2. Indications
Removal of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma
Removal of primary hepatic tumours such as hepatocellular
carcinomas or biliary tumours such as cholangiocarcinomas
Following trauma to the liver.
Removal of benign liver tumours(hepatic adenoma), liver cysts
Live donor liver transplantation.
Segmental resections may be required as part of
hepaticojejunostomy procedures for high bile duct injuries
3. Laparoscopic hepatectomy
Far less common than open procedures
Recognized for
liver cysts
peripheral solitary metastases
hepatocellular carcinoma.
5. Access: incision is upper midline, extending to right
subcostal region (Lexus incision).
Mobilization: division of the triangular ligaments (frees
the liver from the diaphragm). Mobilization of the vena
cava. cholecystectomy done
Inflow control: obtained by a variety of techniques
(eg. dissection of the liver hilum with control of the portal vein and
hepatic artery, dividing the bile duct within the liver substance. Or,
alternatively, dissection of the intrahepatic inflow pedicle etc)
Outflow control: classically, the hepatic vein is divided
extrahepatically, but can also be divided within the liver
during parenchymal transection.
6. Parenchymal resection:
Before resection,CT and MRI to confirm exact
tumour location and vascular anatomy
Intra-operative ultrasound is mandatory to confirm
preoperative assessments and identify additional
lesion
Parenchymal transection has been described using a
number of techniques.
Commonly, dissection with a clamp crushing
technique or Cavitron Ultrasonic Aspirator (CUSA)
are used to disrupt liver parenchyma, revealing
vessels and bile ducts that may then be clipped or
ligated.
7. Confirmation of haemostasis and abdominal
closure
Haemostasis achieved with the use of argon
beam coagulation and fibrin glues
8. Recently the trend has moved away from
“anatomical resection” (respects the portal
triad) towards “non-anatomic resection”
(resection of a lesion with 1-2 cm margins,
irrespective of hepatic anatomy).
10. Pre operative
Preoperative assessment should be adapted to the needs
of each individual patient, based on general
comorbidities and hepatic function.
Patients without parenchymal liver disease are assessed
as for any major intra-abdominal operation.
Patients with hepatic disease are at significantly
increased risk of multi-organ dysfunction, including
cardiac failure, impaired gas exchange, bleeding and
renal failure
12. Pre operative
Of particular concern are conditions causing an elevation
of right-side cardiac and central venous pressure (CVP)
that significantly increases the risk of intra-operative
bleeding.
Early communication with the surgical team will identify
cases with a high risk of intra-operative bleeding, large
resection, or postoperative liver failure
13. Assessment of liver function
In young patients with normal hepatic parenchyma, it is
safe to remove up to four liver segments amounting to a
50–60% resection
survival after 80% resection is possible.
postoperative liver failure can occur
underlying chronic liver disease presenting for liver
resection are at high risk of postoperative liver failure
14. Child-Pugh scoring
Child B &C unfit for liver resection
indocyanine green (ICG) retention- measures liver
perfusion and biliary excretion
Impaired clearance of ICG is suggested when more than
15% of the dose remains in the plasma 15 min after injection
15. Predictors of transfusion
a) preoperative hemoglobin concentrations
below 12.5 g/dl,
(b) tumor more than 4 cm,
(c) need for exposure of the vena cava,
(d) need for an associated procedure, and
(e) cirrhosis
16. Intraoperative
GA ,ETT ,CV with or without thoracic epidural
Little evidence to favour any particular choice of
anaesthetic agent
Hepatic clearance will be reduced after resection
Known hepatotoxins such as halothane avoided
Nitrous oxide should be avoided as it causes gut
distension and there is a small risk of air embolism
17. EPIDURAL
Benefits Risks
Post op analgesia
Less pulmonary
complications
Sympathetic blockade -
low CVP reduces blood
loss and transfusion
requirements
Post op coagulopathy
Pre op coagulopathy
Epidural
hematoma/abscess
Increased total
intravenous fluid
administration
Increased transfusion due
to haemodilution
Even in patients with pre op normal liver function and coagulation, prothrombin
time (PT) is prolonged in the majority of patients on the first and second
postoperative days and may remain abnormal for up to 5 days
18. Monitoring
Minimum monitoring standards
Invasive arterial and CVP
Blood glucose monitoring
Naso-gastric tube
Temperature monitoring – warmer
Neuro muscular monitoring
Large bore intra-venous access
A rapid infusion system should be available
19. Blood Loss
Blood loss of 10 litres has been reported after liver
resection
Large transfusions are a risk factor for major
postoperative complications and liver failure.
Patients with cirrhosis, steatosis, and after
chemotherapy are at especially increased risk of
coagulopathy and bleeding
21. Pringle maneuver
A noncrushing clamp or a tourniquet is placed around
the structures in the porta hepatis to occlude portal
venous and hepatic arterial inflow during parenchymal
transection.
