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Abrasion
ABRASION
 Destruction of the skin-loss of superficial epithelial
  layers of the skin.
 Heals rapidly without scar formation

Causative agents
 Blow
 Fall
 Finger nail
 Thorn
 Tooth-bite
ABRASION
TYPES
 Scratch

 Graze

 Pressure abrasion
 Impact abrasion
SCRATCH
 Caused by sharp
  instruments
Eg- pin, thorn, finger- nail

    CHARACTER
   Head-clean seen at
    beginning)
   Tail- tagging of skin at
    end)
GRAZE ABRASION
CAUSATIVE FACTOR
 traffic accident, fall
 while running

  CHARACTER
  long parallel lines
  head is clean
  skin heaped up at tail
PRESSURE ABRASION/
IMPACT ABRASION
PRESSURE ABRASION &
IMPACT ABRASION
PRESSURE ABRASION                IMPACT ABRASION
                                  CAUSE-impact with rough
   CAUSE- force                   object
    perpendicular to skin        Eg – tyre tread, radiator grill,
   CHARACTER-                     rope( hanging)
    Skin crushed
    Surrounding area contused
       Eg-ligature mark            THESE TWO COMMONLY
    (hanging), teeth bite mark       KNOWN AS PATTERNED
                                     ABRASIONS
AGE OF ABRASION
 Fresh         -bright red color
 12-24 hours -scab formation

 2 days        -scab reddish brown color
 4-7 days-epithelium covers

 After 7 days -scab falls off
M.L.POINTS OF ABRASION
 Nature of injury             Nature of crime from
 Site of impact                the site of abrasion
 Direction of force         a) Neck-throttling
 Ext. sign of int. injury   b) Around mouth &nose-
 Patterned abrasion-           smothering
  identifies object          c) breast, genitalia
eg)eliptical/circular,2-4    &thighs-sexual assaults
  marks –teeth bite with     d) Site of Crime-presence
  bruised intervening           of mud, grass, straw etc
  space
ANTE&POST MORTEM
ABRASIONS


  Feature    Ante mortem             Post mortem
  Bleeding   Bleeding surface seen Complete absence of
                                   bleeding
  Scald      Forms within a day or   Not forming
             two
   Site      Any where in body       Over bony
                                     prominences (due to
                                     hardening and drying
                                     of underlying skin)
CONTUSION/BRUISES
BRUSES/CONTUSIONS

Definition- Effusion of blood into the tissues,
  due to the rupture of subcutaneous vessels
CAUSE -impact of blunt force
  Eg- stone, fist, stick, bar….
CHARACTER
 Painful swelling & crushing of surrounding
  tissues
 Continuity of skin maintained
SIZE -varies from pin head to large
  Minor trauma cause large bruises in areas where
  tissues are loose and vascular
       Eg-face ,scrotum, vagina
  Moderate violence produce small bruise if tissues
  are strongly supported, fibrousand covered with
  thick dermis
       Eg-scalp, palm, sole, abdomen
MARKED ABRASION SEEN
 on tissues overlying bones
 on women, children, old age
 on fair skinned person

SMALL BRUISE DEVELOP IN
 hemophilia, whooping cough, scurvy, leuckaemia
SITE  -it may not indicate the site of violence
       due to gravity shifting of blood
      eg-blow to forehead shows around the eye
          -kick to calf muscle shows around ankle
SHAPE -usually round
    -patterned abrasion represents the object
    -elongated shape - stick, whip, cane
    -radiator grill shape -in road accident
AGE OF BRUISE
 Fresh                    -red
 Hours to 3days           - blue
 4thday                   -blue black/brown
 4-6 days                 -greenish
 7-12 days         -yellow
 2 weeks                  -normal
M.L.POINTS
     -patterned bruise indicate weapon or object
     -size indicate degree of violence
     -age of injury
     -manner of assault (throttling-seen neck,)
     -contusion to internal organs lead to death
DIFFERENCES B/W ACCIDENTAL,HOMICIDALAND SELF
INFLATED BRUISES

Accidental      Homicidal     Self inflated

Presence of     Size and      Bruise formed by chitraka
natural items   shape of      Color-dark brown
seen on the     bruise will   Margins –with vesicles
site of crime   correspon
like sand       ds to the     Surrounding tissues-
,gravel         weapon        Red and inflamed
                used          Scraping of mark responds
                              to the test to identify the
                              material
DIFFERENCE B/W ANTE MORTEM &POST MORTEM BRUISE


 Features        Ante mortem     Post mortem
 Swelling        Present         Absent

 Color change    Present         Absent

 In case of      Present any     Present only
 severe trauma   where of body   body prominent
                                 area
DIFFERENCE B/W TRUE AND ARTIFICIAL BRUISE
    Feature      Artificial bruise              True bruise
1   Cause        Arka / bhallataka juice        Physical violence
2   Situation    Accessible area                Anywhere
3   Shape        Irregular                      Round


4   Margins      Regular, well defined, small   Diffuse, irregular,no
                 vesicles                       vesicles


5   Color        Dark brown                     Typical changes
6   Inflammation Of surrounding area            At the site


7   Contents      Acid serum                    Blood
8   Itching      Present                        Absent
9   Vesicles     May found on finger tip        Absent
                 &other part of body
INCISED WOUNDS/SLASH WOUND

definition- it’s a clean cut through the tissues
CAUSE
  by sharp cutting weapons
  eg-knife, scalpel
CHARACTER

   Edges are clean cut, well
    defined & everted
   Width is greater than the edge
    of weapon (due to retraction)
   Length is greater than width or
    depth
   Shape- spindle shaped
   Hemorrhage is more vessels
    are clean cut)
   Deeper at head -start due to
    more pressure)
   Shallow at tail
   A curved weapon like sickle
    produce a stab first then an
    incised one
AGE OF WOUND                M.L.POINTS
                             size indicate degree of
12 hours-edges red,
  swollen           and       violence
  adherent                   age of injury
24 hours-vascular buds       direction of force by
             begins           detecting head
36 hours-capillary net       foreign bodies on
  work                        wound leads to crime
  complete                    site
3-5 days-vessels
  thickened,
      obliterations start
1-2 weeks-scar tissue
CHOP WOUND

