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COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Introduction…
• The term communication is derived from the
latin word communis, meaning common.
• In general, communication refers to the
reciprocal exchange of information, ideas,
facts, opinions, beliefs, feelings & attitudes
through verbal or nonverbal means between
two people or within a group of people.
9/6/2013 2www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Definition of communication
• Communication is a process by which
information is exchanged between individuals
through a common system of symbols & signs
of behavior.
- Webster’s Dictionary
• Communication is interchange of thoughts,
opinions or information by speech, writing or
signs.
- Robert Andersion
9/6/2013 3www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Meaning of Communication
Communication as
• A process through which individuals mutually
exchange their ideas, values, thoughts, feeling &
actions with one or more people.
• The transfer of information from the sender to the
receiver so that it is understood in the right context.
• The process of initiating, transmitting & receiving
information.
• The means of making the transfer of information
productive & goal oriented.
• The process of sharing information, ideas &
attitudes between individual.9/6/2013 4www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Process of Communication
Sender
Referent
Message
Channels
Receiver
Referent
Environment
Feedback
Environment
Encoding Decoding
9/6/2013 5www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Elements of the communication
Referent:
• A referent motivates the sender (or receiver) to
share information (message, objects, sounds, sights,
time schedule, ideas, perceptions, sensation,
emotion, odour, etc.) that may initiate
communication.
• For example, a nurse, sighting a patient with
difficulty in breathing may serve as a referent to the
nurse promoting her to initiate communication with
the patient.
9/6/2013 6www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Elements of the communication
Sender:
• A sender is a person who encodes & sends the
message to the expected receiver through an
appropriate channel.
• A sender is the source of the message that is
generated to be delivered to the receiver after
appropriate stimulus from the referent.
9/6/2013 7www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Elements of the communication
Message:
• The message is the content of communication &
may contain verbal, nonverbal or symbolic
language.
• Perception & personal factors of the sender &
receiver may sometimes distort this element &
the intended outcome of communication may not
be achieved. For ex, the same message may be
communicated or perceived differently by two
individuals.
9/6/2013 8www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Channel:
• A channel is a medium through which a message is
sent or received between two or more people.
• Several channels can be used to send or receive the
message, i.e seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, &
tasting.
• While selecting channels of communication, several
factors must be considered: availability of channel()s ,
purpose, suitability, types of receivers, types of
message, preference of sender & receivers,
communication skills of the sender, cost, etc.
9/6/2013 9www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Elements of the communication
Count…
Classification of channels of communication:
• Visual channel: Facial expression, body language,
posture, gestures, pictures & written words,
electronic mails, mass media, etc.
• Auditory channel: Spoken words, sounds,
telephone or mobile communications, delivering
audio content (radio, voicemail), etc.
• Tactile channel: Touch sensations, therapeutic
touch, etc.
• Combined channel: Audiovisual media, consoling
a person with touch & spoken words.
9/6/2013 10www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Receiver:
• A receiver is an individual or a group of
individuals intended to receive, decode &
interpret the message sent by the
sender/source of message.
• A receiver also known as decoder.
• He is expected to have the ability & skills to
receive, decode & interpret the message.
9/6/2013 11www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Elements of the communication
Feedback:
• It is a return message sent by the receiver to the
sender.
• It is most essential element of the communication
process as it shows that the receiver has understood
the primary message sent by the sender & the
communication process is now consider complete.
• A successful communication must be a two-way
process where the sender sends the message &
receives feedback from the receiver.
• These feedback could be verbal & nonverbal.
9/6/2013 12www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Elements of the communication
Confounding elements:
• These elements are not a direct part of the flow of the
communication process but influence the communication
process significantly indirected.
• These elements are interpersonal variables of the sender
& the receiver & the environment where the
communication process take place.
• Interpersonal variables such as perception, beliefs, values,
sociocultural background, educational & developmental
levels, emotion, gender, physical & mental health, etc.
may significantly affect the communication process.
9/6/2013 13www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Elements of the communication
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
I. Based on the means of delivering the
message
II. Based on the purpose of communication
III. Based on the levels of communication
IV. Based on the pattern of communication
9/6/2013 14www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
I. Based on the means of delivering the message
a) Verbal communication:
• It occurs through the medium of spoken or
written.
