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Group Process psychotherapy:
Theory, Technique, and intervention
Theory, Technique, and intervention
David A. Songco, M.A., Psy.D.
New Insights, LLC
Milwaukee, WI
(c) 2014 New Insights, LLC
Overview
Overview
• Theoretical Considerations
• Gustav Le Bon
• Sigmund Freud
• Wilfred Bion
• Irvin Yalom
• Technique
• Cohesion
• Here and Now
•
overview (continued)
• Process commentary
• Interventions
• Problem group members
• Monopolist
• Silent client
• Help rejecting client
• Characterologically difficult client
• Borderline Client
group
experience
inpatient process group
psychotherapy -
adolescents & Adults
Community mental health
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Group psychotherapy
Theory
Gustave Le Bon
1841 -1931
1841 -1931
• “The Crowd: A Study of the popular
mind”
• law of mental unity
“It is only in this advanced phase of organisation that
certain new and special characteristics are superposed
on the unvarying and dominant character of the race;
then takes place that turning already alluded to of all
the feelings and thoughts of the collectivity in an
identical direction.”
Sigmund freud
• Totem and taboo (1912-13)
• Group Psychology and the Analysis of
the ego (1921)
• Libido Accounts for group
morphodynamics
• Group Cohesion
• lack of libidinal bonds
• love
Wilfred Bion
1897-1979
1897-1979
• Experiences in Groups
• Work Group & Basic Assumption Group
• Primary task | underlying assumptions where behaviors are
based
• Basic Assumptions
• Dependency
• Fight-Flight
• Pairing
Bion and tavistock approach
• Tavistock Approach
• Group as Whole
• Less focus on individual process
• Process interpretations reflect on
group as whole dynamic, to basic
assumptions
irvin D. yalom
• Therapeutic Factors
• Instillation of hope
• Universality
• Imparting information
• Altruism
• Corrective recapitulation of primary family
• Development of socializing technique
• Imitative behavior
• Interpersonal learning
Technique
Group Cohesion
Group Cohesiveness
1. Try harder to influence other group
members
2. Be more open to influence by the other
members
3. Be more willing to listen to others and
more accepting of others
4. Experience greater security and relief from
tension in the group
5. Participate more readily in meetings
Group Cohesiveness (cont)
6. Self-disclose more
7. Protect the group norms and exert more
pressure on individuals deviating from the
norms
8. Be less susceptible to disruption as a group
when a member terminates membership
9. Experience greater ownership of the group
therapy enterprise
Here and Now
• Here and Now Focus
• Two symbiotic tiers - neither of which
has therapeutic power without the
other
• Experiencing
• Illumination of the Process
Process Focus
• Definition of Process
• the nature of the relationship between
interacting individuals - members
and therapists
• Process versus Content
• Individual Process and Complex
Process
(Here and Now)
(Here and Now)
• Here and Now Focus - 2 Phases
• Activating phase - move group into
the here and now
• Process illumination - identify and
share process as it’s unfolding
here and now activation
• Think in the here and now
• “How can I relate this to the groups’
primary task? How can I make it come to
life in the here and now?”
• Therapist moves focus
• from outside to inside
• abstract to specific
• generic to personal
• personal to interpersonal
(Process Illumination)
(Process Illumination)
• Therapist must first understand and
recognize process
• “Why is this unfolding in this group
in this particular way and at this
particular time?”
• Beginning Therapists Recognition of
Process
process commentary
• Can it be taught?
• Gained through experience, practice,
and error.
• Progression
• Example
process commentary
• Therapeutic Insight and Change with process
commentary
• Here is what your behavior is like
• Here is how your behavior makes others feel
• Here is how your behavior influences the
opinions others have of you
• Here is how your behavior influences your
opinion of yourself
Interventions
problem group
members
The monopolist
Monopolist
• Who
• Effects on the group
• Frustration and Anger
• Deal with anxiety
• Detrimental to Group cohesiveness
• Therapeutic considerations
The Silent client
The Silent Client
• Why So Silent?
• Dread self disclosure
• Waiting to be activated
• Threatened by other group member
• Silence is never Silent
• Silence is behavior
The Help-rejecting
complainer
• Who are they?