   A type of incised wound caused by cutting edge of fairly heavy
   weapon(axe)




CHARACTER
 Margin sharp
 Margin bruised and abraded
 Dimension corresponds to the cross section of blade
 Complete or incomplete amputation of fingers or bones
 Usually homicidal
 Accidental by power fans, ship propellers etc…
SUICIDAL INCISED WOUNDS
       Multiple& parallel in any one area
       Seen on accessible areas
       Hesitation marks /tentative cuts seen
Hesitation marks-multiple, small, superficial cuts seen
  at the head of wound



CUT THROAT
DIFFERENCE B/W SUICIDAL AND HOMICIDAL CUT-THROAT
WOUND
 Sl no   Feature           Suicidal                      Homicidal
 1       Situation         Left side ,passing front(rt   On sides
                           hand)
 2       Level             Above thyroid cartilage       On or below


 3       Direction         Above downwards &lt to rt     Transverse/below
                                                         upwards


 4       Edges             Ragged due to hesitation      Sharp &clean cut
                           mark
 5       Hesitation cuts   Multiple at head              Absent


 6       Severity          Less severe                   More severe
 7       Tailing           Present                       Absent
 8       Vessels           Carotid art do not injured    Jugular and carotid
                                                         cut
9    No of wound       Multiple (20-30),superficial        Not multiple ,deep
                                                           level
10   Defense wound     Absent                              Present


11   Wounds of other   Incised may be wrist, thigh,        Severe injury over
     part              groin                               head
12   Weapons           Present at site                     Absent


13   Cadaveric spasm   Weapon may grasped                  Fragments of cloth,
                                                           hair, etc

14   Blood stain       If in front of body &cloths         If sleep on either
                                                           sides, palms


15   Cloths            Not damaged                         May cut,
                                                           disarrangement, tear


16   Circumstantial    Quiet, suicidal note, in front of   Disturbance at scene
                       mirror
STAB WOUND/PUNCTURED
WOUND

MULTIPLE STAB WOUND   STAB WOUND
STAB WOUND/PUNCTURED WOUND


  This type wound penetrate skin and deeper tissues
CAUSE-
  sharp objects like knife, dagger, arrow,spear,needle
PENETRATE WOUND-
  if enters body cavity
PERFORATED WOUND
  if weapon comes out on other side
  it have two type of wounds
        -ENTRY WOUND
               Large
               Inverted
        -EXIT WOUND
               Small
               Everted
CHARACTERS
   Length less than width of weapon
   Depth is greater than length or width
   Margins clear cut without abrasion
   Shape corresponds to the weapon
            Elliptical      -single edged weapon
            Circular        -round weapon
            Cruciform       -square weapon
   Direction can made out
CONCEALED PUNCTURE WOUND
      Seen on canceled part of body
      Eg-vagina,rectum,eye,nostrils,
      nape of neck,fontanelle(brugma region)
DEATH RESULT-
      needle push to brain through fontanelles or cantus
      of eye
      pin push into medulla through nape of neck
ML POINTS
      Direction of wound detect whether it is
  suicidal/homicidal/accidental
      Position of victim give inference position of
  accused
      Site of wound detect type of death
      Condition of clothing detect any violence
LACERATION WOUND




       Tear or splits of skin and subcutaneous tissues
  by the blow from blunt objects.
       Eg-hard projecting surfaces, machinery &
  railway accidents, wheel crushing
CHARACTER OF LACERATION WOUND
    Margins are irregular and ragged
    Ends are torn
    Margins or subcutaneous tissues contused
    Deeper tissues are irregularly torn
    Hair bulbs crushed
    Hemorrhage is less (irregularly torn vessels)
    Depth varies
    Shape and size does not corresponds to object
    Skin opposite to the force is torn
    Foreign bodies may present
    Underlying bones likely to be fractured
    Internal hemorrhage may be profuse and lethal
             TYPES -4 TYPES
    Split laceration
    Stretch laceration
    Avulsion
    Cut laceration (chop wound)
SPLIT LACERATION
 CAUSE
     crushing skin between 2 hard objects
 CHARACTER
     Incised like wounds seen
 Seen areas like
       -areas where skin tightly stretched over bones
       -areas where subcutaneous tissues are less
             Eg-scalp, eyebrow, cheek bones, chin
STRETCH LACERATION
  CAUSE
      fixed skin when get over stretched
       Eg-run over motor accident,
          compound fracture



AVULSION LACERATION
  CAUSE
       grinding compression by weight
       Eg-lorry wheel passing over a limb




CUT LACERATION
  CAUSE
       blow with heavy sharp edged weapon
       Eg- axe
DIFFERENCE B/W ANTEMORTEM AND POST MPRTEM
LACERATION
Si no   Feature             Ante mortem   Post mortem

1       Contusion           Present       Absent


2       Everson             Present       Absent


3       Gaping of margins   Present       Absent


4       Vital reaction      Present       Absent
ML POINTS OF LACERATION WOUND


      Direction of force can detect

       Site of crime or accident from the foreign bodies
    in wound

      Mode of death
      Lesion whether ante mortem or post mortem
      Approximate cause can drawn
DEFENCE WOUNDS

   Wound received by victim during attack
   to save himself by
   raising hand and grasping weapon
   SITES-
        Usually on palm,
        ulnar border of forearm, back of hands
   TYPE OF WOUND
  Depend on the weapon used varies
  Contusion, Abrasion, Laceration, Incised, Stab
  It indicate homicide