• A combination of several words is used & each
words conveys a specific meaning.
• Some important elements of verbal
communication are language, vocabulary,
denotative & connotative meaning, pacing,
intonation, clarity, consciousness, preciseness,
comprehension, brevity, timing & relevance.
9/6/2013 15www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Count…
Subtypes of verbal communication:
• Spoken communication
• Written communication
• Telecommunication
• Electronic communication
9/6/2013 16www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
b) Nonverbal communication
• This communication occurs without words;
where the five senses & whole range of body
movements, posture, gesture, facial
expressions & silence are used for sending &
receiving the message.
• Nonverbal communication is a more accurate
way of communication because it convey the
true & intended meaning of the message.
9/6/2013 17www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
I. Based on the means of delivering the message
Count…
Nonverbal communication may be accomplished by the
following means:
 Touch
 Eye contact
 Facial expression
 Posture
 Posture
 Gait
 gesture
 Physical appearance
 Sound
 Silence
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 18
a) Formal communication
• Formal communication follows line of authority
& is generally used in organization to achieve
organizational objectives.
• For example, the nursing superintendent of a
hospital will communicate with staff nurse
through assistant nursing superintendents,
supervisors & ward-in-charge nurses.
9/6/2013 19www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
II. Based on the purpose of communication
b) Informal communication
• Informal communication does not follow line
of authority.
• Examples of informal communication are
gossip, chitchat & kitty parties.
• It is very fast & usually takes place in social
groups like friends, family, peer groups, etc.
9/6/2013 20www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
II. Based on the purpose of communication
c) Therapeutic communication:
• Therapeutic communication takes place
between a health care personnel & a patient,
with the purpose of modifying the patient
behavior.
• This is accomplished with repeated interaction
using certain essential attribute such as trust,
empathy, tenderness, concern &
nonjudgemental attitude.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 21
II. Based on the purpose of communication
a) Intrapersonal communication
• It take place within an individual; we may also
say it is self-talk.
• It is crucial because it provides a person with an
opportunity to assess self or a situation, before
acting on it, ultimately affecting the person
behavior.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 22
III. Based on the levels of communication
b) Interpersonal communication
• It takes place whenever two or more people
interact & exchange messages or ideas.
• This is also one of the most common forms of
communication in our daily lives.
• Interpersonal communication may further
categories into assertive, nonassertive &
aggressive communication.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 23
III. Based on the levels of communication
c) Transpersonal communication
• It takes place within a person’s spiritual
domain.
• The purpose of transpersonal communication
is to realize selfhood, enhance spirituality &
answer questions that are spiritual in nature.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 24
III. Based on the levels of communication
d) Small-group communication
• An example of a small-group communication
is when nurse interact with two or more
individuals face-to-face or use a medium (like
a conference call).
• Patient care conferences, staff meetings &
reports are good examples of small-group
communication.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 25
III. Based on the levels of communication
e) Public communication
• Public is generally defined as a large group of
people.
• Communication with such a large group of
people is known as public communication.
• Public communication requires essential skills to
influence people at large & media material to
reach member of the public clearly & loudly.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 26
III. Based on the levels of communication
f) Organizational communication
• It takes place when individuals & groups
within an organization communicate with
each other to achieve established
organizational goals.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 27
III. Based on the levels of communication
a) One-way communication
• It take place when message are delivered
to the audience from the communicator
only without constant feedback.
• A common example of one-way
communication is lecture delivered in a
classroom.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 28
IV. Based on the pattern of communication
b) Two-way communication
• It takes place when both the communicator &
audience take part in the process.
• The audience may raise questions & add
information, ideas & opinions on the subject.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 29
IV. Based on the pattern of communication
c) One-to-one communication
• Communication between one sender & one
recipient at one time is termed as one-to-one
communication.
• A nurse providing information to a patient is
an example of one-to-one communication
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 30
IV. Based on the pattern of communication
d) One-to-many communication
• Where one person communicates with may
people at the same time, it is termed as one-
to-many communication.
