UG University Practical Spotters

1. Spotters
Dr Jayaramachandran S
Assistant Professor
Community Medicine
10 marks

2. Spotters
1. Nutrition
2. Entomology
3. Immunization
4. Environment
5. Contraception
6. Others
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 2

3. 22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 3

4. Vectors of Public Health Importance
Class
Insecta
Mosquitoes
Flies
Human lice
Fleas
Reduviid bugs
Arachnida
Ticks
Hard Tick
Soft Tick
Mites
Leptotrobidium
Trombiculid mite
Itch mite
Crustacea
Cyclops

5. Vectors of Public Health Importance
Mosquito
• Anopheles
• Aedes
• Culex
Flies
• House flies
• Sand flies
• Tsetse flies
• Black flies
Human
lice
• Head &
body lice
• Crab lies
Fleas
• Rat fleas
• Sand fleas Reduviid
bugs

6. Vectors of Public Health Importance
Ticks
Hard tick
Soft tick
Mites
Leptotrobidium & Trombiculid mite
Itch mite

7. How do you differentiate them?
Insecta Arachnida Crustasea
Body division Head, neck, thorax,
abdomen
Cephalothorax ,
abdomen (no division)
in some cases
Cephalothorax,
abdomen
Legs 3 pairs 4 pairs 5 pairs
Antennae 1 pair None 2 pairs
Wings 1 or 2 pairs, some
are wingless
None None
Where found On land On land On water

8. Arthropod borne diseases
Arthropod Diseases transmitted
Mosquito
Malaria
Filariasis
Viral encephalitis (eg: JE)
Viral fevers (eg: Dengue)
West nile fever
Viral haemorrhagic fevers
(eg: yellow fever, DHF)

9. Arthropod borne diseases
Arthropod Diseases transmitted
House fly
Typhoid & paratyphoid fevers
Diarrhoea
dysentery
Cholera
Gastro enteritis
Amoebiasis

10. Arthropod borne diseases
Arthropod Diseases transmitted
House fly
Helminthic infestations
Poliomyelitis
Conjunctivitis
Trachoma
Anthrax
Yaws

11. Arthropod borne diseases
Arthropod Diseases transmitted
Sand fly
Kala – azar
Oriental sore
Sandfly fever
Oraya fever
Tsetse fly Sleeping sickness
Louse
Epidemic typhus
Relapsing fever
Trench fever
Pediclulosis

12. Arthropod borne diseases
Arthropod Diseases transmitted
Rat flea
Bubonic plague
Endemic typhus
Chiggerosis
Hymenolepis diminuta
Black fly Onchocerciasis
Reduviid
bug
Chagas disease

13. Arthropod borne diseases
Arthropod Diseases transmitted
Hard tick
Tick typhus
Viral encephalitis
Viral fever (Papatasi fever)
viral haemorrhagic fevers
(eg. Kyasanur Forest Disease)
Tularemia
Tick paralysis
Human babesiosis
Soft tick Q fever, Relapsing fever

14. Arthropod borne diseases
Arthropod Diseases transmitted
Trombiculid mite Scrub typhus
Rickettsial-pox
Itch mite Scabies
Cyclops Guniea Worm Disease,
Fish tapeworm (D. latus)
Cockroaches Enteric pathogens

15. Mode of Transmission
• Direct contact – man to man (close contact)
• Mechanical – Agent transmitted mechanically
• Biological – Disease agent either multiply or undergoes some
developmental change

16. Biological Transmission
• Propagative – Multiplies in the body of vector no cyclical
change (Plague)
• Cyclo - propagative – Undergoes cyclical change & multiplies
(Malaria)
• Cyclo - developmental – Undergoes cyclical change but no
multiplication (Filariasis)

17. Terminologies
Vector:
• An arthropod or other invertebrate which transmits infection by
inoculation through the skin or mucous membrane by biting or by
deposit of infective materials on the skin or on food or other objects.
Extrinsic incubation period:
• The period of time necessary fir the development of the disease
agent in the arthropod host.|

18. Terminologies
Definitive host
• The host in which the sexual cycle of the agent occurs
Indeterminate host
• The host in which the asexual cycle of the agent occurs
Infestation
• The lodgement, development and reproduction of arthropod on the
surface of the body or in the clothing

19. Habits of mosquitoes
• Feeding habits
• Females are haematophagous (for development of eggs),
Anthrophilic , Zoophilic or both
• Time of biting
• Evening or early night or Day biters

20. Habits of mosquitoes
• Resting habits
• Endophilic – Dark corners, Upper wall, behind pictures, under
furnitures
• Exophilic – Vegetation, shrubs, tree holes, cattle sheds , wells

21. Habits of mosquitoes
• Breeding habits
• Anopheles – Clean water
• Culex – Dirty & polluted water
• Aedes – Artificially collected water
• Mansonia – Water containing aquatic vegetation

22. Habits of mosquitoes
• Dispersal – Range of flight 11 km
• Life span – 8 – 34

23. Anopheles mosquito
• Usually breeds in fresh, unpolluted and oxygenated water.
• An. subpictus breeds in polluted water.
• It lays 150 eggs once in 3 days.
• Its life span is up to 2-3 weeks.
• Identification:
• It has spotted wings.