 CONDITIONS FOR THE ABSENCE
 OFDEFENSE WOUND
  Attack at victim is unconscious
  Attacked suddenly
SELF-INFLATED AND FABRICATED WOUND
SYNONYMS -FICTITIOUS / FORGED WOUNDS
 Wounds produced by a person by himself
 Wounds produced by some other on a person with his consent
   AIM
 Falsely blame an enemy for revenge or jealousy
CHARACTER
 Mostly incised or stab wounds
 Produce by application of some irritant juices or burns
 Laceration and contusions are rare
 Site will be exposed and accessible areas of body
Eg front of wrist, neck, front or out side of lt arm, front or outer of thigh,
   Front of chest, abdomen
 Injuries are multiple and superficial
 Cloths are not damaged
FIRE ARM WOUND
FIRE ARM CONSIST OF
   Hollow metal barrel
   Front open end – Muzzle end
   Closed back end- Breech end
   Posterior part- Butt

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE ARM
1) SMOOTH –BORED WEAPON(SHORT-GUN)
 single barrel
 double barrel
 repeating or self loading
2) RIFLED WEAPONS
 rifle
        a)0.22 rifles
        b)military rifles
        c)air –rifles
 single shot pistols
 automatic pistols
 revolver
 automatic weapons
SMOOTH –BORED WEAPON(SHORT-GUN)
                repeating or self loading




single barrel                        double barrel
TECHNICAL TERMS

1)CALIBER / GAUGE
 Internal dimension of barrel
 Measured in inches or centimeters
 Measured with the help of lead ball’s size which fits the barrel




              MEASURING THE DIAMETER OF BARREL
2)CHOCKING OF GUN


   Distal3/4th of barrel is narrow            CHOCKING OF GUN

 Degree of narrowing is chocking
 It’s of 3 types

        -full chock
        -half chock
        -quarter chock
BENEFITS OF CHOCKING
 Chocking increases

         explosive force
         velocity of shot
 Chocking less the rate of spread of   shot
3)RIFLING


   In some weapons the bore is
   Marked internally with spiral grooves
   No: of spirals varies from 4 -7
   They run parallel to each other but twisted spirally
   They extended from breech end to muzzle end
   These grooves are known as rifling
   The ridges between the grooves are known as lands
4)CARTRIDGE
    Ammunition      (projectiles to be fired from a gun)
    consisting of a cylindrical casing containing an
    explosive
    charge and a bullet; fired from a rifle or handgun
       Its of two types
        a) shot-gun cartridge




        b) cartridge for rifled weapon
a) SHORT GUN CARTRIDGE
    Length 5-7 cm
        The case consist of
                   -short metallic cylinder
        it is rimmed to keep in position
        it help the extraction
                   -long card board cylinder
    CASE IS FILLED FROM BASE TO UP
   Percussion cap in centre of base
          (containing priming mixture)
   Gun powder
   Felt wad with cardboard disc front & behind
   Shot
   Cardboard disc

Felt wad =Hold the powder and allow sufficient buildup of gas pressure
   when fired
b) CARTRIDGE FOR RIFLED WEAPON
    It consist of
   Elongated metal cylinder
         (it is rimmed except in automatic weapon)
   Distal end tightly grips base of bullet
   The powder charge lies between detonator and bullet
   Bullets are conical in shape
WOUNDS FROM SHOT –GUN


    The wound depends on

   Distance from which weapon fired
   Size of shot
   Nature of explosive
   The gun
   Elasticity of skin and organs
   Fragmentation of bullet
WOUND DEPEND S ON THE DISTANCE OF WEAPON

  If the gun fired in contact or a few inches of body
  a) Shot enters in one mass as single bullet
  b) Large irregular entry wound
  c) Margins of the wound bruised
  d) Deeper tissues are ruptured and lacerated
  e) Unburned powder particles found in wound
  f) Unburned powder embedded in surrounding
     skin produce tattooing
  g) Margins of the wound are burnt by flame
  h) Margins of the wound are black due to smoke
  i) Shape of the burned area depends on the angle of fire
         Circular-if fired at rt angle
         Oval -if fired at a different angle
  j) If body covered burning, blackening & tattooing seen not over skin
  k) On head contact wound cause
  Large, irregular holes on skull
  Fissured fractures or bursting open with scattered
If the gun within 6 inches
 tissues are signed and blackened over broader
      area
 margins are clean
If the gun between 1-3 feet
    single round wound
    1-1.5 inches diameter
    Irregular edges                                          1-3 inches
    Tissues are much damaged due to the spreading of shot
If the gun above 3 feet
     Shot begin to spread
If the gun at 6 feet
     Wound is surrounded by separate opening in an area of 2 inches
If the gun at 12 feet
     Shot spreads widely and produce separate
     opening in an area of 4 inches

If the gun at 20 yards
     Only skin or muscle penetrate


                                                             12 feet
B) SIZE OF SHOT
 Smaller shot-minute irregular edged wound
 Large shot -pass deep to body
C) NATURE OF EXPLOSIVE
 Smokeless powder - less blackening and tattooing
 Black powder               - marked blackening
              and tattooing
D) THE GUN
     WOUND DEPEND UPON
         1) Length of barrel
         2) Bore of barrel
         3) Chocking of barrel
 The spread of shot in inches is roughly equal to range of
 fire in yards
WOUNDS FROM REVOLVERS OR PISTOLS
DISCHARGES FROM THE GUN
       Gases, Smoke, Flame, Powder, Metallic particles.
       Flame extends - 2-3 inches
       Smoke extends          -12 inches
       Powder granules        -18-24 inches
       Metallic particles     -18-24 inches
Shots are of4 types depends on the distance of the weapon
   contact shot
   close shot
   near shot
   distant shot
CONTACT SHOT