• A nurse providing health education to a
community is an example of one-to-many
communication.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 31
IV. Based on the pattern of communication
e) Many-to-one communication
• Many-to-one communication takes place
when several people communicate with one
person at the same time.
• A panel of expert taking an interview is an
example of many-to-one communication.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 32
IV. Based on the pattern of communication
FACILITATORS OF COMMUNICATION
Seven Cs of effective communication
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 33
Seven Cs of
effective
communication
Completeness
Clarity
Courtesy
Consideration
Concreteness
Correctness
Count…
Other attributes
• Positive attitude
• Improving communication skills
• Getting feedback of communication skills
• Goal-oriented communication
• Using creative alternative approaches
• Minimizing negative impact
• Warmth & friendliness
• Openness & respect
• Empathy
• Comfortable environment
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 34
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
I. Physiological barriers
• Poor retention due to memory problem
• Lack of attention
• Discomfort due to illness
• Poor sensory perception
• Hearing problems
• Poor listening skills
• Information overload
• Gender physiological differences
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 35
II. Environmental barriers
• Loud background noise
• Poor lighting
• Uncomfortable setting
• Unhygienic surrounding & bad odour
• Very hot or cold room
• Distance
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 36
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
III. Psychological barriers
• Misperception & misunderstanding
• Distrust & unhappy emotions
• Emotional disturbances
• Psychotic or neurotic illness
• Worry & emotional disturbances
• Fear, anxiety & confused thinking
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 37
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
IV. Social barriers
• Diffidence in social norms, values & behavior
• Social taboos
• Different social strata
V. Cultural barriers
• Ethnic, religious & cultural differences
• Cultural tradition, values & behavior
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 38
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
VI. Semantic barriers
• Language barriers
• Faulty language translation
• Individual differences in expression &
perception
• Past experiences of an individual failure to
listen
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 39
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
VII. Organizational barriers
• Organizational policy,
rules & regulation
• Technical failure
• Time pressure
• Complexity of
organization structure
due to hierarchy
• Size of the organization
VIII. Communication
process-related barriers
• Unclear & conflicting
message
• Stereotypical approach
• Inappropriate channels
• Lack of or poor feedback
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 40
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS OF
COMMUNICATION
I. Methods to overcome physiological barriers
• Keep in each other’s retention & recollection
abilities.
• Pay attention during the sharing of information
• Ensure each other comfort.
• Ensure the intactness of sensory perception.
• The limitation of hearing abilities must keep in
mind.
• Active listening.
• Information overload must avoid.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 41
METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS OF
COMMUNICATION
II. Methods to overcome environmental
barriers
• Good lighting must be ensured to facilitate
nonverbal communication.
• A comfortable seating arrangement.
• A hygienic & odour-free environment.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 42
III. Methods to overcome psychological barriers
• Happy & trustworthy manner
• Should not harbour negative emotions
• Avoid feeling of prejudice, resentment &
antagonism.
• Free from fear, anxiety & confusion
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 43
METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS
OF COMMUNICATION
IV. Methods to overcome social barriers
• The difference in social norms, values &
behavior must be give consideration.
• Social beliefs must be kept in mind.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 44
METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS
OF COMMUNICATION
METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS
OF COMMUNICATION
V. Methods to overcome cultural barriers
• Consider cultural differences
• Consider cultural traditions, values & behavior.
VI Methods to overcome semantic barriers
• Use the same language
• Considered difference in the expression &
perception of message
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 45
METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS
OF COMMUNICATION
VII. Methods to overcome organizational
barriers
• Considered Organizational policy, rules &
regulation.
• Organization structure must be simple &
noncomplex
• Large organization must divided into smaller
subset
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 46
VIII. Methods to overcome communication
process-related barriers
• An appropriate channel must be used.
• A stereotypical approach must be avoided in
communication.
• The message must be clear & nonconflicting
• Proper feedback must be ensured by the
recipient.
