This document contains 25 questions related to general pathology, including topics like cell injury, inflammation, neoplasia, edema, genetics, immunology, and infectious diseases. The questions ask about definitions, types, examples, mechanisms and how to diagnose or confirm various diseases and conditions. They appear to be written question suggestions for medical students or as a study guide for a general pathology exam.

1. Written Question Suggestion on General Pathology for Term-1 (J-25).
Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/project/Academic-Works-Jahurul-Islam-
Medical-College-Bangladesh
Cell injury, Adaptation, Necrosis & Apoptosis, Intracellular
accumulation
1. What are the cellular response to injury?. Write four aspects of disease process.
2. Define Atrophy. What are the causes of atrophy? Give some example of pathological
atrophy.
3. What do you mean by pathological calcification? Give some example of metastatic
calcification.
4. What are the types of cell injury? What are the changes of reversible cell injury?
5. Define apoptosis. Give physiological & pathological examples of apoptosis.
6. Write morphological features of Apoptosis. Write mechanism / Pathway of Apoptosis.
7. What do you mean by pathological calcification? What are the types of pathological
calcification? Give some examples.
8. Define metaplasia. Types of metaplasia with examples.
9. Define hyperplasia. Give some examples of hyperplasia.
10. What are the types of cell injury? What are the changes of reversible cell injury?
11. Define Necrosis. What are the morphological types of necrosis?. Give example of each.
12. What are the types of necrosis? What are the differences between necrosis and
apoptosis?
13. What are the types of adaptation? Give 2 examples of each.
14. Define hyperplasia. Give some example.
15. What are the types of irreversible cell injury? Tell difference between necrosis and
apoptosis.
16. What is metaplasia?. Why metaplasia is called “Two edged sword”?.
17. Define hypertrophy. Give example of physiological and pathological hypertrophy.
18. What is cell injury?. Tell causes of cell injury.
19. What is free radical?. Tell example of free radical. How they are formed in the body?.
20. How free radical are inactivated in the body?. What are the cellular components
affected by free radical?.
21. What is intracellular accumulation?. Tell some exogenous and endogenous particle
which accumulate in the body.
22. What is reperfusion injury?. How injury occurs in case of reperfusion?. Which organ is
mostly affected in reperfusion injury?.
23. What is pathological calcification? Name types of pathological calcification. What is the
difference between the two?.

2. 24. What is Necroptosis and Pyroptosis?. What is Autophagy. What are the types of
Autophagy?.
25. What is mitochondrial transition pore?. How influx of calcium and loss of calcium
homeostasis causes cell injury?.
Inflammation and Repair
1. Tell the differences between exudates & transudate. Define ulcer.
2. Define chronic inflammation. What are the causes of chronic inflammation.
3. What is granulation tissue? What are the factors affecting wound healing?
4. Define phagocytosis. What are the steps of phagocytosis?
5. Define inflammation. What are the fates of acute inflammation? What are the acute
inflammatory cells?.
6. What are the fates of acute inflammation? Tell some example of chronic inflammation.
7. Define Granulomatous inflammation. Give some examples of diseases with
granulomatous inflammation.
8. Define inflammation. What are the cardinal features of inflammation?.
9. Define mediator of inflammation?. Write role of mediators in different types of
inflammation. What are the cell derived and plasma derived mediators?.
10. Tell the differences between exudates & Transudate? Tell the vascular changes that
occur in acute inflammation?
11. Define granuloma. What are the types of granuloma?.
12. Define chronic inflammation. What are the chronic inflammatory cells?.
13. Define Acute inflammation. Tell the vascular changes that occur in acute
inflammation?
14. What are the Arachidonic acid metabolites?. Draw the flow chart of production of
arachidonic acid metabolites mentioning their function in the inflammation.
15. What is granulation tissue?. Tell complication of wound healing.
16. Mention the cardinal signs of acute inflammation. Mention the outcome of acute
inflammation.
17. What is giant cell? Name some giant cell. Tell three example of granulomatous
inflammation.
18. Define chemotaxis. What are the chemotatic factors?
19. Define regeneration & Repair. What are the factors affecting healing?. What is tissue
remodeling.
20. What is Proud Flesh?. Write difference between Primary healing and secondary
healing.
21. Tell complication of wound healing. What is keloid?. What is wound dehesence?.
22. What is chemical mediator?. Name chemical mediators for pain & redness in acute
inflammation.