   All the discharges from the gun pass into the wound
   Burning, blackening are not seen around wound entrance
   The wound is large
   Shape of wound
         Irregular, Stellate, Cruciate
          Elliptical, Triangular
   These different shapes due to the
          expansion of gases in the tissues
   On head the wound will be
          Large and cruciform with Everted margins
          (due to the expansion of gases in between scalp and skull)
          Skull bone burst open
   Abdominal wound produce cavitations
   The imprint of muzzle of gun may seen as patterned abrasion
   The tissue around the bullet track may pink color (CO contained
    gas)
2) CLOSE SHOT

    The range is 1-3 inches
   Very close or contact range is called Point Blank
   Wound is round
   Margins singed, black and tattooed
   Hair are singed (burned)
   As bullet enters the body skin is inverted, stretched and splits
   The gyrated bullet (revolve around a fixed point or axis)
    produce abrasion round the wound due to rubbing of bullet with
    skin
   Collar-the elevated area seen around the wound produce by the
    bullet
   Since abrasion is present around the wound it is known as
    Abrasion collar
Abrasion collar-
Type of bullet        -gyrated bullet
 Due to rubbing with skin abrasion seen around the wound
  It is of two types
 Grease/dirt collar
 Contusion colla


Grease/dirt collar-
  Type of bullet       -lubricated or soiled bullet
 Grease or dirt attached to the skin around the hole
 These may seen over the abrasion


Contusion collar-
  Type of bullet     - gyrated bullet
 Contusion also may seen along with abrasion
 Contusion seen over the margins
If the weapon fired at right angle
    The wound become circular with abraded collar around


If the weapon fired at an angle
o   An eccentric hole with abraded collar
o   Collar will be wider on one side than other
o   Wider area indicates the direction of bullet


If the weapon fired from a distance of 6 inches
   wound is round
   size of wound represents the size of bullet
   margins show bruising, blackening and tattooing
    it will not produce burning
3) NEAR SHOT

   Range of shot              -12-18 inches
   Wound is smaller than size of bullet
   Blackening and tattooing seen over wide area

    Burning and singing is not seen
4) DISTANT SHOT


    Range of shot         -above 18 inches
    Wound is round and smaller than bullet
    Blackening and tattooing absent
    Abrasion collar present
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENTRANCE AND EXIT
 WOUND




Entrance wound                   Exit wound
Sl   Feature               Entrance wound               Exit wound
no

1    Size                  Smaller than bullet except   bigger than bullet
                           in contact
2    Edges                 Inverted                     Everted , torn


3    Abrasion and grease Present                        Absent
     collar

4    Burning, blackening   May present                  Absent
     and tattooing

5    Bleeding              Less                         More


6    Tissues               May cherry red due to CO     no color change

7    Fibers of cloth       May found                    Absent


8    Metal ring            May seen around wound        Absent
9    Skull                 Punched in hole in outer     Punched out opening in inner
                           table;                       table
RICOCHET BULLET

Ricochet - To rebound at least once from a surface.

Ricochet bullet is that which strikes an intervening
  object first, then rebounds, then hit the target aimed.
 It occurs with low quality fir arms
 If the velocity of bullet is low


When bullet hit hard, flat surface it may deformed then if
  it hit body the wound
 Large
 Irregularly oval, triangular or cruciate
 Abrasion collar, burning, blackening … are absent
 Abrasion and contusion of skin may seen
TANDEM BULLET
     Two bullets inside the body with single
  entrance wound
    Multiple bullets fired separately entering
  through a single entrance
 SITE OF SELECTION FOR SUICIDE
 Temple,
 Centre of fore head,
 Roof of mouth,
 Midline behind the chin,
 Front of chest
BOMB EXPLOSION WOUNDS

If burst at close range
   Expanding gases shatter or obliterate body


If burst at distance
   The person is thrown to a distance
   Blunt force injuries will develop
   Burn may be develop
   Death may occur due to CO if occur in room
   Internal organs show congestion, minute hemorrhage & rupture
FRACTURE OF SKULL



 There are 7 types
    1) Fissured fracture
    2) Depressed fracture
    3) Comminuted fracture
    4) Pond or indented fracture
    5) Gutter fracture
    6) Ring or foramen fracture
    7) Penetrating fracture
1) FISSURED FRACTURE

CAUSATIVE FACTOR
 physical violence to the head
 fall on feet or buttocks

CHARACTER
 These are cracks or linear fractures
 It may involve one or both tables
 Fracture starts at point of impact
 It runs parallel to direction of force
 If head is supported the fracture starts at counter pressure* area

  *COUNTER PRESSURE -Force or pressure that acts in a
  contrary direction to some other opposing pressure.
 In bilateral compression it may start at vertex or base
2) DEPRESSED FRACTURE

CAUSATIVE FACTOR
   Heavy weapon with small striking surface
        Eg-stick, stone,
    CHARACTER
   Fractured bone driven inward
   Shape of wound indicate the type of weapon
         Eg-hammer – fracture shape is circular
3) COMMINUTED FRACTURE


CAUSATIVE FACTOR
   Traffic accident
   Blow with weapons with large striking surface
   Fall from height
CHARACTER
   Bone broken into pieces
4) POND OR INDENTED FRACTURE
 CHARACTER
 Seen only in infants.
 Bone is indented*
      *Make a dent or depression in.
5) GUTTER FRACTURE               GUTTER FRACTURE
CAUSATIVE FACTOR
 Glancing bullet wound
CHARACTER
 Thickness of the wound is
       removed
6) RING OR FORAMEN FRACTURE
CAUSATIVE FACTOR
 Fall from height on feet or buttocks

