular. Often
with 2 nuclei. Form accole.
Merozoites- 18 to 24 or more. Arranged in a
grape like cluster.
Gametocyte- Banana shaped. Larger than the
red blood cell.

5. Life Cycle
Exogenous Phase(in Mosquito)
Sexual Cycle (sporogony)
Endogenous Phase(in Human)
Asexual Cycle(Schizogony)
Sporozoites pass through
body cavity,salivary glands
Exoerythrocytic cycle multiplication
in liver parenchymal cells
Merozoites
Enter RBC
Ring Trophozoite
Mature Trophozoite
Immature Schizont
Mature Schizont
Microgametocyte
(differentiation)
Macrogametocyte
Human blood
enters mosquito
Microgamete
(fertilization)
Macrogamete
Zygote
Ookinete(motile
Zygote)
Penetrates to outer layer of
stomach wall of mosquito and
encysts
Oocyst grows(multiple division stage:
cyst bursts to release sporozoites
Sporozoites in
saliva injected into
human host

6. Malaria Life Cycle in Humans

7. Reservoir
Conditions :
1. The person must harbour both sexes of
gametocyte in blood
2. Gametocytes must be mature
3. Gametocytes must be viable
4. Gametocytes must be present in suffcient
quantity

8. Reservoir Contd…
Humans
1. One who harbours the sexual forms of
parasite.
2. Children are more likely to be gametocyte
carriers than adults. Hence better reservoir.

9. Transmission
1. Vector Transmission
Anopheles culicifacies – Rural and per urban areas
Anapheles stephensi -- Urban and Industrial areas
Anopheles fluviatilis -- Hilly areas
Anopheles epiroticus -- Only in Andaman and Nicobar

10. 2. Direct Transmission
By sharing syringes, blood transfusion etc.

11. Parasites keep their infective activity during at
least 14 days in bottles stored at -4 0C
Persons who have lived in endemic area and
anyone who has had malaria should not be
accepted as a blood donor until 3 years
afterwards.

12. 3. Congenital Malaria
Congenital infection from mother to newborn also
occur, but it is comparatively rare

13. Prevention
All that we have to do is to break this chain

14.  Insecticide treated
nets
 Repellents
 protective clothing
 screening of houses
 Environmental
sanitation
 water
management
 drainage
 Larviciding of water
surfaces
 intermittent irrigation
 slucing,
 biological control
 Indoor
residual
spraying
 Space
spraying
 Ultra low
volume
sprays
 Health
education
 Community
participation
 Prophylaxis for
susceptible
population
 Gametocidal
drugs

15. Prevention
Action For Individual and Family protection
Reduction of Human-Mosquito contact Insecticide treated nets, repellents,
protective clothing, screening of houses
Destruction of mosquito larva Peri-Domestic sanitation
Source reduction Small scale drainage
Social participation Motivation for personal and family
protection
Destruction of Adult Mosquitoes Indoor residual spraying

16. Prevention
Action For Community protection
Reduction of Human-Mosquito contact Insecticide treated nets, zooprophylaxis
Destruction of mosquito larva Larviciding of water surfaces, intermittent
irrigation, sluicing, biological control
Source reduction Environmental sanitation, water
management, drainage
Destruction of Adult Mosquitoes Indoor residual spraying, Space spraying,
ultra low volume sprays
Social participation Health Education, Community
participation

17. Biological Control-Gambusia

18. Insecticide treated nets

19. Can malaria be Eradicated???
Agent
Source
Susceptible
Population
Vector
Eradication Elimination Control

20. Current answer is NO 
Why??
Despite progress, the burden of malaria is still
great and it is widespread.
Drug and insecticide resistance are on the
rise. In South East Asian countries, resistance
of Plasmodium falciparum, to Artemisinin, has
been detected.
Although new drugs and insecticides are being
sought, none are expected to be available in
the near future.
Ref: Malaria eradication:Is it possible?Is it worth it?Should we do it?Should we do it?
Jenny Liu,Sepideh Modrek,Roly D Gosling,Richard GA Feachem

21. Increased mobility of people not only makes
containment of resistance difficult, but also
threatens the introduction or reintroduction
of malaria parasites to receptive areas.
New strains are emerging- ex. Plasmodium
knowlesi
Zoonotic reservoirs
Ref: Malaria eradication:Is it possible?Is it worth it?Should we do it?Should we do it?
Jenny Liu,Sepideh Modrek,Roly D Gosling,Richard GA Feachem

22. How can we bring eradication in the
future???
Malaria is biologically and ecologically different
throughout the world. So Malaria eradication
strategies should be developed and implemented on
a local or regional level.
Eradication can be accelerated by new drug regimens
and strategies that lead to complete parasitologic
cure of the individual.
The majority of malaria infections occur in
asymptomatic people, who are a source of continued
transmission. A successful and accelerated
eradication effort will target asymptomatic infections
through community-based efforts.

23. ThankYou