2. What are the interventions
available?
• Oxygen
• CPAP
• Mechanical Ventilation
• Surfactant
Dr Ajay Agade
3. Surfactant Replacement Therapy
• Does it work?
• When to give?
• Which one to give?
• How often to give?
• How to give?
• Does it cause any problems?
Dr Ajay Agade
6. • Odds of death in hospital for VLBW infants were
reduced by 30 % after surfactant was introduced.
• 80% of decline in the U.S. neonatal mortality rate
between 1989 & 1990 could be attributed solely to
the use of surfactant.
NEJM May 1994
Dr Ajay Agade
7. Exogenous surfactant replacement has been
established as an appropriate preventive and
treatment therapy for prematurity-related
surfactant deficiency
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS
Committee on Fetus and Newborn March 1999, pp 684-685
Dr Ajay Agade
8. Indian Experience
• The mean duration of ventilation 44.1 hours
lesser, and the hospital stay 4.37 days lesser in
babies who received surfactant.
• The incidence of
sepsis, pneumonia, PDA, IVH and CLD was
lower in babies who received surfactant.
Narang et al Indian Pediatrics 2001
Dr Ajay Agade
11. Comparative trials demonstrate greater early
improvement in the requirement for ventilator
support, fewer pneumothoraces, & deaths
associated with natural surfactant.
Natural surfactant may be associated with an
increase in IVH, though the more serious
hemorrhages (Grade 3 and 4) are not increased.
Despite these concerns, natural surfactant extracts
would seem to be the more desirable choice when
compared to currently available synthetic
surfactants.
Cochrane 2005
Dr Ajay Agade
13. •The animal surfactants have phospholipid compositions similar to
that of natural surfactant; they contain some SP-B and SP-C, but
no SP-A.
• The surfactant approved for use in the United States is Survanta
(beractant, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio) prepared by
mincing bovine lungs in saline and extracting the lipids, SP-B, and
SP-C with organic solvents.
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, palmitic acid, and triglyceride are
then added to improve the surface properties of the extract
•. The surface properties of organic-solvent extracts of lung tissue
also can be improved by removing neutral lipids by
chromatography, as is done with Curosurf
Dr Ajay Agade
14. Absence of Surfactant
High Distending Pressures
Airway Stretch / Distortion
What happens ?
Cellular Membrane Disruption
Edema / Hyaline Membrane Formation
Higher FIO2 / Pressures
Barotrauma, BPD
Dr Ajay Agade
17. There is no indication that exogenously administered
surfactant inhibits the synthesis and secretion of
endogenous surfactant
Two major benefits result from surfactant treatment:
The biophysical effects of the surfactant on the
surfactant-deficient lungs
And the provision of phospholipids as substrate
for recycling pathways
Dr Ajay Agade
19. The meta-analysis (50) indicated that there
would be two fewer pneumothoraces and
five fewer deaths for every 100 babies
treated prophylactically with surfactant.
Dr Ajay Agade
20. •Prophylactic treatment during the first 15 minutes of life
appears to be more effective
BUT not all infants that would appear to be at risk of
developing RDS, actually develop the condition.
May lead to some infants being over treated, and possibly
being exposed to adverse effects, unnecessarily.
Dr Ajay Agade
22. Multiple doses of surfactant have been given in most
trials because the response to an individual dose is often
transient.
In preterm animals, exogenously administered surfactant
is can be inhibited by soluble proteins and other factors in
the small airways and alveoli.
Multiple doses are thought to be useful because they can
overcome this functional inactivation of surfactant.
Pediatrics 1991
Dr Ajay Agade
24. Antenatal steroids & surf
• Synergistic effect
Prenatal steroids + Surfactant is better than
either alone
• neonatal mortality
• air leaks Give both
• severe IVH
Am J Obst Gynec Suppl, 1995
Dr Ajay Agade
25. • A secondary analysis of data from
surfactant trials also indicates a greater
reduction in disease severity in babies
who received antenatal steroids
(evidence level 4).