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 47
METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS
OF COMMUNICATION
TECHNIQUES OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
I. Conversational skills
• Focusing
• Paraphrasing
• Sharing information
• Providing information
• Asking relevant
question
• Clarifying &
summarizing
• Sharing humor
II. Listening skills
• Active listening
• Using silence
• Listening with purpose
• Acknowledgement of
message
• Giving feedback
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 48
III. Technical skills
• Using touch
• Using nonverbal cues
• Sharing feeling
• Sharing observations
• Sharing hope
• Presenting reality
• Sharing empathy
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 49
TECHNIQUES OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
Thank You
9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 50

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Communication process

  • 2. Introduction… • The term communication is derived from the latin word communis, meaning common. • In general, communication refers to the reciprocal exchange of information, ideas, facts, opinions, beliefs, feelings & attitudes through verbal or nonverbal means between two people or within a group of people. 9/6/2013 2www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
  • 3. Definition of communication • Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols & signs of behavior. - Webster’s Dictionary • Communication is interchange of thoughts, opinions or information by speech, writing or signs. - Robert Andersion 9/6/2013 3www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
  • 4. Meaning of Communication Communication as • A process through which individuals mutually exchange their ideas, values, thoughts, feeling & actions with one or more people. • The transfer of information from the sender to the receiver so that it is understood in the right context. • The process of initiating, transmitting & receiving information. • The means of making the transfer of information productive & goal oriented. • The process of sharing information, ideas & attitudes between individual.9/6/2013 4www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
  • 6. Elements of the communication Referent: • A referent motivates the sender (or receiver) to share information (message, objects, sounds, sights, time schedule, ideas, perceptions, sensation, emotion, odour, etc.) that may initiate communication. • For example, a nurse, sighting a patient with difficulty in breathing may serve as a referent to the nurse promoting her to initiate communication with the patient. 9/6/2013 6www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
  • 7. Elements of the communication Sender: • A sender is a person who encodes & sends the message to the expected receiver through an appropriate channel. • A sender is the source of the message that is generated to be delivered to the receiver after appropriate stimulus from the referent. 9/6/2013 7www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
  • 8. Elements of the communication Message: • The message is the content of communication & may contain verbal, nonverbal or symbolic language. • Perception & personal factors of the sender & receiver may sometimes distort this element & the intended outcome of communication may not be achieved. For ex, the same message may be communicated or perceived differently by two individuals. 9/6/2013 8www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
  • 9. Channel: • A channel is a medium through which a message is sent or received between two or more people. • Several channels can be used to send or receive the message, i.e seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, & tasting. • While selecting channels of communication, several factors must be considered: availability of channel()s , purpose, suitability, types of receivers, types of message, preference of sender & receivers, communication skills of the sender, cost, etc. 9/6/2013 9www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Elements of the communication
  • 10. Count… Classification of channels of communication: • Visual channel: Facial expression, body language, posture, gestures, pictures & written words, electronic mails, mass media, etc. • Auditory channel: Spoken words, sounds, telephone or mobile communications, delivering audio content (radio, voicemail), etc. • Tactile channel: Touch sensations, therapeutic touch, etc. • Combined channel: Audiovisual media, consoling a person with touch & spoken words. 9/6/2013 10www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
  • 11. Receiver: • A receiver is an individual or a group of individuals intended to receive, decode & interpret the message sent by the sender/source of message. • A receiver also known as decoder. • He is expected to have the ability & skills to receive, decode & interpret the message. 9/6/2013 11www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Elements of the communication
  • 12. Feedback: • It is a return message sent by the receiver to the sender. • It is most essential element of the communication process as it shows that the receiver has understood the primary message sent by the sender & the communication process is now consider complete. • A successful communication must be a two-way process where the sender sends the message & receives feedback from the receiver. • These feedback could be verbal & nonverbal. 9/6/2013 12www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Elements of the communication
  • 13. Confounding elements: • These elements are not a direct part of the flow of the communication process but influence the communication process significantly indirected. • These elements are interpersonal variables of the sender & the receiver & the environment where the communication process take place. • Interpersonal variables such as perception, beliefs, values, sociocultural background, educational & developmental levels, emotion, gender, physical & mental health, etc. may significantly affect the communication process. 9/6/2013 13www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Elements of the communication
