Hypofractionation in early breast cancer is no more a research scholars topic. Multiple studies with robust data have proven its utility. It may hold an important role in many countries with constrained resources. This is a short presentation incorporating important completed and ongoing trials. Feel free to use this.
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Hypofractionation in Breast Cancer: Evidence from Randomized Trials
1. Hypofractionation in breast cancer
Dr Dodul Mondal
MD, DNB
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Dodul Mondal
2. Rationale
Standard radiotherapy after BCS or mastectomy for early breast cancer is 50Gy
in 25 daily fractions over 5weeks (followed by 10-16Gy boost if required)
So, Why to shift to Hypofractionation???
Has to be at least equally effective for oncologic outcome
Cosmesis has to be at least equally good
Patient convenience
Can reduce burden on treatment machine
Can it serve better to provide care to more patients?
Dodul Mondal
3. Radiobiology-Fractionation
If α ⁄β ratio of tumor is high (often 10 or greater) and α⁄β ratio of
normal tissue is low (often < 5), lower dose per fraction
(hyperfractionation) is preferred
e.g., HNSCC, Ca lung
If α⁄β ratio of tumor is < normal tissue then a larger dose per fraction
(hypofractionation) is preferred
e.g., prostate cancer, breast cancer
α⁄β= SENSITIVITY TO FRACTION SIZE
Dodul Mondal
4. So, there is a chance that high dose per fraction may be an alternative,
as good, if not better than conventional fractionation…
SCIENCE
BUT
EVIDENCE???
Dodul Mondal
5. Hypofractionation in Breast cancer: Evidence
Hypo-fractionated with dose >2Gy was not popular because of fear of
increased late effect and impaired cosmesis.
Initial hypofractionation studies of 1970s failed to address adequate total dose
adjustment with high dose per fraction excessive late toxicity*
Schedules with lower total dose delivered in fewer, larger fractions were
popular in UK and Canada for several decades e.g. 40Gy/15#/3wk
Retrospective studies suggested similar outcome in terms of local control and
cosmesis.
* Bates TD, Br J Radiol. 1988 Jul;61(727):625-30.
Dodul Mondal
6. Case Series and Cohort Studies Evaluating
Hypofractionation for Whole-Breast Irradiation
Dodul Mondal
8. Local recurrence free survival
Breast appearance
Survival at five years
Late skin toxicity at five years
Late radiation toxicity in subcutaneous tissue
Unconventional fractionation regimens did not affect breast appearance or
toxicity, nor appear to affect local cancer relapse
Dodul Mondal
10. Whelan et al JNCI 2002
I
N
I
T
I
A
L
R
E
S
U
L
T Dodul Mondal
11. Cosmetic outcome and local control: Initial result
Arms Baseline 3 year 5 year
LRC AT 5
YEAR
SWBI 83%(604) 77%(498) 79%(423) 97.2%
AHBI 84%(616) 77%(518) 78%(448) 96.8%
Whelan et al JNCI 2002
Dodul Mondal
16. Royal Marsden-GOC Trial… initial hypothesis
Arm Dose (Gy) No of
Fractions
Dose/fx
(Gy)
Duration
(weeks)
Control Arm 50 25 2 5
Test Arm1 42.9 13 3.3 5
Test Arm2 39 13 3 5
Radiotherapy and Oncology 75 (2005) 9–17
α⁄β= 3
Dodul Mondal
30. Forest plot of late normal tissue effects assessed as moderate/marked by patients and
mild/marked from photographs
Dodul Mondal
31. UK FAST
trial
2003-2007
No of
patients
Total dose
(Gy)
No of
fractions
Fraction size
(Gy)
Time (week)
302 50 25 2 5
308 30 5 6 5
305 28.5 5 5.7 5
Extreme hypofractionation1: UK FAST trial
Dodul Mondal
35. Extreme hypofractionation2: UK FAST Forward trial
40.05Gy/15fx/3week
CONTROL TEST1 TEST2
27 Gy/5 fx/1week
All patients under 40 years
40-49 years with grade 3 tumours and/or LVI.
50-59 years with adverse prognostic factor,
grade or LVI
26 Gy/5 fx/1week
± Sequential Boost
10Gy/5Fx or 16Gy/8fx
Dodul Mondal
38. 367 women
≥70 years
Nonmetastatic T1 or T2
Breast-conserving surgery with or without lymph
node dissection followed by and adjuvant RT
50 Gy (25 fractions, 5 weeks) ± boost OR
Median follow-up 93 months
(9–140)
The 5- and 7-year CSS, LRFS,
and MFS rates were similar in
both groups
HYPOFRACTIONATION is
an acceptable alternative 32.5 Gy (five fractions of 6.5 Gy, once
weekly). No Boost Dodul Mondal
39. At this time, published data support the feasibility of hypofractionated RNI and the need
for a prospective randomized trial addressing clinical outcomes and toxicity of
hypofractionated RNI compared with standard fractionation RNIDodul Mondal
40. Overview of hypofractionation trials
Trials Total Dos(Gy) No .of Fraction Fraction Size (Gy) Time(Week)
Ontario
COG
50 25 2 5
42.5 16 2.65 3
RMH-GOC
50 25 2 5
42.9 13 3.3 5
39 13 3 5
START A
50 25 2 5
41.6 13 3.2 5
39 13 3 5
START B
50 25 2 5
40 15 2.67 3
UK FAST
TRIAL
50 25 2 5
30 5 6 5
28.5 5 5.7 5
SUMMARY OF PUBLISHED TRIALS
Dodul Mondal
42. NRG ONCOLOGY RTOG 1005
A PHASE III TRIAL OF ACCELERATED WHOLE BREAST
IRRADIATION WITH HYPOFRACTIONATION PLUS CONCURRENT
BOOST VERSUS STANDARD WHOLE BREAST IRRADIATION PLUS
SEQUENTIAL BOOST FOR EARLY-STAGE BREAST CANCER
Dodul Mondal
47. Yat Tsang et al. Interim Analysis of Treatment Plans in the IMPORT HIGH (CR UK/06/003) Trial, 2014
Dodul Mondal
48. Hypofractionation in early breast cancer: as good
as conventional fractionation, if not better
Similar locoregional control, survival
Cosmesis is good to excellent
Multiple RCTs, Robust data
Convenient to patients
So, more cost effective
Means to provide necessary care to more patients?
Time to change practice
Dodul Mondal