24. Anopheles
Egg Single egg

25. Culex mosquito
• Light brown in colour.
• Body segments having white bands but none on the legs.
• It breeds in polluted water.
• Common breeding sites:
• wet pit latrines, septic tanks, burrow pits, cess pools, drains, disused
wells and paddy fields.

26. Culex mosquito
• Bites maximum during mid night.
• Host: wild birds, cows, horses and man.
• These are weak fliers it can fly up to 2 miles.
• A single female can lay over 200 eggs at a time.
• These eggs can survive for more than five years.
• Wings are unspotted.
• The life span is 8 to 34 days.

27. Aedes mosquito
• The thorax and abdomen of the mosquitoes having black, white or
silvery scales. So it is also called as Indian Tiger mosquito.
• The legs having black and white rings.
• It is a day biting mosquito.

28. Integrated Vector Control
Mosquito control measures
Anti larval
Environmental
Chemical
Biological
Anti-adult
Residual spray
Space spray
Genetic control
Protection against bite
Net
Screening
Repellents
Mineral oil
Crude oil ,MLO
Paris green
Cu acetoarsenite , stomach poison
Synthetic insecticides
Fenthion , Malathion, Chlorpyrifos
& Abate
Larvivorous Fishes -
Gambusia affinis
Lebister reticulatus
Burrow pits, sewage oxidation
pond, cisterns, farm ponds
Source reduction
Elimination of breeding places
Filling , leveling & drainage of
breeding places
Changing salinity of water
Depends upon breeding habits of
mosquito
Pyrethrum extract
Nerve poison
For Ultra volume
fogging Malathion &
Phentrothion
Research phase
Sterile male
technique,
Chromosomal
translocation,
Sex destortion,
Gene replacement
DDT
Lindane
Malathion
Propoxur
16 meshes to
1 inch
0.0475 inch
size
Diethyltoluamide
Indalone
Dimethyl
phthalate
Dimethyl carbate
Ethyl hexanediol
Mosquito nets
0.475 inch size
hole
150 holes per
1 sq. inch

29. Mosquito borne diseases in India
S.No Type of mosquito Disease
1. Anopheles Malaria, Filaria (Not in India)
2. Culex Bancroftian filariasis, JE, West nile fever, Viral arthritis
3. Aedes Yellow fever, Filaria (Not in India)
Dengue, DHF, Chikungunya fever, Chikungunya HF, Rift
valley fever
4. Mansonoides Malayan (Brugian) filariasis, Chikungunya fever

30. Disease Vector Causal organism Reservoir
Malaria Anopheles Plasmodium sp. Man
Filaria Anopheles Micro filaria Man
Wuchereria bancrofti : Africa, Southern Asia, New guinea
Brugia malayi : Southern Asia
Brancroftian
Filariasis
Culex
quinquefasciatus
Wuchereria
bancrofti
Man
Westnile virus Culex
quinquefasciatus
West nile virus Birds
(amplifying host)
Japnese
encephalitis
Culex
tritaeniorhynchus
Japanese
encephalitis virus
Domestic pigs,
wild birds
Viral arthritis Virus

31. Anopheles (Head)

32. Culex / Anopheles (Adult)

34. Float
Raft Laid
singly

35. Anophelini Culicini
Eggs
1) Laid singly
2) Boat shaped with lateral floats
1) Clusters or rafts
2) Oval shaped & without lateral floats
Larvae
1) Rest parallel to water surface
2) Siphon tube absent
1) Head down, angle to water surface
2) Siphon tube absent
Pupae ST : Broad & Short ST : Long & Narrow
Adults
1) At rest, inclined to surface.
2) Spotted wings
3) Palpi : Long in both sexes
1) At rest, Hunch back
2) Unspotted wings
3) Palpi : Short in females
Difference b/n

36. List of entomology spotters
1. Anopheles mosquito – adult
female
2. Culex mosquito – adult female
3. Aedes mosquito adult female
4. Anopheles (eggs)
5. Anopheles (pupa)
6. Head Louse / Pediculus
capitis Female
7. Hard Tick
8. Sandfly (F)
9. Ascaris eggs
10. Cyclops
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 36

37. List of entomology spotters
11. Ascaris lumbricoides
12. Hookworm
13. Culex Life History
14. Housefly Life history
15. Head louse
16. Ancylostoma
17. Taenia with scolex
18. Ascaris - Male
19. Ascaris - Female
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 37

38. Entomology spotter questions
1. Identify the specimen in the slide
2. Write the identification points.
3. Write the public health importance
4. Write the control measures.