  • 14. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION I. Based on the means of delivering the message II. Based on the purpose of communication III. Based on the levels of communication IV. Based on the pattern of communication 9/6/2013 14www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
  • 15. I. Based on the means of delivering the message a) Verbal communication: • It occurs through the medium of spoken or written. • A combination of several words is used & each words conveys a specific meaning. • Some important elements of verbal communication are language, vocabulary, denotative & connotative meaning, pacing, intonation, clarity, consciousness, preciseness, comprehension, brevity, timing & relevance. 9/6/2013 15www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
  • 16. Count… Subtypes of verbal communication: • Spoken communication • Written communication • Telecommunication • Electronic communication 9/6/2013 16www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
  • 17. b) Nonverbal communication • This communication occurs without words; where the five senses & whole range of body movements, posture, gesture, facial expressions & silence are used for sending & receiving the message. • Nonverbal communication is a more accurate way of communication because it convey the true & intended meaning of the message. 9/6/2013 17www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com I. Based on the means of delivering the message
  • 18. Count… Nonverbal communication may be accomplished by the following means:  Touch  Eye contact  Facial expression  Posture  Posture  Gait  gesture  Physical appearance  Sound  Silence 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 18
  • 19. a) Formal communication • Formal communication follows line of authority & is generally used in organization to achieve organizational objectives. • For example, the nursing superintendent of a hospital will communicate with staff nurse through assistant nursing superintendents, supervisors & ward-in-charge nurses. 9/6/2013 19www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com II. Based on the purpose of communication
  • 20. b) Informal communication • Informal communication does not follow line of authority. • Examples of informal communication are gossip, chitchat & kitty parties. • It is very fast & usually takes place in social groups like friends, family, peer groups, etc. 9/6/2013 20www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com II. Based on the purpose of communication
  • 21. c) Therapeutic communication: • Therapeutic communication takes place between a health care personnel & a patient, with the purpose of modifying the patient behavior. • This is accomplished with repeated interaction using certain essential attribute such as trust, empathy, tenderness, concern & nonjudgemental attitude. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 21 II. Based on the purpose of communication
  • 22. a) Intrapersonal communication • It take place within an individual; we may also say it is self-talk. • It is crucial because it provides a person with an opportunity to assess self or a situation, before acting on it, ultimately affecting the person behavior. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 22 III. Based on the levels of communication
  • 23. b) Interpersonal communication • It takes place whenever two or more people interact & exchange messages or ideas. • This is also one of the most common forms of communication in our daily lives. • Interpersonal communication may further categories into assertive, nonassertive & aggressive communication. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 23 III. Based on the levels of communication
  • 24. c) Transpersonal communication • It takes place within a person’s spiritual domain. • The purpose of transpersonal communication is to realize selfhood, enhance spirituality & answer questions that are spiritual in nature. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 24 III. Based on the levels of communication
  • 25. d) Small-group communication • An example of a small-group communication is when nurse interact with two or more individuals face-to-face or use a medium (like a conference call). • Patient care conferences, staff meetings & reports are good examples of small-group communication. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 25 III. Based on the levels of communication
  • 26. e) Public communication • Public is generally defined as a large group of people. • Communication with such a large group of people is known as public communication. • Public communication requires essential skills to influence people at large & media material to reach member of the public clearly & loudly. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 26 III. Based on the levels of communication
  • 27. f) Organizational communication • It takes place when individuals & groups within an organization communicate with each other to achieve established organizational goals. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 27 III. Based on the levels of communication
  • 28. a) One-way communication • It take place when message are delivered to the audience from the communicator only without constant feedback. • A common example of one-way communication is lecture delivered in a classroom. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 28 IV. Based on the pattern of communication
  • 29. b) Two-way communication • It takes place when both the communicator & audience take part in the process. • The audience may raise questions & add information, ideas & opinions on the subject. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 29 IV. Based on the pattern of communication
  • 30. c) One-to-one communication • Communication between one sender & one recipient at one time is termed as one-to-one communication. • A nurse providing information to a patient is an example of one-to-one communication 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 30 IV. Based on the pattern of communication
  • 31. d) One-to-many communication • Where one person communicates with may people at the same time, it is termed as one- to-many communication. • A nurse providing health education to a community is an example of one-to-many communication. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 31 IV. Based on the pattern of communication
