4. Medicine was dominated by magical and religious beliefs which were an integral part of ancient cultures and civilizations.
5.
6. Since man’s knowledge was limited, the primitive man attributed disease, all human sufferings and calamities to wrath of gods, invasion of body by evil spirits and malevolent influence of stars and planets
7. The concept of disease is known as “supernatural theory of disease”
8. They used to perform surgeries like circumcision, amputations and trephining of skulls with improvised stone and flint instruments
9.
10. Ayurveda by definition implies the “knowledge of life” or the knowledge by which life may be prolonged. Its origin is traced back to the Vedic times, about 5000 B C.
11. Hygiene was given an important place in ancient Indian Medicine. Medical Historians admit that Indian medicine has played in Asia the same role as the Greek Medicine in West for it has spread in Indochina, Indonesia, Tibet, Central Asia, and Japan, exactly as the Greek Medicine has done in Europe and Arab Countries.
12.
13. Egyptian Medicine – one of the oldest civilizations in about 2000 B. C where art of medicine was mingled with religion.
15. Greek Medicine – 460 – 136 B. C; the Greeks enjoyed the reputation – the civilizers of the ancient world, taught people to think in terms of why and how
16. Roman Medicine – First Century B.C; While the politics of the world became Roman, medicine remained Greek.
17.
18. Revival of Medicine – 1453 – 1600 A D – an age of individual scientific endeavor; Paracelsus helped turn medicine towards rational research; Fracastorius, an Italian physician enunciated the “theory of contagion”; Ambriose Pare advanced the art of surgery.
19. 17th and 18th Centuries – Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of blood, Leeuwenhoek’s microscope, Jenner’s vaccination against small pox etc
64. 3rd largest standing army force, over 1.5Million strong.
65.
66. But in terms of service delivery it is more concerned with the state.
67. The center is responsible for health services in union territories without a legislature and is also responsible for developing and monitoring national standards and regulations, linking the states with funding agencies, and sponsoring numerous schemes for implementation by state governments.
82. India's health budget has gone up by nearly Rs.4000 crore to Rs.21113.33 crore ($4.35 billion) (www.thaindian.com/newsportal/.../public-health-infrastructure )
83. India’s medical infrastructure at a glance 5,097 hospitals 8,70,161 hospital beds 5,03,900 doctors 7,37,000 nurses 162 medical colleges Source: Review of Health Care in India, 2005
100. Public and Private sectors The majority of healthcare services in India are provided by the private sector. At present, India’s healthcare burden has gone beyond the Government’s budgetary applications. The increased spending power middle class is driving growth opportunities for corporate healthcare providers. Factors like privatization of medical insurance are making the market more attractive for international and national corporate players. The Government has taken an initiative to institutionalize a mechanism of public-private partnerships (PPP) in healthcare, right up from the district level.
111. Only 20% of OPD and 45% of inpatient care obtained from govt health infrastructure while the rest is from the private sector
112.
113. The Mission adopts a synergistic approach by relating health to determinants of good health viz. segments of nutrition, sanitation, hygiene and safe drinking water.
120. Meeting Indian public health standards in each block of the countrySource: http://www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM.htm
121. PUBLIC Health foundation of india The Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI) is a response to redress the limited institutional capacity in India for strengthening training, research and policy development in the area of Public Health. It is a public private partnership that was collaboratively evolved through consultations with multiple constituencies *Source: www.phfi.org
122.
123. The PHFI focuses on broad dimensions of public health that encompass promotive, preventive and therapeutic services, many of which are frequently lost sight of in policy planning as well as in popular understanding.*Source: www.phfi.org
171. A survey by NCAER, an independent economics research agency, suggests that per-capita expenditures on healthcare rise with higher education levels. Households that have higher education levels tend to spend more per illness than households with lower education levels.
172.
173. With diagnostic tests in India being inexpensive, India also has the potential to emerge as a hub for preventive health screening.
174.
175.
176. Pathology Services: The US$ 500 million domestic pathology industry has been growing over the last five years at an estimated Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 20 per cent per annum. It currently comprises almost 2.5 per cent of the overall healthcare delivery market. The major players are Dr. Lal’sPathlabs, Metropolis, SRL Ranbaxy, Thyrocare, and Nicholas Piramal.
177.
178. Apart from state of the art facilities, India provides low-cost treatments which is what makes it so attractive to foreign customers.According to a joint study by the Confederation of Indian Industry and McKinsey, Indian medical tourism was estimated at $350 million in 2006 and has the potential to grow into a $2 billion industry by 2012.4. To encourage the growth of medical tourism, the government also is providing a variety of incentives, including lower import duties and higher depreciation rates on medical equipment, as well as expedited visas for overseas patients seeking medical care in India.
179.
180. India has the potential to attract one million medical tourists eachyear, which could contribute $5 billion to the economy, according to the Confederation of Indian Industries
181.
182. Due to liberalization and a growing middle class with increased spending power, there has been an increase in the number of insurance policies 2001-02, 7.5 million policies were sold. By 2003-4, the number of policies issued had increased by 37%, to 10.3 million policies issued in the country.
183. In the wake of liberalization, health insurance is projected to grow to $5.75 billion by 2010, according to a study by the New Delhi-based PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry
184. In order to spur the private health insurance sector, the Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority (IRDA) has increased the FDI limit from 26 per cent to 51 per cent.
191. Customer careTelemedicine: Only 25% of India’s specialist physicians reside in semi-urban areas, and a mere 3 % live in rural areas. As a result, rural areas, with a population approaching 700 million, continue to be deprived of proper healthcare facilities
192. One solution is telemedicine—the remote diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of patients via videoconferencing or the Internet. Telemedicine is a fast-emerging trend in India, supported by exponential growth in the country’s information and communications technology (ICT) sector, and plummeting telecom costs. Several major private hospitals have adopted telemedicine services, and a number of hospitals have developed public-private partnerships (PPPs), among them Apollo, AIIMS, NarayanaHrudayalaya, Aravind Hospitals and SankaraNethralaya.
193.
194. National Accreditation Board of Hospitals and Healthcare Providers (NABH)- committee to make provisions for access, assessment, care of patients and protect patient’s rights.