39. Parasitology slides
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 39

40. Female Anopheles mosquito (Adult)

41. 1. Anopheles mosquito – adult female
1. Identify giving reasons
• Female Anopheles mosquito; mosquito with spotted wings , antennae are
not bushy
2. Mention any two species
• An. culicifacies, An.stephensi, An.fluviatilis, An.minimus, An.Phillipinensis,
An.sundaicus
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 41

42. Female Culex mosquito (Adult)

43. 2. Culex mosquito - adult female
1. Identify giving reasons
• Culex mosquito female; mosquitoes with unspotted wings; palpi short in
female, Antennae are not bushy
2. Name two disease spread by it
• Bancrofitian filariasis ; Japanese encephalitis; west Nile fever
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 43

44. Female Aedes mosquito (Adult)

45. 3. Aedes mosquito – Adult Female
1. Identify giving reasons
• Female Aedes mosquito; mosquitoes with white stripes on a black body
with unspotted wings
2. Mention two viral diseases spread by it
• Dengue, Chikungunya fever, Yellow fever, Filariasis, Rift valley fever.
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 45

46. Anopheles (eggs)

47. 4. Anopheles (eggs) (slide)
1. Identify giving reasons.
• Anopheles eggs; Boat shaped, lateral floats
2. Name 2 diseases spread by its adult form.
• Malaria, Filaria (not in India)

48. Anopheles (pupa)

49. 5. Anopheles (pupa)
1. Identify giving reasons.
• Anopheles pupa; Comma shaped, large eyes, short breathing trumpets with
wide openings
2. Name 2 diseases spread by its adult form.
• Malaria, Filaria (not in India)

50. Female Head louse

51. 6. Head louse / Pediculus capitis Female
1. Identify giving reasons
• Head louse; Insect with body flattened dorsoventrally and five jointed
antennae; legs with claws
2. Mention any one form of treatment
• 0.5% malathion lotion applied to the head
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 51

52. Hard Tick

53. 7. Hard Tick
1. Identify giving reasons
• Hard tick; oval shaped arthropod, with 4 pairs of legs and no antennae;
dorsal surface covered with scutum
2. Mention two diseases spread by this
• Kyasanus forest disease (India), Rocky mountain spotted fever, Russian
spring-summer encephalitis, colarado tick fever, tularemia, tick
paralysis, human babesiosis.
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 53

54. Sandfly

55. 8. Sandfly
1. Identify giving reasons
• Sandfly; small insect with body and wings densely clothed with hair; wings
are lanceolate in shape.
2. Name a disease spread by it
• Kala azar, sandfly fever, oriental sore.
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 55

56. Ascaris eggs

57. 9. Ascaris eggs
1. Identify.
• Round worm or Ascaris lumbricoides eggs.
2. Mention the portal of entry into human being.
• By ingestion of infective eggs with contaminated food & water.

58. Cyclops

59. 10. Cyclops
1. Identify giving reasons
• Pear shaped arthropod with 2 pairs of antennae, 5 pairs of legs, a small eye
and a forked tail
2. Mention the diseases spread by it
• Guinea worm disease (Dracunculiasis)& Fish Tapeworm
3. Name the chemical used to kill it
• Tempos (Abate) at a concentration of 1 ppm.
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 59

60. Ascaris lumbricoides

61. 11. Ascaris lumbricoides
1. Identify the worm
• Round worm or Ascaris lumbricoides
2. Mention the portal of entry into human being
• By ingestion of infective eggs with contaminated food & water
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 61

62. Ancylostoma duodenale /
Hookworm adult (slide)

63. 12. Ancylostoma duodenale / Hookworm
adult (slide)
1. Identify.
• Ancylostoma / Hookworm.
2. How the larva enters in a human host?
• Through skin.

64. Parasitology specimens
22-Jul-17 SPOTTERS 64

65. Culex Life History

66. 13. Culex Life History
1. Identify the specimen.
• Life history of Culex mosquito.
2. Mention the breeding places for it.
• Dirty and polluted water collections e.g. open drains, cesspools,
leaking septic tanks etc.

67. Housefly Life history

68. Housefly Life history
1. Identify the specimen.
• Life history of housefly.
2. Name any 2 diseases transmitted by this vector.
• Cholera, Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Typhoid, Paratyphoid,
Amoebiasis, Anthrax, Polio, Trachoma (any 2)

69. Head louse

70. Head louse
1. Identify the specimen.
• Head louse
2. Mention any 2 diseases transmitted by it.
• Epidemic typhus, Relapsing fever, Trench Fever, Dermatitis

71. Ancylostoma

72. Ancylostoma
1. Identify.
• Ancylostoma / Hookworm.
2. How the larva enters in a human host?
• Through skin.

73. Taenia with scolex

74. Taenia with scolex
1. Identify the specimen.
• Taenia with scolex
2. Mention the 2 food items in which this parasite may be present.
• Undercooked or uncooked / raw pork and beef

75. Male Ascaris

76. Ascaris (male)
1. Identify the specimen.
• Asacris male
2. Mention the route of transmission.
• Faeco-oral route

77. Female Ascaris

78. Ascaris (Female)
1. Identify the specimen
• Asacris female
2. Mention the route of transmission.
• Faeco-oral route

79. Thank you…