  • 32. e) Many-to-one communication • Many-to-one communication takes place when several people communicate with one person at the same time. • A panel of expert taking an interview is an example of many-to-one communication. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 32 IV. Based on the pattern of communication
  • 33. FACILITATORS OF COMMUNICATION Seven Cs of effective communication 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 33 Seven Cs of effective communication Completeness Clarity Courtesy Consideration Concreteness Correctness
  • 34. Count… Other attributes • Positive attitude • Improving communication skills • Getting feedback of communication skills • Goal-oriented communication • Using creative alternative approaches • Minimizing negative impact • Warmth & friendliness • Openness & respect • Empathy • Comfortable environment 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 34
  • 35. BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION I. Physiological barriers • Poor retention due to memory problem • Lack of attention • Discomfort due to illness • Poor sensory perception • Hearing problems • Poor listening skills • Information overload • Gender physiological differences 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 35
  • 36. II. Environmental barriers • Loud background noise • Poor lighting • Uncomfortable setting • Unhygienic surrounding & bad odour • Very hot or cold room • Distance 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 36 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
  • 37. III. Psychological barriers • Misperception & misunderstanding • Distrust & unhappy emotions • Emotional disturbances • Psychotic or neurotic illness • Worry & emotional disturbances • Fear, anxiety & confused thinking 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 37 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
  • 38. IV. Social barriers • Diffidence in social norms, values & behavior • Social taboos • Different social strata V. Cultural barriers • Ethnic, religious & cultural differences • Cultural tradition, values & behavior 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 38 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
  • 39. VI. Semantic barriers • Language barriers • Faulty language translation • Individual differences in expression & perception • Past experiences of an individual failure to listen 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 39 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
  • 40. VII. Organizational barriers • Organizational policy, rules & regulation • Technical failure • Time pressure • Complexity of organization structure due to hierarchy • Size of the organization VIII. Communication process-related barriers • Unclear & conflicting message • Stereotypical approach • Inappropriate channels • Lack of or poor feedback 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 40 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
  • 41. METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION I. Methods to overcome physiological barriers • Keep in each other’s retention & recollection abilities. • Pay attention during the sharing of information • Ensure each other comfort. • Ensure the intactness of sensory perception. • The limitation of hearing abilities must keep in mind. • Active listening. • Information overload must avoid. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 41
  • 42. METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION II. Methods to overcome environmental barriers • Good lighting must be ensured to facilitate nonverbal communication. • A comfortable seating arrangement. • A hygienic & odour-free environment. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 42
  • 43. III. Methods to overcome psychological barriers • Happy & trustworthy manner • Should not harbour negative emotions • Avoid feeling of prejudice, resentment & antagonism. • Free from fear, anxiety & confusion 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 43 METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
  • 44. IV. Methods to overcome social barriers • The difference in social norms, values & behavior must be give consideration. • Social beliefs must be kept in mind. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 44 METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
  • 45. METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION V. Methods to overcome cultural barriers • Consider cultural differences • Consider cultural traditions, values & behavior. VI Methods to overcome semantic barriers • Use the same language • Considered difference in the expression & perception of message 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 45
  • 46. METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION VII. Methods to overcome organizational barriers • Considered Organizational policy, rules & regulation. • Organization structure must be simple & noncomplex • Large organization must divided into smaller subset 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 46
  • 47. VIII. Methods to overcome communication process-related barriers • An appropriate channel must be used. • A stereotypical approach must be avoided in communication. • The message must be clear & nonconflicting • Proper feedback must be ensured by the recipient. 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 47 METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
  • 48. TECHNIQUES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION I. Conversational skills • Focusing • Paraphrasing • Sharing information • Providing information • Asking relevant question • Clarifying & summarizing • Sharing humor II. Listening skills • Active listening • Using silence • Listening with purpose • Acknowledgement of message • Giving feedback 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 48
  • 49. III. Technical skills • Using touch • Using nonverbal cues • Sharing feeling • Sharing observations • Sharing hope • Presenting reality • Sharing empathy 9/6/2013 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 49 TECHNIQUES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION