After centuries with little change, scientific libraries have recently experienced massive upheaval. From being almost entirely paper-based, most libraries are now almost completely digital. This information revolution has all happened in less than 20 years and has created many novel opportunities and threats for scientists, publishers and libraries. Today, we are struggling with an embarassing wealth of digital knowledge on the Web. Most scientists access this knowledge through some kind of digital library, however these places can be cold, impersonal, isolated, and inaccessible places. Many libraries are still clinging to obsolete models of identity, attribution, contribution, citation and publication. Based on a review published in PLoS Computational Biology, http://pubmed.gov/18974831 this talk will discuss the current chilly state of digital libraries for biologists, chemists and informaticians, including PubMed and Google Scholar. We highlight problems and solutions to the coupling and decoupling of publication data and metadata, with a tool called http://www.citeulike.org. This software tool exploits the Web to make digital libraries “warmer”: more personal, sociable, integrated, and accessible places. Finally issues that will help or hinder the continued warming of libraries in the future, particularly the accurate identity of authors and their publications, are briefly introduced. These are discussed in the context of the BBSRC funded REFINE project, at the National Centre for Text Mining (NaCTeM.ac.uk), which is linking biochemical pathway data with evidence for pathways from the PubMed database.

1. Defrosting the Digital Library A survey of bibliographic tools for the next generation Web Duncan Hull Faculty of Life Sciences (1992-6) BSc. Computer Science (2002-2007) MSc, PhD. Chemistry (2008-date) Postdoc

2. It’s all Casey’s fault! Dr. Casey Bergman, Lecturer Faculty of Life Sciences I s Citeulike.org! http://ukpmc.ac.uk/

6. Metadata in: Chemistry (Science of Matter) Biology (Science of Life) Informatics (Science of Information) Cheminformatics Biochemistry Bioinformatics Science! www.mib.ac.uk nactem.ac.uk/refine www.citeulike.org

7. R epresenting E vidence F or I nteracting N etwork E lements www.sbml.org from www.biomodels.net database at the EBI.ac.uk

8. Example from Glycolysis in Yeast reactant reactant product product modifier This is just one reaction, there are at least another 1700+ in Yeast

9. Synonyms from Pedro Mendes B-Net Database http://www.comp-sys-bio.org/yeastnet/ Robison ester, D-Glucose 6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate 5'-adenylphosphoric acid; Adenosine 5'-diphosphate; H3adp ADP Hexokinase-1; Hexokinase-A; Hexokinase PI; YFR053C Hexokinase Adenosine 5'-triphosphate; Adenosine triphosphate; H4atp ATP dextrose; D-Glucose; D-(+)-glucose; D(+)-glucose; grape sugar; Traubenzucker D-Glucose Synonyms Name

10. Chemistry Biology Informatics Cheminformatics Biochemistry Bioinformatics

11. For more info. www.nactem.ac.uk/refine One of the biggest challenges is getting hold of accurate metadata from libraries and databases

14. Final solution: Web XSLT Print

18. I hate powerpoint Radio MS Word TV

19. How do they stay in business? Broadcasting House, London Foreign governments, e.g. U.S.A. etc

20. Word: Not the best way to manage data and metadata

21. Getting Rid of Word database XML schema Web & Intranet Printed documents XSLT

22. A solution that worked! getMetadata getData Who is Thabo Mbeki? These documents are all about Thabo Mbeki Thabo Mbeki

25. From ~1824 until ~1989 Photos via dpicker http://www.flickr.com/photos/dpicker/3107856991/ and pit yacker http://www.flickr.com/photos/78825653@N00/131611136 JRULM (Main Library) Joule Library Mostly “private” only available to an elite (e.g. University of Manchester Students and Staff)

28. + Tim Berners-Lee 1989

29. Timeline: Unchanged for centuries but… 20 years ÷ 2309 years = <1%

30. Everything’s Gone Digital! www.scopus.com www.pubmed.gov http://ukpmc.ac.uk www. isiknowledge .com scholar.google.com

33. Isolated publication silos Chemistry Informatics Biology impersonal, isolated, unsociable, Generally rubbish

37. Can’t get metadata (decoupled from data): PDF getMetadata getData Title: defrosting the digital library Authors: Duncan Hull, Steve Pettifer and Douglas Kell Published: 2008 Tell me more Don’t know, Try google Don’t know, Title might be “ defrosting…” Where did this come from?

39. Can’t get metadata (decoupled from data): PDF Peter Murray-Rust Hamburger (unstructured data) PDF is a hamburger, and we're trying to turn it back into a cow. http://tinyurl.com/pdfhamburger Cow (structured data) publishing text-mining

43. www.citeulike.org Richard Cameron Kevin Emamy Picture from http://network.nature.com/people/mfenner/blog/2009/01/30/interview-with-kevin-emamy and http://www.citeulike.org/faq/faq.adp The reason I wrote the site [citeulike.org] was, after recently coming back to academia, I was slightly shocked by the quality of some of the tools available to help academics do their job. I found it preferable to start writing proper tools for my own use than to use existing software.

45. All references in one place

46. Click Post to Citeulike

47. Tag it (optional)

49. Citegeist = Citeulike + Zeitgeist

50. allegedly 2,243,177 ~2,000 /day variable 674,076 2,880 /day 2 papers / min Linear growth ~500,000

53. Casey Bergman story I was importing papers on solexa and 454 genome assembly and came across the following paper: http://www. citeulike .org/user/cisevol/article/1465689 which was a real find in terms of convincing me that light shotgun sequence data is worth analysing. I nicked this from a phd student's library in Brazil http://www. citeulike . org/profile/GustavoLacerda Wouldn’t have found this any other way e.g (keyword searching or following citation trails)

54. Many different solutions e.g. Papyro: Steve Pettifer http://utopia.cs.manchester.ac.uk/

55. And the rest… www.mendeley.com www.zotero.org www.connotea.org www.mekentosj.com www.hubmed.org Re-couple metadata that has be de-coupled from data www.2collab.com www.refworks.com “ iTunes for PDF files”

56. There is still lots more metadata How many times has http://pubmed.gov/19060304 been cited? Who has cited http://pubmed.gov/19060304 ? Give me all the references that cite this one Give me all the references cited by http://pubmed.gov/19060304 Who the hell is Doug Kell? Steve Pettifer? Duncan Hull? What is Doug Kell’s h-index? Remember: Machines ask these questions, not just humans Notify me whenever Steve Pettifer publishes a paper Notify me whenever someone cites http://pubmed.gov/19060304 Impact factor?

57. Digital Identity would solve some of these problems Give yourself a URI, you deserve it! Tim Berners-Lee http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#i see http://dig.csail.mit.edu/breadcrumbs/node/71

64. Conclusions: Do us a favour!