• Effects on the Group
• Irritation, frustration, confusion
• Management
The Borderline Client
Summary
Questions
Thank you.
References
Freud, S. (2010). Totem and taboo:
resemblances between the psychic lives of savages and
neurotics. Charleston, SC: Nabu Press.
Le Bon, G. (2008). The crowd. Boomer Books.
Schneider, M, Corey, G, & Corey, C. (2008). Groups:
process and practice. BrooksCole Pub Co.
Yalom, I.D., & Leszcz, M. (2005). The theory and practice
of group psychotherapy.

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Group therapy

  • 1. Group Process psychotherapy: Theory, Technique, and intervention Theory, Technique, and intervention David A. Songco, M.A., Psy.D. New Insights, LLC Milwaukee, WI (c) 2014 New Insights, LLC
  • 3. Overview • Theoretical Considerations • Gustav Le Bon • Sigmund Freud • Wilfred Bion • Irvin Yalom • Technique • Cohesion • Here and Now •
  • 4. overview (continued) • Process commentary • Interventions • Problem group members • Monopolist • Silent client • Help rejecting client • Characterologically difficult client • Borderline Client
  • 5. group experience inpatient process group psychotherapy - adolescents & Adults Community mental health
  • 6. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Group psychotherapy
  • 8. Gustave Le Bon 1841 -1931 1841 -1931 • “The Crowd: A Study of the popular mind” • law of mental unity “It is only in this advanced phase of organisation that certain new and special characteristics are superposed on the unvarying and dominant character of the race; then takes place that turning already alluded to of all the feelings and thoughts of the collectivity in an identical direction.”
  • 9. Sigmund freud • Totem and taboo (1912-13) • Group Psychology and the Analysis of the ego (1921) • Libido Accounts for group morphodynamics • Group Cohesion • lack of libidinal bonds • love
  • 10. Wilfred Bion 1897-1979 1897-1979 • Experiences in Groups • Work Group & Basic Assumption Group • Primary task | underlying assumptions where behaviors are based • Basic Assumptions • Dependency • Fight-Flight • Pairing
  • 11. Bion and tavistock approach • Tavistock Approach • Group as Whole • Less focus on individual process • Process interpretations reflect on group as whole dynamic, to basic assumptions
  • 12. irvin D. yalom • Therapeutic Factors • Instillation of hope • Universality • Imparting information • Altruism • Corrective recapitulation of primary family • Development of socializing technique • Imitative behavior • Interpersonal learning
  • 15. Group Cohesiveness 1. Try harder to influence other group members 2. Be more open to influence by the other members 3. Be more willing to listen to others and more accepting of others 4. Experience greater security and relief from tension in the group 5. Participate more readily in meetings
  • 16. Group Cohesiveness (cont) 6. Self-disclose more 7. Protect the group norms and exert more pressure on individuals deviating from the norms 8. Be less susceptible to disruption as a group when a member terminates membership 9. Experience greater ownership of the group therapy enterprise
  • 17. Here and Now • Here and Now Focus • Two symbiotic tiers - neither of which has therapeutic power without the other • Experiencing • Illumination of the Process
  • 18. Process Focus • Definition of Process • the nature of the relationship between interacting individuals - members and therapists • Process versus Content • Individual Process and Complex Process
  • 19. (Here and Now) (Here and Now) • Here and Now Focus - 2 Phases • Activating phase - move group into the here and now • Process illumination - identify and share process as it’s unfolding
  • 20. here and now activation • Think in the here and now • “How can I relate this to the groups’ primary task? How can I make it come to life in the here and now?” • Therapist moves focus • from outside to inside • abstract to specific • generic to personal • personal to interpersonal
  • 21. (Process Illumination) (Process Illumination) • Therapist must first understand and recognize process • “Why is this unfolding in this group in this particular way and at this particular time?” • Beginning Therapists Recognition of Process
  • 22. process commentary • Can it be taught? • Gained through experience, practice, and error. • Progression • Example
  • 23. process commentary • Therapeutic Insight and Change with process commentary • Here is what your behavior is like • Here is how your behavior makes others feel • Here is how your behavior influences the opinions others have of you • Here is how your behavior influences your opinion of yourself
  • 27. Monopolist • Who • Effects on the group • Frustration and Anger • Deal with anxiety • Detrimental to Group cohesiveness • Therapeutic considerations
  • 29. The Silent Client • Why So Silent? • Dread self disclosure • Waiting to be activated • Threatened by other group member • Silence is never Silent • Silence is behavior
  • 30. The Help-rejecting complainer • Who are they? • Effects on the Group • Irritation, frustration, confusion • Management
  • 35. References Freud, S. (2010). Totem and taboo: resemblances between the psychic lives of savages and neurotics. Charleston, SC: Nabu Press. Le Bon, G. (2008). The crowd. Boomer Books. Schneider, M, Corey, G, & Corey, C. (2008). Groups: process and practice. BrooksCole Pub Co. Yalom, I.D., & Leszcz, M. (2005). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy.

