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PICTURE BOOK
            OF
INFECTIOUS POULTRY DISEASES




          MARCH 2010
    ECTAD SOUTHERN AFRICA
Contents

Acknowledgements                       ii


Introduction                           1

Anatomy of chicken                     2

Viral disease                         3-4
1. Avian Influenza
2. Fowl pox                            5
3. Infectious Bronchitis              6-7
4. Gumboro                             8
5. Marek`s Disease                   9-11
6. New castle Disease               12-13

Bacterial Disease                     14
1. Fowl Cholera                       14
2. Infectious Corzy                   15

Parasitic Disease                     16
1. Coccidiosis (Eimeria necatrix)     17
1. Coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella)      17
2. Heterakis                          18
3. Ascarades                          18
Produced by FAO ECTAD Southern Africa for training purposes.
Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product
for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized
without any prior written permission, provided the source is fully
acknowledged.




Acknowledgements
ECTAD Southern Africa acknowledges the contribution of the
following;

•	 Dr. Jenica Lee, DVM from Ceva, Malaysia
•	 Dr.	Vincent	Turblin	DVM	from	Ceva	Asia-Pacific
•	 Paul Selleck, Research Scientist from Australian Animal Health
   Laboratory.
•	 FAO	ECTAD,	Regional	office	for	Asia	and	the	Pacific


These partners have made available their pictures to the collection as
presented in this training booklet.
The	financial	contribution	of	USAID,	SIDA	and	CIDA	to	the	production	
and printing costs of the booklet are gratefully acknowledged.
Design: C.K. Marketing, Gaborone, Botswana
Printed by: Printing and Publishing Company Botswana PPCB

©FAO 2010




                                                                         ii
Introduction :

    This “Picture book on infectious poultry diseases’’ has been compiled
    as a training tool for extension personnel involved in avian disease
    awareness work. The specific objective of collecting pictures of differ-
    ent but clinically similar diseases was to support training of extension-
    ists and poultry owners in detecting Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
    (HPAI) should it occur in the currently disease free southern African
    region.

    The booklet lists all diseases that could be mistaken on clinical appear-
    ance for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza.
    We promote the wide usage of this booklet and encourage users to give
    us feedback on its usefulness and provide us with suggestions for im-
    provement.

    The ECTAD Southern Africa team
    March 2010




1
Anatomy of Chicken




               www.freerangeeggs.co.uk




              www.homepage2.nifiy.com



                                         2
VIRAL DISEASE
    1. Avian Influenza
      (Orthomyxoviridae)

    Purple discoloration of wattles
     and combs with swelling
    caused by abormal
    accumulation of fluid.



    Swollen head, accumulation of
    liquid in eyelids and comb




    Pinpoint bleeding under the
    skin (mostly seen on feet and
    shanks)




     Bleeding into the ovaries




3
Bleeding into the gizzard.




Bleeding in the mucosa of
trachea




Bleeding in the muscle and in
the fat around the heart




                                4
2. Fowl Pox
       (Poxviridae)




    Dry form: wart –like nodules
    on the skin (combs, face and
    wattles)




    Wet form : Cankers are
    imbedded in the membranes of
    the mouth, larynx and
    trachea.




    Wet form: Brown nodular le-
    sions in the mucosa membrane
    of larynx; when removed, an
    eroded area is left.




5
3. Infectious Bronchitis
     (Coronavirus)




 Respiratory signs: difficulty
 in breathing (open beak) and
 swelling of face.




Marked drop in egg
production and increased
number of poor quality
eggs-soft shelled with watery
content.




Mild to moderate irritation of
respiratory tract with swelling
of trachea.




                                  6
Swollen and pale kidneys with
    distended urinary tubes




7
4. Gumboro
    (Birnavirus)


Bleeding into skeletal muscles,
enlarged bursa of Fabricius.




Swollen bursa of Fabricius
(may be enlarged, of normal
size or reduced in size, de-
pending on the stage)




Bleeding and swollen bursa of
Fabricius.




Bleeding into skeletal muscle
of leg.




                                  8
5. Marek’s Disease
         (Herpesvirus)
       Neurological form
    ( progressive paralysis):

    Paralysis (loss of muscle func-
    tion) of wings, characteristic
    dropping of limb.




    Twisted neck (torticollis)




     Lameness.




