2. The aim of the lecture :
To help instantly understood neuroanatomy that is essential
to this module
To give summary of clinically relevant neuroanatomy with
examples of medical cases.
Stephen Goldberg : Most lecturers provide far more detail than
is necessary to applied anatomy. As a result student becomes
confused by mazes of unimportant structures.
3. What to do :
Before discussion : Watch and study the DVD :
Gross Neuroanatomy
Basic Neuronatomical Pathways
Jaras-jaras Neuroanatomi
During the discussion
Use Basic Neuroanatomical Pathways (Gregory) and Clinical
Neuroanatomy (Snell) as references
4. How can impulse be transmitted in our body? (physiology)
What structures supports the transmission of the impluse in
our body?
5. Central nervous system
BRAIN
Spinal cord
Ascending
tracts
Descending
tracts
Sensory
nerve
Motor nerve
Receptor effector
Peripheral Nervous System
Aff Eff
8. What happen if your head
got injured?
Subcutaneus haematom
Epidural haematom
Subdural hameatom
Subarachnoid bleeding/haemorrhage
9. Protection of CNS :
Extracranial protection :SCALP :
1. Skin :
2. Connective tissue: contains a/v/n
3. Aponeurosis (Galea aponeurotica): tendon of
frontal and occipital epicranius
4. Loose connective tissue : enabling
movement of the above layer
5. Periosteum
10. Intracranial protection : MENINGES
duramater
arachnoid
piamater
periosteal
meningeal
Epidural space (potential)
Subdural space (potential)
Subarachnoid space
(actual)
What is the contain of
subarachnoid space?
Sinus duramatris
11. Epidural Haematom : occurred
when a.meningea media is ruptured.
The blood will fill the epidural space
Subdural haematom : occurred
when bridging vein (connects
cerebral vein to sinus sagitalis
superior) is ruptured..
Subarachnoid bleeding : occurred
when an aneurism of large artery of
the brain is ruptured. The blood fills
the subarachnoid space usually
no space occupying lesion (SOL)
Intracerebral haemorrhage
(cerebrovascular accident) occurred
when small branch of artery is
ruptured.
12. Have you seen a newborn baby with a
very big head?
What do you think that cause this abnormality?
13. Ventricles (located inside the brain)
Lateral ventricles are located in cerebral
hemispheres and have several horns
•Anterior horn (frontal lobe)
•Posterior horn (occipital lobe)
•Inferior horn (temporal lobe)
Third ventricle : located in thalamus
Aquaductus cerebri Sylvii (cerebral
aquaduct)
Fourth ventricle foramen luscha and
foramen Magendie
Central canal : along the spinal cord but
usually undergo obliteration
* On the wall of each ventricle there are choroidal
plexus which produce cerebrospinal fluid/CSF
19. You know that if a patient get cerebrovascular accident he
usually get paralysis. However, can you explain why patient
A get arm and facial paralysis meanwhile patient B get leg
paralysis only. How can it be?
24. Homework :
Can infection of orbital or facial region affect the brain?
Patient A got paralysis of arm, leg, and face on the left side.
What area was probably affected?
25. Mr. X fell down in the bathroom and got paralysis of his left
arm and left leg. His facial muscles also got paralysis on the
right side! Thus, the facial muscles got paralysis on the right
side meanwhile the limb muscle got paralysis on the left side.
Where is the location of the affected area?
Cerebral cortex – brainstem – spinal cord?
29. Mr. Y ride a motorcycle in a very long distance. After he got
off his bike he found that his facial muscle was retracted to
the left side. He couldn’t close his right eye. What happen
to Mr.Y?
30.
31.
32. Homework :
Mr. Z got cerebrovascular accident. According to the
attendant physician, he got an infarction at the area of left
internal capsule.
What limbs would get paralysis?
Could he close his both eyes?
To what side his face should be retracted?
If he ordered to protrude his tongue, to what side the tongue
would move?
33. Mr. A, fell down the stairs and got a back injury. He
complained that his right leg up to his right belly under the
navel was numb. It was proven by the absence of pain when
the doctor pinched the skin of the affected vigorously. When
he was ordere to lift his two legs, he could only lift his right
leg meanwhile his left leg was paralized.
34. According to the attending doctor Mr. Amir got hemisection
of the spinal cord.
Which segment of the spinal cord was injured?
Mention the injured pathways!
What were the result of the reflect examination of the patient?
What were the results of the discriminative tactile examination
of his both leg?
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40. One day, Anto watched a horror film. When he saw a
murderer killed the victim, Anto’s face became pale,
sweated very much, and his heartbeat increased.
Can you explain how the visual impulse can be interpreted and
influence the autonomic nervous system?
45. A physician found that Mr.Heru got pupillary constriction,
slight ptosis, and decreased sweating. The patient had a
history of pancoast tumor, tumor that affect the apex of the
lung.
What do you think to be the cause of the symptoms?
46.
47.
48. Lecture on peripheral nervous system and its clinical aspects
will be given in musculoskeletal module.