 Sudden violent turn of head on spine

CHARACTER
 Fissured fracture encircles the skull

 It separate ant. 1/3rd with post.1/3rd of skull

 It also seen in base encircling foramen

  magnum,& separate skull from spine
7) PENETRATING FRACTURE

CAUSATIVE FACTOR
 Sharp weapons like knife, dagger

CHARACTER
 Clean-cut opening

 Penetrating the skull
CONTRE-COUP INJURIES
COUP INJURY
 The injury seen under the area of

  impact

CONTRE-COUP INJURIES
 The injury which is situated opposite side

  of area of impact
 These injuries seen only when the head

  is free to move
CAUSATIVE FACTOR
 Local distortion of head due to blow

Eg-occipital injuries produce lesions at
base of frontal lobe or tip of temporal lobe
CONCUSSION OF BRAIN/ STUNNING OF HEAD
 Diffuse injury to nerve cells and fibers due to violence caused
  concussion
 It is an un-consciousness produced by violence applied to skull
 It resolves spontaneously
 After some time patient again unconscious
 There will be an interval between two unconsciousness times called
  lucid interval
 At autopsy no lesions are found in brain (petechial hemorrhage seen
  some cases)
TYPES
 . Concussion is divided into two groups: Simple and Complex.
 Simple concussion:
 The symptoms gradually resolve
 The patient returns to normal function in
   7 - 10 days.
 Complex concussion:
 The symptoms persist and thought processes