3. 23. What is phagocytosis ? Tell steps of phagocytosis. What are the phagocytic cells?.
24. Name some chronic inflammatory cells. Tell difference between Acute and Chronic
inflammation.
25. Tell vascular events of inflammation. What is chemotaxis?.
26. What is chemical mediator?. Classify chemical mediator with example.
Neoplasia, Child hood tumour
1. Define neoplasia. Give some example of benign tumour.
2. Components of a neoplasia. On which component classification of tumor depends?.
What is desmoplasia.
3. Define carcinoma and sarcoma. Give example of carcinoma and sarcoma.
4. Tell difference between papilloma and polyp.
5. Name some malignant tumour spread through body cavity. Tell two most important
features that differentiate a malignant tumour from a benign tumour.
6. Define benign tumour. Give some example of benign tumour. Tell some malignant
tumour having suffix “oma”.
7. What is mixed tumor?. Give example. What is teratoma?. What is the clinical name
of Benign cystic teratoma of ovary?.
8. Define malignant tumour. Give some example of malignant tumour.
9. What is differentiation?. Tell importance of differentiation.
10. What is anaplasia?. Which is considered as hallmark of malignancy?.Tell features
of anaplasia.
11. What is pleomorphism?. What is dysplasia?. Tell example of organs where dysplasia
occurs. Tell grading of Uterine Cervix dysplasia.
12. What is tumor marker? Name five important tumor makers.
13. Mention features of anaplasia. What is carcinoma in situ?
14. What is differentiation? Name routes of spreads of malignant tumor.
15. What is adenoma? Name malignant counter part of adenoma. Tell routs of
metastasis.
16. What is sarcoma?. Tell four important difference between carcinoma & sarcoma.
17. What is carcinoma in situ?. Name four precancerous conditions.
18. Define tumour. Tell difference between benign & malignant neoplasm.
19. Define carcinoma in situ. What is paraneoplastic syndrome.
20. Define polyp. Define Papilloma. Define Adenoma.
21. Define neoplasm. Classify neoplasm.
22. What is tumor staging? Mention clinical importance of it.
23. What is Paraneoplastic syndrome. Give example.
24. Mention methods of laboratory diagnosis of carcinoma.

4. 25. What is sentinel lymphnode?. What is cancer cachexia?.
26. Define grading of carcinoma. Mention the importance of tumor grading
27. Name some malignant tumour spread through body cavity. Tell two most important
features that differentiate a malignant tumour from a benign tumour.
28. What is immune surveillance?. Tell the evidence of tumor immunity.
29. Mention five common childhood malignant tumors.
30. Give some example of small blue round cell tumour. Why they are called small blue
round cell?.
Edema, Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarction, Shock
1. Define edema. What is Anasarca?. Classify edema.
2. What is exudates and what is transudate?. Write the difference between exudate &
transudate.
3. Define infarct. Which is Virchow’s triad. Name two difference of white and red
infarction.
4. What is thrombus? What are the fates of a thrombus?
5. Define shock. What are the stages of shock?
6. Write pathogenesis of hepatic edema?
7. Write pathogenesis of cardiac edema?
8. What is thrombus?. How Thrombus is formed? What are the fates of thrombus?
9. What is edema? What are pathophysiological categories of edema?
10. Define hyperemia and congestion. Give example of hyperemia and Congestion.
11. Write short note on Virchow’s triad. Give some example of Hypercoagulable state.
12. Define thrombosis. Tell fate of thrombosis.
13. Define shock. Tell pathogenesis of septic shock.
14. Name different types of emboli. What is saddle embolus and complication of saddle
embolus.
15. What is embolism?. What is decompression sickness?. Which persons are affected in
decompression sickness?.
16. Define embolus. Mention its types. Tell three important causes of air embolism.
17. What is thrombus? What are the fates of a thrombus?
18. Which is Virchow’s triad. Name two difference of white and red infarction.
19. What is DIC?. Tell causes of DIC.
20. Define shock. Classify shock with example.
Genetics, Environmental Pathology, Immunopathology, Infectious
diseases