Editor's Notes

  1. Video
  2. Whoever be the individuals that compose it, however like or unlike be their mode of life, their occupations, their character, or their intelligence, the fact that they have been transformed into a crowd puts them in possession of a sort of collective mind which makes them feel, think, and act in a manner quite different from that in which each individual of them would feel, think, and act were he in a state of isolation. There are certain ideas and feelings which do not come into being, or do not transform themselves into acts except in the case of individuals forming a crowd. The psychological crowd is a provisional being formed of heterogeneous elements, which for a moment are combined, exactly as the cells which constitute a living body form by their reunion a new being which displays characteristics very different from those possessed by each of the cells singly.
  3. Totem and Taboo- Collective psychology; Psychoanalytic views -loss of libidinal bonds to the leader or among members, and how, in keeping with psychoanalytic dynamics, only the power of love is capable of overcoming the narcissism and hatred that distance us from one another.
  4. In dependency, the essential aim of the group is to attain security through and have its members protected by one individual. The group members behave passively, and act as though the leader, by contrast, is omnipotent and omniscient. For example, the leader may pose a question only to be greeted with docile silence, as though he or she had not spoken at all. In the basic assumption of fight-flight, the group behaves as though it has met to preserve itself at all costs, and that this can only be done by running away from someone or fighting someone or something. In fight, the group may be characterized by aggressiveness and hostility; in flight, the group may chit-chat, tell stories, arrive late or any other activities that serve to avoid addressing the task at hand. The leader for this sort of group is one who can mobilize the group for attack, or lead it in flight. The final basic assumption group, pairing, exists on the assumption that the group has met for the purpose of reproduction. Two people, regardless the sex of either, carry out the work of the group through their continued interaction. The remaining group members listen eagerly and attentively with a sense of relief and hopeful anticipation.
  5. problems with group cohesion - group think
  6. Experiencing: the immediate events of the meeting take precedence over events both in the current outside life and in the distant past of the members Process- group members must examine process itself: must study its own transactions; it must transcend pure experience and apply itself to the integration of that experience
  7. Focus on understanding the process, identify the connection between the communication’s actual impact and the communicator's intent; example: When did Freud die? 1938/ 1939 response
  8. Nonverbal sense data: who sits where, who sits together, who chooses to sit close to the therapist, faraway? who is late, who is on time, who looks at whom when speaking, do they look at each other or at the therapist, who looks at their watch, who slouches in their seat, who yawns
  9. You are interrupting me. Your voice is tight and your fists are clenched Whenever you talk to me, you take issues with me When you do that, I feel threatened and sometimes frightened I’ve noticed you’ve done that with the men in the group When there were not women in the group you seemed more approachable
  10. As client notices group discomfort, anxiety rises “Why does the group permit and encourage one member to carry the burden of the entire meeting?” Use of compulsive speech for self concealment
  11. behavior has meaning Repeated process checks
  12. Implicitly or explicitly request help from the group by presenting problems or complaints then reject help offered Faith in group process suffers =don’t invest in a sympathetic, nurturing relationship with the client; agree with the content of the client’s pessimism while maintaining attached affect
  13. Problems with intimacy; hard balance in group Possibly create a holding environment with group Great access to affect, unconscious needs, and fears - loosen group and facilitate therapeutic work
  14. High Functioning v. Low Functioning = Still Functioning