   are affected.
 Patients with repeated concussions fall

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Abrasion

  • 2. ABRASION  Destruction of the skin-loss of superficial epithelial layers of the skin.  Heals rapidly without scar formation Causative agents  Blow  Fall  Finger nail  Thorn  Tooth-bite
  • 4. TYPES  Scratch  Graze  Pressure abrasion  Impact abrasion
  • 5. SCRATCH  Caused by sharp instruments Eg- pin, thorn, finger- nail CHARACTER  Head-clean seen at beginning)  Tail- tagging of skin at end)
  • 6. GRAZE ABRASION CAUSATIVE FACTOR traffic accident, fall while running CHARACTER long parallel lines head is clean skin heaped up at tail
  • 8. PRESSURE ABRASION & IMPACT ABRASION PRESSURE ABRASION IMPACT ABRASION  CAUSE-impact with rough  CAUSE- force object perpendicular to skin Eg – tyre tread, radiator grill,  CHARACTER- rope( hanging) Skin crushed Surrounding area contused  Eg-ligature mark  THESE TWO COMMONLY (hanging), teeth bite mark KNOWN AS PATTERNED ABRASIONS
  • 9. AGE OF ABRASION  Fresh -bright red color  12-24 hours -scab formation  2 days -scab reddish brown color  4-7 days-epithelium covers  After 7 days -scab falls off
  • 10. M.L.POINTS OF ABRASION  Nature of injury  Nature of crime from  Site of impact the site of abrasion  Direction of force a) Neck-throttling  Ext. sign of int. injury b) Around mouth &nose-  Patterned abrasion- smothering identifies object c) breast, genitalia eg)eliptical/circular,2-4 &thighs-sexual assaults marks –teeth bite with d) Site of Crime-presence bruised intervening of mud, grass, straw etc space
  • 11. ANTE&POST MORTEM ABRASIONS Feature Ante mortem Post mortem Bleeding Bleeding surface seen Complete absence of bleeding Scald Forms within a day or Not forming two Site Any where in body Over bony prominences (due to hardening and drying of underlying skin)
  • 13. BRUSES/CONTUSIONS Definition- Effusion of blood into the tissues, due to the rupture of subcutaneous vessels CAUSE -impact of blunt force Eg- stone, fist, stick, bar…. CHARACTER  Painful swelling & crushing of surrounding tissues  Continuity of skin maintained
  • 14. SIZE -varies from pin head to large Minor trauma cause large bruises in areas where tissues are loose and vascular Eg-face ,scrotum, vagina Moderate violence produce small bruise if tissues are strongly supported, fibrousand covered with thick dermis Eg-scalp, palm, sole, abdomen MARKED ABRASION SEEN  on tissues overlying bones  on women, children, old age  on fair skinned person SMALL BRUISE DEVELOP IN  hemophilia, whooping cough, scurvy, leuckaemia
  • 15. SITE -it may not indicate the site of violence due to gravity shifting of blood eg-blow to forehead shows around the eye -kick to calf muscle shows around ankle SHAPE -usually round -patterned abrasion represents the object -elongated shape - stick, whip, cane -radiator grill shape -in road accident
  • 16. AGE OF BRUISE  Fresh -red  Hours to 3days - blue  4thday -blue black/brown  4-6 days -greenish  7-12 days -yellow  2 weeks -normal M.L.POINTS  -patterned bruise indicate weapon or object  -size indicate degree of violence  -age of injury  -manner of assault (throttling-seen neck,)  -contusion to internal organs lead to death
  • 17. DIFFERENCES B/W ACCIDENTAL,HOMICIDALAND SELF INFLATED BRUISES Accidental Homicidal Self inflated Presence of Size and Bruise formed by chitraka natural items shape of Color-dark brown seen on the bruise will Margins –with vesicles site of crime correspon like sand ds to the Surrounding tissues- ,gravel weapon Red and inflamed used Scraping of mark responds to the test to identify the material
  • 18. DIFFERENCE B/W ANTE MORTEM &POST MORTEM BRUISE Features Ante mortem Post mortem Swelling Present Absent Color change Present Absent In case of Present any Present only severe trauma where of body body prominent area
  • 19. DIFFERENCE B/W TRUE AND ARTIFICIAL BRUISE Feature Artificial bruise True bruise 1 Cause Arka / bhallataka juice Physical violence 2 Situation Accessible area Anywhere 3 Shape Irregular Round 4 Margins Regular, well defined, small Diffuse, irregular,no vesicles vesicles 5 Color Dark brown Typical changes 6 Inflammation Of surrounding area At the site 7 Contents Acid serum Blood 8 Itching Present Absent 9 Vesicles May found on finger tip Absent &other part of body
  • 20. INCISED WOUNDS/SLASH WOUND definition- it’s a clean cut through the tissues CAUSE by sharp cutting weapons eg-knife, scalpel
  • 21. CHARACTER  Edges are clean cut, well defined & everted  Width is greater than the edge of weapon (due to retraction)  Length is greater than width or depth  Shape- spindle shaped  Hemorrhage is more vessels are clean cut)  Deeper at head -start due to more pressure)  Shallow at tail  A curved weapon like sickle produce a stab first then an incised one
  • 22. AGE OF WOUND M.L.POINTS  size indicate degree of 12 hours-edges red, swollen and violence adherent  age of injury 24 hours-vascular buds  direction of force by begins detecting head 36 hours-capillary net  foreign bodies on work wound leads to crime complete site 3-5 days-vessels thickened, obliterations start 1-2 weeks-scar tissue
  • 23. CHOP WOUND A type of incised wound caused by cutting edge of fairly heavy weapon(axe) CHARACTER  Margin sharp  Margin bruised and abraded  Dimension corresponds to the cross section of blade  Complete or incomplete amputation of fingers or bones  Usually homicidal  Accidental by power fans, ship propellers etc…
  • 24. SUICIDAL INCISED WOUNDS Multiple& parallel in any one area Seen on accessible areas Hesitation marks /tentative cuts seen Hesitation marks-multiple, small, superficial cuts seen at the head of wound CUT THROAT
  • 25. DIFFERENCE B/W SUICIDAL AND HOMICIDAL CUT-THROAT WOUND Sl no Feature Suicidal Homicidal 1 Situation Left side ,passing front(rt On sides hand) 2 Level Above thyroid cartilage On or below 3 Direction Above downwards &lt to rt Transverse/below upwards 4 Edges Ragged due to hesitation Sharp &clean cut mark 5 Hesitation cuts Multiple at head Absent 6 Severity Less severe More severe 7 Tailing Present Absent 8 Vessels Carotid art do not injured Jugular and carotid cut
  • 26. 9 No of wound Multiple (20-30),superficial Not multiple ,deep level 10 Defense wound Absent Present 11 Wounds of other Incised may be wrist, thigh, Severe injury over part groin head 12 Weapons Present at site Absent 13 Cadaveric spasm Weapon may grasped Fragments of cloth, hair, etc 14 Blood stain If in front of body &cloths If sleep on either sides, palms 15 Cloths Not damaged May cut, disarrangement, tear 16 Circumstantial Quiet, suicidal note, in front of Disturbance at scene mirror
  • 28. STAB WOUND/PUNCTURED WOUND This type wound penetrate skin and deeper tissues CAUSE- sharp objects like knife, dagger, arrow,spear,needle PENETRATE WOUND- if enters body cavity PERFORATED WOUND if weapon comes out on other side it have two type of wounds -ENTRY WOUND Large Inverted -EXIT WOUND Small Everted
  • 29. CHARACTERS  Length less than width of weapon  Depth is greater than length or width  Margins clear cut without abrasion  Shape corresponds to the weapon Elliptical -single edged weapon Circular -round weapon Cruciform -square weapon  Direction can made out