5. 1. Define mutation. Write names of autosomal recessive disorder.
2. What is mutation?. Tell different types of mutation. Tell example of reciprocal
translocation.
3. Write short note on Down syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome.
4. What is point mutation?. Give example of point mutation. Write autosomal
dominant disorder.
5. Mention five common carcinoma associated with cigarette smoking. In respiratory
tract what type of cellular adaptation occurs due to smoking?.
6. What is passive smoking?. Mention the effects of passive smoking.
7. What is transplantation?. Define isograft and allograft.
8. Write short note on Transplant rejection.
9. What is immunity? Mention four difference between active & passive immunity.
10. What is immunity? Name cells of immune system.
11. What is hypersensitivity reaction?. What are the types of hypersensitivity reaction?
12. Define autoimmune disease. Name 5 autoimmune disease.
13. Define hypersensitivity. Classify hypersensitivity with example.
14. Name four function of vitamin D. What are the fat soluble vitamins? What are the
three functions of vitamin A?
15. What is xeropthalmia? Tell five deficiency syndrome due to vitamin A.
16. What is PEM. Name three Clinical feature of marasmus.
17. What are water soluble vitamin? Mention two difference between Rickets &
Osteomalacia.
18. Name five trace elements that are important for body. What are the three clinical
feature of zinc deficiency .
19. Define PEM. What are the difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus?
20. Define Scurvy. Tell role of vitamin C in healing.
Problem Applied in GP, Hematolymphoid pathology, Electrolyte
disorder
1. A 10 years boy has come to you with features of anaemia, continuous bleeding from
rectum & recurrent throat infection. His blood picture shows pancytopenia.What
are the Differential diagnosis?
2. A male of 20 years presented to the OPD with evening rise of fever, cough and
cervical lymphadenopathy. What is your provisional diagnosis? What test you can
do on the lymph node to establish the diagnosis.
3. A 10 years old girl reported to you with mental retardation, short stature, flat facial
profile and simian crease in hand . What is the probable diagnosis? What is the
karyotype?

6. 4. 10 years old boy develops severe diarrhea. What change you expect in his electrolyte
& acid base status?
5. A smoker of 60 year old male developed sudden severe central chest pain with
sweating of forehead. What is probable diagnosis? What are the biochemical
indicator that will favor the diagnosis ?
6. A 40 years old male had chronic vomiting and history of peptic ulcer, what is the
diagnosis and what is the acid base and electrolyte abnormality.
7. A women of 33 years having menorrhagia for 7 month, her Hb was 8gm/dl on PBF
examination RBC morphology was found hypochromia with anisopoikilocytosis &
many pencil shaped cells were seen. What is your probable diagnosis & how you wil
confirm the diagnosis.
8. A boy of 12 years developed hemarthrosis of the right knee joint and hematoma of
both cuff muscle. He has history of recurrent bleeding. What is your diagnosis?
How you will confirm your diagnosis.
9. A 35 years old female presented with multiple purpura and petechae on her skin,
after tourniquet test more than 40 petechae were found. Her Hb was 9gm/dl &
platelet count 70,000/cmm and bleeding time was 30 minutes. What is your probable
diagnosis? How will you confirm the diagnosis.
10. A women of 38 years of age came with pallor , weakness, palpitation & she has
koilonychia, glossitis and dysphagia, what is your probable diagnosis? How you will
proceed to diagnose the disease of the patient?
11. A women of 36 years age having multiple pregnancy, her Hb is 6.5gm/dl on PBF
examination RBC morphology was found severe hypochromia with
anisopoikilocytosis & many pencil shaped cells were seen. What is your probable
diagnosis & how will you confirm the diagnosis.
12. A 65 years old male presented with anaemia, bone pain, back pain ertebral
fracture. X-ray shows osteolytic lesions in skull bone and vertebrae What is the
probable diagnosis? How you will confirm ?
13. A girl aged 4 years having flat facial profile, present with severe pallor and mild
splenomegaly. Her peripheral blood film shows microcytic hypochromic RBC,with
target cells and schistocytes. WBC and platelet are normal. What is likely diagnosis
? How can you confirm it?
14. A man of 25 years presented with high grade fever, weight loss and cervical
lymphadenopathy. What is your provisional diagnosis & how you will confirm il?.
15. A girl of 11 years presented with pallor and hepatosplenomegaly with history of
frequent blood transfusion. What is your probable diagnosis? How you will confirm
it.
16. A boy of 7 years has presented with fever, sore throat, cervical lymphadenopathy.
His PBF shows excessive blast cells. What is your provisional diagnosis?. How will
you diagnose the case in laboratory?