• Combination of antenatal steroids is
more effective than exogenous
surfactant alone (evidence level 2b).
Dr Ajay Agade
26. How Do We Do It
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86OA4to66hQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9z3fb3dV1A&f
eature=related
Dr Ajay Agade
27. INSURE procedure
Early surfactant replacement therapy with
extubation to N CPAP compared with continued
mechanical ventilation with extubation is
associated with a reduced need for mechanical
ventilation and increased utilization of exogenous
surfactant therapy.
COCHRANE 2005
Dr Ajay Agade
28. HOW SHOULD VENTILATORY MANAGEMENT
AFTER SURFACTANT THERAPY BE
APPROACHED?
“ Options for ventilatory management that are
to be considered after surfactant therapy
include very rapid weaning and extubation to
CPAP (grade B evidence).”
Dr Ajay Agade
30. WHAT ARE THE RISKS OF EXOGENOUS SURFACTANT
THERAPY?
Dr Ajay Agade
31. The short-term risks of surfactant replacement therapy
• Bradycardia and hypoxemia during instillation,
• Blockage of the endotracheal tube
• Increase in pulmonary hemorrhage following surfactant
treatment
• However, mortality ascribed to pulmonary hemorrhage
is not increased and overall mortality is lower after
surfactant therapy.
Dr Ajay Agade
33. Cost implications
• Surfactant is expensive
• 22% reduction in hospital charges per
survivor
• 52 % Reduction in ancillary charges
Dr Ajay Agade
34. Does surfactant fail?
• Extremely preterm infants with structurally lung
immaturity
• Pneumonia or pulmonary hypoplasia
• Perinatal asphyxia
• Pulmonary edema from lung damage or fluid
overload
• Pulmonary edema from L-R shunting through
PDA
• Congenital B protein deficiency
Dr Ajay Agade
Thanks m for explaining us the physiology in detail…moving on to the next part of presentation….as already introduced rds is a big prob in preterm babies and the risk exponentially rise with decreasing gestation…as much as that 80% of babies below gestation 27 weeks may land into rds…
So what are the interventions avaible….starting with basics of essential newborn care including the the temp management fluid and elctrolyte calculation along with managing oxygenation and ventilation constitutes the management of respiratory destress syndrome previously called as hmd….many of them will do fine with simple intervention mentioned…some will require cpap and some might require advance therapies like surfactant therapy………this presentation focuses on the surfactant therapy in rds…
The first and formost question is does it work…what is the proper timing to give …..which type whether natural or synthetic….how many doses…then we will be discussing what is the methodology
So the first question is does it wotks…being a novel therapy many of us are not comfortabel with surfactant therapy..the critics qustion its usefullness and those who are convinced raise the question of being costly and its cost effectiveness….this presentation is based upon the evidences collected from databse…
If we search neonatal databases maximum rcts in neonatalogy are attributed to surfactant therapy ….most of the systemic reviews and metaanylysises gives us good strength in answering the questions I put in the first slide
In may 1994 NEJM published a very significant data which concluded that
Within 5 years of the previous publication aap labaled exogenous surf therapy as standard preventive and therpeutic modality of management in case of prematurity related surf def..in front of u on the screen is the statement issued by commete on fetus and newborn….
So what is the indian status the first case controll study came in 2001 by narang which concluded that both the duration of ventilation and hospital stay reduced significantly in treated patients,…..secondly the complication which are in fact more with prematurity where also found to be reduced which was attributed to the overall respiratory well being of these patients…..this was one of the first kind of studies which prooved cost effectiveness of surfctant despite the critisism in our country….
Pramarily of two types the natural ones these are the Animal lungs extracts and the sunthetic one..what intersts us here is the natural one.. I ll be discussing this over next few slides…The natural ones are prepared from variety of animals..from bovine its called as survanta…calflung its called exosurf and porcine called as curosurf….