  • 30. CONCEALED PUNCTURE WOUND Seen on canceled part of body Eg-vagina,rectum,eye,nostrils, nape of neck,fontanelle(brugma region) DEATH RESULT- needle push to brain through fontanelles or cantus of eye pin push into medulla through nape of neck ML POINTS Direction of wound detect whether it is suicidal/homicidal/accidental Position of victim give inference position of accused Site of wound detect type of death Condition of clothing detect any violence
  • 31. LACERATION WOUND Tear or splits of skin and subcutaneous tissues by the blow from blunt objects. Eg-hard projecting surfaces, machinery & railway accidents, wheel crushing
  • 32. CHARACTER OF LACERATION WOUND  Margins are irregular and ragged  Ends are torn  Margins or subcutaneous tissues contused  Deeper tissues are irregularly torn  Hair bulbs crushed  Hemorrhage is less (irregularly torn vessels)  Depth varies  Shape and size does not corresponds to object  Skin opposite to the force is torn  Foreign bodies may present  Underlying bones likely to be fractured  Internal hemorrhage may be profuse and lethal TYPES -4 TYPES  Split laceration  Stretch laceration  Avulsion  Cut laceration (chop wound)
  • 33. SPLIT LACERATION CAUSE crushing skin between 2 hard objects CHARACTER Incised like wounds seen Seen areas like -areas where skin tightly stretched over bones -areas where subcutaneous tissues are less Eg-scalp, eyebrow, cheek bones, chin
  • 34. STRETCH LACERATION CAUSE fixed skin when get over stretched Eg-run over motor accident, compound fracture AVULSION LACERATION CAUSE grinding compression by weight Eg-lorry wheel passing over a limb CUT LACERATION CAUSE blow with heavy sharp edged weapon Eg- axe
  • 35. DIFFERENCE B/W ANTEMORTEM AND POST MPRTEM LACERATION Si no Feature Ante mortem Post mortem 1 Contusion Present Absent 2 Everson Present Absent 3 Gaping of margins Present Absent 4 Vital reaction Present Absent
  • 36. ML POINTS OF LACERATION WOUND  Direction of force can detect  Site of crime or accident from the foreign bodies in wound  Mode of death  Lesion whether ante mortem or post mortem  Approximate cause can drawn
  • 37. DEFENCE WOUNDS Wound received by victim during attack to save himself by raising hand and grasping weapon SITES- Usually on palm, ulnar border of forearm, back of hands TYPE OF WOUND  Depend on the weapon used varies  Contusion, Abrasion, Laceration, Incised, Stab  It indicate homicide CONDITIONS FOR THE ABSENCE OFDEFENSE WOUND  Attack at victim is unconscious  Attacked suddenly
  • 38. SELF-INFLATED AND FABRICATED WOUND SYNONYMS -FICTITIOUS / FORGED WOUNDS  Wounds produced by a person by himself  Wounds produced by some other on a person with his consent AIM  Falsely blame an enemy for revenge or jealousy CHARACTER  Mostly incised or stab wounds  Produce by application of some irritant juices or burns  Laceration and contusions are rare  Site will be exposed and accessible areas of body Eg front of wrist, neck, front or out side of lt arm, front or outer of thigh, Front of chest, abdomen  Injuries are multiple and superficial  Cloths are not damaged
  • 40. FIRE ARM CONSIST OF  Hollow metal barrel  Front open end – Muzzle end  Closed back end- Breech end  Posterior part- Butt CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE ARM 1) SMOOTH –BORED WEAPON(SHORT-GUN)  single barrel  double barrel  repeating or self loading 2) RIFLED WEAPONS  rifle a)0.22 rifles b)military rifles c)air –rifles  single shot pistols  automatic pistols  revolver  automatic weapons
  • 41. SMOOTH –BORED WEAPON(SHORT-GUN) repeating or self loading single barrel double barrel
  • 42. TECHNICAL TERMS 1)CALIBER / GAUGE  Internal dimension of barrel  Measured in inches or centimeters  Measured with the help of lead ball’s size which fits the barrel MEASURING THE DIAMETER OF BARREL
  • 43. 2)CHOCKING OF GUN  Distal3/4th of barrel is narrow CHOCKING OF GUN  Degree of narrowing is chocking  It’s of 3 types -full chock -half chock -quarter chock BENEFITS OF CHOCKING  Chocking increases explosive force velocity of shot  Chocking less the rate of spread of shot
  • 44. 3)RIFLING  In some weapons the bore is  Marked internally with spiral grooves  No: of spirals varies from 4 -7  They run parallel to each other but twisted spirally  They extended from breech end to muzzle end  These grooves are known as rifling  The ridges between the grooves are known as lands
  • 45. 4)CARTRIDGE  Ammunition (projectiles to be fired from a gun) consisting of a cylindrical casing containing an explosive charge and a bullet; fired from a rifle or handgun  Its of two types a) shot-gun cartridge b) cartridge for rifled weapon
  • 46. a) SHORT GUN CARTRIDGE Length 5-7 cm  The case consist of -short metallic cylinder  it is rimmed to keep in position  it help the extraction -long card board cylinder CASE IS FILLED FROM BASE TO UP  Percussion cap in centre of base (containing priming mixture)  Gun powder  Felt wad with cardboard disc front & behind  Shot  Cardboard disc Felt wad =Hold the powder and allow sufficient buildup of gas pressure when fired
  • 47. b) CARTRIDGE FOR RIFLED WEAPON It consist of  Elongated metal cylinder (it is rimmed except in automatic weapon)  Distal end tightly grips base of bullet  The powder charge lies between detonator and bullet  Bullets are conical in shape
  • 48. WOUNDS FROM SHOT –GUN The wound depends on  Distance from which weapon fired  Size of shot  Nature of explosive  The gun  Elasticity of skin and organs  Fragmentation of bullet
  • 49. WOUND DEPEND S ON THE DISTANCE OF WEAPON If the gun fired in contact or a few inches of body a) Shot enters in one mass as single bullet b) Large irregular entry wound c) Margins of the wound bruised d) Deeper tissues are ruptured and lacerated e) Unburned powder particles found in wound f) Unburned powder embedded in surrounding skin produce tattooing g) Margins of the wound are burnt by flame h) Margins of the wound are black due to smoke i) Shape of the burned area depends on the angle of fire Circular-if fired at rt angle Oval -if fired at a different angle j) If body covered burning, blackening & tattooing seen not over skin k) On head contact wound cause Large, irregular holes on skull Fissured fractures or bursting open with scattered
  • 50. If the gun within 6 inches  tissues are signed and blackened over broader area  margins are clean If the gun between 1-3 feet  single round wound  1-1.5 inches diameter  Irregular edges 1-3 inches  Tissues are much damaged due to the spreading of shot If the gun above 3 feet Shot begin to spread If the gun at 6 feet Wound is surrounded by separate opening in an area of 2 inches If the gun at 12 feet Shot spreads widely and produce separate opening in an area of 4 inches If the gun at 20 yards Only skin or muscle penetrate 12 feet
  • 51. B) SIZE OF SHOT Smaller shot-minute irregular edged wound Large shot -pass deep to body C) NATURE OF EXPLOSIVE Smokeless powder - less blackening and tattooing Black powder - marked blackening and tattooing D) THE GUN WOUND DEPEND UPON 1) Length of barrel 2) Bore of barrel 3) Chocking of barrel The spread of shot in inches is roughly equal to range of fire in yards