Intermittent or continuous
Occlusion time limited to an hour or less
Reduce the blood loss by up to approximately 65%
22. CVS Effects
MAP increase by 6%
Cardiac output decrease by 10%
Left ventricular afterload increase of 20–30%
Hypotension after clamp release
23. Hepatic vascular control methods
1) Inflow vascular occlusion
(A) Hepatic pedicle occlusion:
(a) Continuous Pringle maneuver (CPM)
(b) intermittent Pringle maneuver (IPM)
(B) Selective inflow occlusion.
(2) Inflow and outflow vascular exclusion
(A) Total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE)
(B) Inflow occlusion with extraparenchymal control of the
major hepatic veins: with selective hepatic vascular
exclusion (SHVE).
24. Inflow Vascular Occlusion
CPM, IPM, and selective inflow occlusion
- same haemodynamic management
Portal triad clamping -
increases systematic vascular resistance
reduces cardiac output
increases Mean arterial pressure
On unclamping - parameters return to baseline values.
Main source of bleeding is backflow from the
valveless hepatic veins
25. Low CVP
CVP (between 2 and 5 mmHg)
-- reduces blood loss
Limit iv fluids
Diuretics or Nitrate infusion
Nitroglycerin reduces CVP to the desired level during the
resection phase or when excessive oozing is observed
from the resected surface.
After the resection – restore circulating blood volume
26. PEEP increases CVP & reduce liver blood flow
Avoid PEEP during resection phase
15◦ Trendelenburg position can be given
-- prevents air embolism
27. Risks of low CVP
Cardiovascular instability
Air embolism
Postoperative renal dysfunction
If urine output falls to 0.5 ml/ kg/ h or
Refractory hypotension occurs
small colloid bouses may be given
28. Inflow and Outflow Vascular
Occlusion
Total HepaticVascular Exclusion (THVE)
Pringle maneuver is performed
Clamp across the infrahepatic IVC above the renal veins
Clamp across the suprahepatic IVC
After completing the hepatectomy the clamps
are removed
29. Cross-clamping of the inferior vena cava and portal vein
Venous return &cardiac output 40-60% decrease
Systemic vascular resistance 80% increase
Heart rate 50% increase compensatory
Unclamping
Increase in cardiac index
Reduction in systemic vascular resistance
30. Requires volume loading to prevent profound
hypotension and potential cardiac arrest
BeforeTHVE, colloids can be administered
Corrects volume defecit
Improves splanchnic circulation
Displace fluid into vascular space
Reduce bowel edema
32. Hemodynamic intolerance toTHVE or
ischemia underTHVE exceeding 30 or 60
minutes, require venovenous Bypass
33. Selective Hepatic Vascular
Exclusion (SHVE).
Continuous or intermittent manner
Slight increase in systemic and pulmonary
resistance .
Method of choice in cases when cvp cannot be
lowered(right heart failure, poor cardiovascular
status)
34. Vascular Air Embolism.
Factors predisposing
(a) surgical technique,
(b) size and place of the tumor,
(c) blood loss, and
(d) low CVP anesthesia.
Tumours
Right lobe
Close to IVC
Close to
cavo
hepatic jn
Cirrhotic patients have intrapulmonary shunting ,
pulmonary dilatation ,Arteriovenous communications
Paradoxical embolism can occur
35. Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and
Preconditioning
Ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) injury
causes a local and systemic inflammation
response
Protective methods
Ischemic preconditioning
Intermittent clamping
36. Ischemic preconditioning
Process in which a short period of ischemia, separated by
intermittent reperfusion, renders an organ more tolerant
to subsequent episodes of ischemia.
37. Post-operative concerns
On table extubation
Serum lactate measured
Early increase in transaminases common
Persistant increase ongoing hepatic ischemia
Avoid hypothermia
CVP measurement
38. CVP
If patient is normotensive and urine output is
adequate (>0.5 mL/kg/hr), any attempt to
administer extra fluid to elevate CVP is
avoided especially in first 48 hours
39. Respiratory
Atelectasis and subsequent pneumonia
Basal collapse especially on the right
Pleural effusion
Failure to clear secretions and reexpand the
lungs due to inadequate pain relief
44. CNS
Drowsiness due to
drugs
hepatic encephalopathy
Hypoglycemia
Check ammonia and glucose levels
45. Glycemic control
Hyperglycemia due to surgical stress
target range of 90-120 mg/dl
Patients may develop insulin resistance
Hypoglycemia due to impaired hepatic
mobilization of glucose
47. Coagulopathy
Postoperative coagulopathy peaks 2-5 days
post surgery
In non cirrhotics inc in PT INR is self limiting
In cirrhotics FFP given
Platelet transfusion if
plt count < 10000
plt count 10-30000 with active bleeding
48. Peptic ulcer prophylaxis with a proton pump
inhibitor
Regular nasogastric (NG) lactulose to prevent
gut stasis that contributes to encephalopathy
49. Pain management
Epidural analgesia
Opioids
Patient controlled analgesia (PCA)
NSAIDs is not recommended
50. Preoperative american society of
anesthesiologists (ASA) classification
Steatosis
Extent of resection
Simultaneous extrahepatic resection,
Perioperative blood transfusion
have been found to be independent predictors for
the development of postoperative complications