    Brachial plexus (nerve) is
    two or three times the normal
    thickness, swelling caused by
    fluid (oedema).




9
Visceral form:




Enlarged liver with diffuse
grayish nodules formed by
abnormal growth of tissue.




Enlarged spleen with diffuse
grayish discolorations



               Enlarged


              Normal size




                               10
Cutaneous form:




     Solid nodular lesions formed
     by abnormal growth of skin
     arround the feather follicles.




       Nodular skin lesions
       (abnormal growth
       of skin)




11
6. Newcastle Disease
     (Paramyxoviridae)

Weakness (no lameness and no
stiff neck).




Pink eye and swollen eyelids
with abnormal accumulation
of liquid




Foamy discharge from
respiratory tract




Foamy nasal discharge,
accumulation of liquid in the
lungs.




                                12
Acute form: bleeding into the
     mucosa of the trachea.




     Bleeding throughout the
     intestine.




13
Bacterial Disease
 1. Fowl Cholera
      (Pasteurella)


 Blue coloration of wattles,
 swollen wattles and face.




 Yellow-brown pus
 accumulated in a swollen
 wattle




 Pus (whitish to yellow)
 accumulated in a hock joint.




 Pinpoint bleeding in the
 muscles of heart




                                14
2. Infectious Coryza
            (Haemophilus)


     Watery swollen eyes and face,
     purulent nasal exudates.




     Eyelids stick together by
     mucous and exudates.




15
Parasitic Disease

1. coccidiosis
eimeria necatrix :

Intestine is distended twice
its diameter, bloody areas are
clearly seen without opening
the intestine.




Partially clotted blood in the
small intestine.




Intestine contains mucous,
fresh blood and its membrane
is widely covered with red tiny
spots.




                                  16
Eimeria tenella :

     Caeca distended with
     blood




     Large quantity of blood
     present in the caecal, the
     caecal walls are thickened.




     Tiny red spots scattered
     on caecal wall and bloody
     content.




17
2. Heterakis

Small white worms found
in the tip or blind ends of
the caeca (female : 10-
15 mm long ; male 7-13 mm
long)




3. Ascarides

Ascarid worms (round
worms) in the large
intestine




                              18
Picture Book of Infectious Poultry Diseases
                   March 2010




                        FAO ECTAD
                       P.O Box 80598
                     Gaborone, Botswana
           Tel: +267 395 3100, Fax: +267 395 3104
                 www.fao-ectad-gaborone.org

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Fao picture book on avian diseases