  • 52. WOUNDS FROM REVOLVERS OR PISTOLS DISCHARGES FROM THE GUN Gases, Smoke, Flame, Powder, Metallic particles. Flame extends - 2-3 inches Smoke extends -12 inches Powder granules -18-24 inches Metallic particles -18-24 inches Shots are of4 types depends on the distance of the weapon  contact shot  close shot  near shot  distant shot
  • 53. CONTACT SHOT  All the discharges from the gun pass into the wound  Burning, blackening are not seen around wound entrance  The wound is large  Shape of wound  Irregular, Stellate, Cruciate Elliptical, Triangular  These different shapes due to the expansion of gases in the tissues  On head the wound will be Large and cruciform with Everted margins (due to the expansion of gases in between scalp and skull) Skull bone burst open  Abdominal wound produce cavitations  The imprint of muzzle of gun may seen as patterned abrasion  The tissue around the bullet track may pink color (CO contained gas)
  • 54. 2) CLOSE SHOT  The range is 1-3 inches  Very close or contact range is called Point Blank  Wound is round  Margins singed, black and tattooed  Hair are singed (burned)  As bullet enters the body skin is inverted, stretched and splits  The gyrated bullet (revolve around a fixed point or axis) produce abrasion round the wound due to rubbing of bullet with skin  Collar-the elevated area seen around the wound produce by the bullet  Since abrasion is present around the wound it is known as Abrasion collar
  • 55. Abrasion collar- Type of bullet -gyrated bullet  Due to rubbing with skin abrasion seen around the wound It is of two types  Grease/dirt collar  Contusion colla Grease/dirt collar- Type of bullet -lubricated or soiled bullet  Grease or dirt attached to the skin around the hole  These may seen over the abrasion Contusion collar- Type of bullet - gyrated bullet  Contusion also may seen along with abrasion  Contusion seen over the margins
  • 56. If the weapon fired at right angle The wound become circular with abraded collar around If the weapon fired at an angle o An eccentric hole with abraded collar o Collar will be wider on one side than other o Wider area indicates the direction of bullet If the weapon fired from a distance of 6 inches  wound is round  size of wound represents the size of bullet  margins show bruising, blackening and tattooing  it will not produce burning
  • 57. 3) NEAR SHOT  Range of shot -12-18 inches  Wound is smaller than size of bullet  Blackening and tattooing seen over wide area  Burning and singing is not seen
  • 58. 4) DISTANT SHOT  Range of shot -above 18 inches  Wound is round and smaller than bullet  Blackening and tattooing absent  Abrasion collar present
  • 59. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENTRANCE AND EXIT WOUND Entrance wound Exit wound
  • 60. Sl Feature Entrance wound Exit wound no 1 Size Smaller than bullet except bigger than bullet in contact 2 Edges Inverted Everted , torn 3 Abrasion and grease Present Absent collar 4 Burning, blackening May present Absent and tattooing 5 Bleeding Less More 6 Tissues May cherry red due to CO no color change 7 Fibers of cloth May found Absent 8 Metal ring May seen around wound Absent 9 Skull Punched in hole in outer Punched out opening in inner table; table
  • 61. RICOCHET BULLET Ricochet - To rebound at least once from a surface. Ricochet bullet is that which strikes an intervening object first, then rebounds, then hit the target aimed.  It occurs with low quality fir arms  If the velocity of bullet is low When bullet hit hard, flat surface it may deformed then if it hit body the wound  Large  Irregularly oval, triangular or cruciate  Abrasion collar, burning, blackening … are absent  Abrasion and contusion of skin may seen
  • 62. TANDEM BULLET  Two bullets inside the body with single entrance wound  Multiple bullets fired separately entering through a single entrance SITE OF SELECTION FOR SUICIDE  Temple,  Centre of fore head,  Roof of mouth,  Midline behind the chin,  Front of chest
  • 63. BOMB EXPLOSION WOUNDS If burst at close range  Expanding gases shatter or obliterate body If burst at distance  The person is thrown to a distance  Blunt force injuries will develop  Burn may be develop  Death may occur due to CO if occur in room  Internal organs show congestion, minute hemorrhage & rupture
  • 64. FRACTURE OF SKULL There are 7 types 1) Fissured fracture 2) Depressed fracture 3) Comminuted fracture 4) Pond or indented fracture 5) Gutter fracture 6) Ring or foramen fracture 7) Penetrating fracture
  • 65. 1) FISSURED FRACTURE CAUSATIVE FACTOR  physical violence to the head  fall on feet or buttocks CHARACTER  These are cracks or linear fractures  It may involve one or both tables  Fracture starts at point of impact  It runs parallel to direction of force  If head is supported the fracture starts at counter pressure* area *COUNTER PRESSURE -Force or pressure that acts in a contrary direction to some other opposing pressure.  In bilateral compression it may start at vertex or base
  • 66. 2) DEPRESSED FRACTURE CAUSATIVE FACTOR  Heavy weapon with small striking surface Eg-stick, stone, CHARACTER  Fractured bone driven inward  Shape of wound indicate the type of weapon Eg-hammer – fracture shape is circular
  • 67. 3) COMMINUTED FRACTURE CAUSATIVE FACTOR  Traffic accident  Blow with weapons with large striking surface  Fall from height CHARACTER  Bone broken into pieces
  • 68. 4) POND OR INDENTED FRACTURE CHARACTER  Seen only in infants.  Bone is indented* *Make a dent or depression in. 5) GUTTER FRACTURE GUTTER FRACTURE CAUSATIVE FACTOR  Glancing bullet wound CHARACTER  Thickness of the wound is removed
  • 69. 6) RING OR FORAMEN FRACTURE CAUSATIVE FACTOR  Fall from height on feet or buttocks  Sudden violent turn of head on spine CHARACTER  Fissured fracture encircles the skull  It separate ant. 1/3rd with post.1/3rd of skull  It also seen in base encircling foramen magnum,& separate skull from spine
  • 70. 7) PENETRATING FRACTURE CAUSATIVE FACTOR  Sharp weapons like knife, dagger CHARACTER  Clean-cut opening  Penetrating the skull
  • 71. CONTRE-COUP INJURIES COUP INJURY  The injury seen under the area of impact CONTRE-COUP INJURIES  The injury which is situated opposite side of area of impact  These injuries seen only when the head is free to move CAUSATIVE FACTOR  Local distortion of head due to blow Eg-occipital injuries produce lesions at base of frontal lobe or tip of temporal lobe
  • 72. CONCUSSION OF BRAIN/ STUNNING OF HEAD  Diffuse injury to nerve cells and fibers due to violence caused concussion  It is an un-consciousness produced by violence applied to skull  It resolves spontaneously  After some time patient again unconscious  There will be an interval between two unconsciousness times called lucid interval  At autopsy no lesions are found in brain (petechial hemorrhage seen some cases) TYPES  . Concussion is divided into two groups: Simple and Complex.  Simple concussion:  The symptoms gradually resolve  The patient returns to normal function in 7 - 10 days.  Complex concussion:  The symptoms persist and thought processes are affected.  Patients with repeated concussions fall