Lets see what the databse says about tis…In 2005 cochrane stated that natural surfactant decreases ventialtoty requirement and also other complication….. Although it increases chance of IVH but if compared to the currently available synthetic product they are all the way superior
So cochrane came with final conclusion that ……
Lets try to underastand this on pv loop If we compare the efficacy of available surfactants here on this pv curve it clearly seems that the lower opening pressure required are much less with natural surfactant …further if we compare the opening pressures amongst natural one sheep extract scores highest in efficacy….we in our unit use cursosurf whose efficacy lies between sheep extract and survanta…..
This is simple digram depicting alveoli with deficient surfactant because the surface tension working inside the alveoli, the alveoli tend to collapse….because of surfactant in alveoli the collapsibility decreases….This small video explain the physiology..i don’t know its visible properly…coin is floating over water because of surface tension..now if we administer surf…the air liquid interface breaks and coin sinks…..
If we try to understand this on respiratory mechanics it will look like this…This is pressure volume loop showing difference between rd lung and normal lung…if we see the lower opening pressure in rds its 15..its less than 10 somewhere here…if u see the change in volume with pressure there is exponential rise and exponential decay in normal lung while its very very poor in hMD…..as we all know minute ventilation is a basic of respiratory function…..
Now the last querry which chalanges the usefullness is whether surf interfers with the normal physiology answer is no….surf do not inhibit the synthesis of endogenous surf……in fact not only surf has postive effect on lung mechanics it also gets recycled in making of natural surf
Timing of surf administration emerged as single most important factor as for as the outcome of rds is concerned….administering the surfactant within two hours of birth as a matter of fact in labour room itself is called as prophylactic therapy…….these patients are identified as at risk of RDS depending on gestation and then selected for prohylactic therapy (jusifiable in 27 weeker where incidence is very very high)…another form is administering surf once the signs and symp develop or after radiological cinfirmation this is called as rescue therapy…….this is further divided in early and late rescue depending upon the timin after disgnosis….
So what the database has to asy about this…The metanalysis done from pooled data of 5o rct revealed that there will be less comlication and less death with prohylactic therpy….although this is an establisted fact that prophylaxis is better than rescue I want to bring to an attention some practical problems with prophylaxis therapy…..lets se
What are the facts regarding ……..We had the twins one developed rds another remained stable
Before we procede to actual procedure I want to emhasis the importence of antenatal steroids…eventhogh we have a novel drug with us now we should never forget the importence of an steroids as cornerstone in preventing occurrence and severity of rds. Its been 100 year eve more an steroid still hold their position
……the established facts are
Start video…pause focusing subject…give details bout history no antinatal steroids… gestation symptopms ….show xary …start video again….take pauses when reqd….B/0 priyanka…born to a primi mother with gestation of 31 weeks weighing 1990 grams..developed sign syp of rds within 2 hours and we decided to treat this baby wid surf…I want to emphasise here that they did not received an steroids…..
What was done next on this baby was something called as INSURE protocol…..it says….so we follows exactly the same…..
Lets see what the evidence has to say….it says that
This is our baby which was extubated within 4 hours of surf therapy…baby was put on buble CPAP and then further weaned to oxygen by hood and with good supportive therapy we were able to discharge this baby on …day of her life
Coming to the last part of discussion…its time to duscuss the problems of surfactant administartion
Increase in ph as compares to normal term subjects….If u compare wit incidence of ph in preterm itself its very less…on the contrary by preventing the complication of prematurity its actually reduces the incidence of ph
Surf is expensive yes its true….1.5 ml of surf cost arround 12000 however it should alwys be kept in mind that This was already prooved in mumbai based study of narang
Yes first and foremost thing is the skills…monitoring ventilatory strategy and supportive therAPY….most important in surf therapy is insure…what are the other things ……