  • 1. PICTURE BOOK OF INFECTIOUS POULTRY DISEASES MARCH 2010 ECTAD SOUTHERN AFRICA
  • 2. Contents Acknowledgements ii Introduction 1 Anatomy of chicken 2 Viral disease 3-4 1. Avian Influenza 2. Fowl pox 5 3. Infectious Bronchitis 6-7 4. Gumboro 8 5. Marek`s Disease 9-11 6. New castle Disease 12-13 Bacterial Disease 14 1. Fowl Cholera 14 2. Infectious Corzy 15 Parasitic Disease 16 1. Coccidiosis (Eimeria necatrix) 17 1. Coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella) 17 2. Heterakis 18 3. Ascarades 18
  • 3. Produced by FAO ECTAD Southern Africa for training purposes. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Acknowledgements ECTAD Southern Africa acknowledges the contribution of the following; • Dr. Jenica Lee, DVM from Ceva, Malaysia • Dr. Vincent Turblin DVM from Ceva Asia-Pacific • Paul Selleck, Research Scientist from Australian Animal Health Laboratory. • FAO ECTAD, Regional office for Asia and the Pacific These partners have made available their pictures to the collection as presented in this training booklet. The financial contribution of USAID, SIDA and CIDA to the production and printing costs of the booklet are gratefully acknowledged. Design: C.K. Marketing, Gaborone, Botswana Printed by: Printing and Publishing Company Botswana PPCB ©FAO 2010 ii
  • 4. Introduction : This “Picture book on infectious poultry diseases’’ has been compiled as a training tool for extension personnel involved in avian disease awareness work. The specific objective of collecting pictures of differ- ent but clinically similar diseases was to support training of extension- ists and poultry owners in detecting Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) should it occur in the currently disease free southern African region. The booklet lists all diseases that could be mistaken on clinical appear- ance for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. We promote the wide usage of this booklet and encourage users to give us feedback on its usefulness and provide us with suggestions for im- provement. The ECTAD Southern Africa team March 2010 1
  • 5. Anatomy of Chicken www.freerangeeggs.co.uk www.homepage2.nifiy.com 2
  • 6. VIRAL DISEASE 1. Avian Influenza (Orthomyxoviridae) Purple discoloration of wattles and combs with swelling caused by abormal accumulation of fluid. Swollen head, accumulation of liquid in eyelids and comb Pinpoint bleeding under the skin (mostly seen on feet and shanks) Bleeding into the ovaries 3
  • 7. Bleeding into the gizzard. Bleeding in the mucosa of trachea Bleeding in the muscle and in the fat around the heart 4
  • 8. 2. Fowl Pox (Poxviridae) Dry form: wart –like nodules on the skin (combs, face and wattles) Wet form : Cankers are imbedded in the membranes of the mouth, larynx and trachea. Wet form: Brown nodular le- sions in the mucosa membrane of larynx; when removed, an eroded area is left. 5
  • 9. 3. Infectious Bronchitis (Coronavirus) Respiratory signs: difficulty in breathing (open beak) and swelling of face. Marked drop in egg production and increased number of poor quality eggs-soft shelled with watery content. Mild to moderate irritation of respiratory tract with swelling of trachea. 6
  • 10. Swollen and pale kidneys with distended urinary tubes 7
  • 11. 4. Gumboro (Birnavirus) Bleeding into skeletal muscles, enlarged bursa of Fabricius. Swollen bursa of Fabricius (may be enlarged, of normal size or reduced in size, de- pending on the stage) Bleeding and swollen bursa of Fabricius. Bleeding into skeletal muscle of leg. 8
  • 12. 5. Marek’s Disease (Herpesvirus) Neurological form ( progressive paralysis): Paralysis (loss of muscle func- tion) of wings, characteristic dropping of limb. Twisted neck (torticollis) Lameness. Brachial plexus (nerve) is two or three times the normal thickness, swelling caused by fluid (oedema). 9
  • 13. Visceral form: Enlarged liver with diffuse grayish nodules formed by abnormal growth of tissue. Enlarged spleen with diffuse grayish discolorations Enlarged Normal size 10
  • 14. Cutaneous form: Solid nodular lesions formed by abnormal growth of skin arround the feather follicles. Nodular skin lesions (abnormal growth of skin) 11
  • 15. 6. Newcastle Disease (Paramyxoviridae) Weakness (no lameness and no stiff neck). Pink eye and swollen eyelids with abnormal accumulation of liquid Foamy discharge from respiratory tract Foamy nasal discharge, accumulation of liquid in the lungs. 12
  • 16. Acute form: bleeding into the mucosa of the trachea. Bleeding throughout the intestine. 13
  • 17. Bacterial Disease 1. Fowl Cholera (Pasteurella) Blue coloration of wattles, swollen wattles and face. Yellow-brown pus accumulated in a swollen wattle Pus (whitish to yellow) accumulated in a hock joint. Pinpoint bleeding in the muscles of heart 14
  • 18. 2. Infectious Coryza (Haemophilus) Watery swollen eyes and face, purulent nasal exudates. Eyelids stick together by mucous and exudates. 15
  • 19. Parasitic Disease 1. coccidiosis eimeria necatrix : Intestine is distended twice its diameter, bloody areas are clearly seen without opening the intestine. Partially clotted blood in the small intestine. Intestine contains mucous, fresh blood and its membrane is widely covered with red tiny spots. 16
  • 20. Eimeria tenella : Caeca distended with blood Large quantity of blood present in the caecal, the caecal walls are thickened. Tiny red spots scattered on caecal wall and bloody content. 17
  • 21. 2. Heterakis Small white worms found in the tip or blind ends of the caeca (female : 10- 15 mm long ; male 7-13 mm long) 3. Ascarides Ascarid worms (round worms) in the large intestine 18
  • 22. Picture Book of Infectious Poultry Diseases March 2010 FAO ECTAD P.O Box 80598 Gaborone, Botswana Tel: +267 395 3100, Fax: +267 395 3104 www.fao-ectad-gaborone.org