3.  A detailed imaging and recording of the
ocular circulation by a series of
photographs after the administration of a
dye
 This test is useful for assessing problems
with retinal circulation, such as those that
occur in diabetic retinopathy, retinal
bleeding, and macular degeneration to rule
out intraocular tumors

4.  Assess the client for allergies and previous
reaction to dyes
 Obtain informed consent
 A mydriatic medication, which causes pupil
dilation, is instilled into the eye 1 hour
before the test
 Dye is injected into the vein of the client’s
arm

5.  Inform the client that dye may cause the
skin to appear yellow for several hours after
the test and is eliminated gradually through
the urine
 Encourage rest after the procedure
 Encourage fluid intake to assist in
eliminating the dye
 Urine might appear bright green

6.  Allows examination of the anterior ocular
structures under microscopic magnification
 The client leans on a chin rest to stabilize
the head while a narrowed beam light is
aimed so that it illuminates only a narrow
segment of the eye

7.  Explain the procedure to the client
 Advise the client about the brightness of
the light and the need to look forward at a
point over the examiner’s ear

8.  Is used to primarily assess for an increase
of IOP and potential glaucoma
 Normal IOP is 10 to 21 mmHg
 Client must be instructed to avoid rubbing
the eye following the examination if the eye
has been anesthetized because of the
potential for scratching the cornea

9.  Assesses the mastoid, middle ear, and inner
ear structures
 Multiple radiographs of the head are
obtained

10.  All jewelry is removed
 Lead eye shields are used to cover the
cornea to diminish the radiation dose to the
eyes
 The client must remain still in a supine
position

12.  Opacity of the lens that distorts the image
projected onto the retina and that can
progress to blindness
 Causes include the aging process (senile
cataracts), inherited (congenital cataracts),
and injury (traumatic cataracts)
 Interventions is indicated when visual acuity
has been reduced to a level that the client
finds to be unacceptable or adversely
affects his or her lifestyle

13.  Blurred vision and decreased color
perception are early signs
 Halos around lights
 Reduced visual acuity
 Presence of w white pupil
 Loss of vision

14.  Surgical removal of the lens, one eye at a
time
 Instruct the client regarding the
postoperative measures to prevent or
decrease intraocular pressure
 Stress to the client that care after surgery
requires instillation of different types of eye
drops several times a day for 2 to 4 weeks

15.  Administer eye medications preoperatively,
including mydriatics and cyclopegics as
prescribed
 After the surgery, elevate the head of the
bed 30 to 45 degrees
 Turn the client to the nonoperative side
 Maintain an eye patch as prescribed; orient
the client to the environment

16.  Position the client’s personal belongings to
the nonoperative side
 Use side rails for safety
 Assist with ambulation
 Use an eye shield at bed time

18.  A group of ocular diseases resulting in
increased IOP
 Results form inadequate drainage of
aqueous humor from the canal of Schlemm
or overproduction of aqueous humor
 The condition damages the optic nerve and
can result in blindness
 Gradual loss of visual fields may go
unnoticed

19.  Acute closed-angle or narrow angle
glaucoma – results form obstruction to
outflow of aqueous humor
 Chronic closed-angle glaucoma – follows an
untreated attack of acute closed-angle
glaucoma
 Chronic open-angle glaucoma – results
from overproduction or obstruction to the
outflow of aqueous humor

20.  Acute glaucoma – is a rapid onset of IOP
higher than 50 to 70 mmHg
 Chronic glaucoma – is a slow progressive,
gradual onset of IOP higher than 30 to 50
mmHg

21.  Diminished accommodation and increased
IOP
 Loss of peripheral vision
 Decreased visual acuity
 Halos around lights
 Headache or eye pain

22.  Treat acute glaucoma as a medical
emergency
 Administer medications as prescribed to
lower IOP
 Prepare the client for peripheral iridectomy,
which allows aqueous humor to flow from
the posterior to the anterior chamber

23.  Administer miotics, carbonic anhydrase
inhibitors, and betablockers as prescribed
 Instruct the client of the need for lifelong
medication use
 Instruct the client to avoid anticholinergic
medications
 Instruct client to report eye pain and
changes in vision

24.  Prepare the client for trabeculoplasty as
prescribed to facilitate aqueous humor
drainage
 Prepare the client for trabeculectomy as
prescribed, which allows drainage of
aqueous humor into the conjunctival spaces
by the creation of an opening

26.  Detachment or separation of the retina from
the epithelium
 Occurs when the layers of the retina
separate because of the accumulation of
fluid between them, or when both retinal
layers elevate away from the choroid as a
result of a tumor
 Partial detachment becomes complete if
untreated, which can lead to blindness

27.  Flashes of light
 Floaters or black spots (signs of bleeding)
 Increase in blurred vision
 Sense of curtain being drawn over the eye
 Loss of a portion of the visual field

28.  Provide bed rest
 Cover both eyes with patches as prescribed
 Speak to the client before approaching
 Protect the client from injury
 Avoid jerky head movements

29.  Minimize eye stress
 Prepare the client for a surgical procedure
as prescribed
 Scleral buckling, to hold the choroid and
retina togetehr with a splint until scar tissue
forms, closing the tear

31.  An inflammatory disorder usually caused by
an infection of the middle ear occurring as a
result of a blocked Eustachian tube, which
prevents normal drainage
 Common complication of an acute
respiratory infection
 Infants and children are more prone

32.  Fever
 Irritability and restlessness
 Loss of appetite
 Pulling on or rubbing the ear
 Ear pain
 Purulent drainage

33.  Encourage fluid intake
 Feed infants in upright position t prevent
reflux
 Lie with the affected ear down
 Dry the ear by wicking

34.  Administer antipyretics as prescribed
 Administer antibiotics as prescribed
 Screen for hearing loss
 Instruct the parents about the procedure for
administering era medications

36.  Also called as endolymphatic hydrops
 Dilation of the endolymphatic system by
overproduction or decreased reabsorption
of endolymphatic fluid
 Characterized by tinnitus, sensorineural
hearing loss, and vertigo
 Symptoms occur in attacks and last for
several days, and the client becomes totally
incapacitated during the attacks

37.  Initial hearing loss is reversible but as the
frequency of attacks continue, hearing loss
becomes permanent
 Damage to the cochlea cause increase fluid
pressure leads to permanent hearing loss
 Caused by viral and bacterial infections,
allergic reactions, vascular disturbance

38.  Feelings of fullness in the ear
 Tinnitus
 Hearing loss
 Vertigo
 Nausea and vomiting
 Headaches

39.  Prevent injury during vertigo attacks
 Provide bed rest in a quiet environment
 Provide assistance with walking
 Instruct the client to move the head slowly
 Initiate sodium and fluid restrictions as
prescribed

40.  Instruct the client to stop smoking
 Administer nicotinic acid (niacin) as
prescribed for vasodilatory effects
 Administer antihistamines as prescribed
 Administer antiemetics as prscribed
 Labyrinthectomy may be performed

42.  Dilate the pupils (mydriasis) and relax the
ciliary muscles (cyclopegia)
 Used preoperatively or for eye examinations
 Contraindicated with glaucoma
 Tropicamide (Mydriacil, Tropicacyl, Opticyl)

43.  Reduce IOP by constricting pupils and
contracting the ciliary muscle
 Open the anterior chamber angle and
increase the outflow of aqueous humor
 Pilocarpine hydrochloride (Isopto Carpine)

44.  Interfere with the production of carbonic
acid, which leads to decreased aqueous
humor formation and decreased IOP
 Long term treatment for open angle
glaucoma
 Acetazolamdie (Diamox)