2. The M.A.I.N. causes of WWIThe M.A.I.N. causes of WWI
• Militarism - the competition to build bigger/more weapons
• Alliance System– the two sides form competing gangs
• Imperialism– the competition over colonies and business
• Nationalism– the fierce pride in one’s country
• History – there is a long history between the European countries
• Spark– the event that causes the long-term problems to blow
There were many long-term causes of the war.
At the turn of the century Europe was a mess of affairs.
3. Triple Entente vs. Triple AllianceTriple Entente vs. Triple Alliance
The two “gangs”The two “gangs”
4. CANADA GOES TO WAR
As soon as Britain declared war on
Germany, Canada was automatically at
war because we were part of the British
Empire.
Widespread support for war in Canada at the
start of war
Patriotism
Feelings of excitement and adventure – people
thought it would be a short war – home by
Christmas
Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and Defense)
set up training camp at Valcartier Quebec
which got soldiers to Europe in a hurry
5. WAR IN EUROPE
Stalemate and Trench Warfare
Germans attacked through Belgium and into
France but were stopped by French and British
(including Canadians).
Neither side could advance = stalemate
Both sides dug into trenches and attacked
periodically by ‘going over the top’ into ‘no
man’s land’ toward the other opposing trenches
Particularly because of the machine gun this
tactic did not work well and very little progress
was made by either side for the next three
years = stalemate
Conditions in the trenches were awful – wet,
cold, rats, lice, dangerous
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. WAR IN EUROPE
The Changing Face of War
New Types of Fighting
Battles of Attrition (grinding down) – rather
than trying to win a decisive victory the two
sides are trying to grind each other down
(‘bleed the enemy white). You could also think
of the whole war as one of attrition
Total War – when all resources of a country are
organized to win the war – A new concept in the
20th century -massive materials needed,
money through victory bonds and income tax,
women in factories,
17. How Ready Are You?
List and explain the significance of 4 new
technologies used in WW I
18. WAR IN EUROPE
New Technology
Tanks – Not used until 1916 (Somme) but
became increasingly effective and ultimately
proved to be one of the reasons for allied
victory
Poison Gas – First used by Germans at Ypres –
nasty but not a major factor in the war
Machine Guns – Hugely important –
responsible for most deaths during the war
Submarines – Germans used these very
effectively until 1917 to destroy GB merchant
ships trying to starve GB into submission
Airplanes – not a big impact – used for
scouting and dogfights
28. How ready are you?
List and explain the significance of four
battles in which Canadians played a
significant part.
29. Land Battles
Ypres, April 1915
Germans attacked allies with
poison gas
First taste of trench warfare for
Canadian troops
6000 Canadians killed
30. Somme, July 1916
Huge Allied attack which failed
20000 + Canadians killed
90% casualty rate in Newfoundland
regiment
1.25 million casualties in total “das
Blutbad”
23 Canadians “shot at dawn”
31. Vimy Ridge, April 1917
Captured successfully by Canadians alone even
though French and British had failed
Extremely well planned and executed
Turning point in the war – first decisive victory
Became a symbol for Canadian independence and
nationhood
Canadian troops recognized as some of the best
on the western front
Resulted in the Canadian corps being led by a
Canadian, General Arthur Currie, rather than a
British general – we ran our own show after that
32. Passchendale, October 1917
A muddy nightmare
Canadians ordered to attack despite
protests from General Currie
They attacked and took
Passchendale but 16000 died (4 out
of 5) for only 7 km of mud that the
Germans soon won back
33. The Hundred Days
By early 1918 Russia had made peace leaving
Germany with just the Western front to worry
about
The US had entered the war in 1917 but still
needed time to train
Germans tried one last massive offensive and by
summer of 1918 made it within 75 km of Paris
However, they had overextended themselves.
In the next 100 days, with Canadians playing a
huge part, the allies drove them back until they
surrendered
34. How ready are you?
How did the war impact Canada on the
home front? List and explain at least 5
examples.
35. IV THE WAR AT HOME
A. Economy boomed because Canada
supplied all kinds of war supplies
Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and
Defense) in charge of Canada’s armament
industry
Gave lots of contracts for weapons to his
friends who were profiteers people more
interested in making money than making
quality products. Ex. Cardboard soled shoes
Hughes fired in 1916 and government took
over munitions and grain production in
36. B. War Measures Act Passed in 1914
Gov’t could control the economy and
censor the mail
Could arrest people without laying
charges
Recent immigrants from Germany and AH
(enemy aliens) were treated harshly –
had to carry special ID cards and report
to registration officers. 8579 were held in
isolation in internment camps
37. C. Paying for the War
Because of new weapons, the length of
the war and the large Canadian
contribution, the gov’t needed money
which it raised through:
Victory bonds – bought by Canadians to be
repaid after war with interest
Taxes- introduced income tax as a temporary
measure on the wealthy (3%) and a profit tax
(4%)on businesses
Late in the war borrowing money from the US
38.
39.
40. D. The Halifax Explosion, 1917
A French munitions ship collided
with another ship and blew up in
Halifax harbor
Over 2000 people were killed and
many left homeless
US donated generously to help
rebuild Halifax
41. E. Rationing
During the war food and fuel
became scarce and prices soared
because so much was being
exported to Europe
Honour rationing was introduced –
people limited themselves to 1.5 lbs
of butter and 2 lbs of sugar/ month
Mandatory waste reduction was
introduced
42.
43. F. Propaganda
Propaganda is any strategy to
persuade people to believe
something or act a certain way – it
often distorts the truth or is very
one sided
Used to get people to join the war
and to keep people patriotic about
the war
44.
45.
46. Conscription Crisis
By 1917 voluntary enlistments were not keeping up with
casualties (see graph on page 40 in counterpoints)
PM Robert Borden called for conscription – mandatory military
service for men aged 20 – 35
Most of English Canada supported him while most of Quebec
was against him
Many Quebeckers were not feeling patriotic since they felt
little connection to either France or Britain and they felt that
they were not being treated equally within Canada
There was also the feeling that Canada had done enough,
that we needed our men at home to produce for the war
Borden called an election on the conscription issue but first
he passed two laws – “War Time Elections Act.” - one giving
all men and women overseas the vote, the other giving the
vote to all women directly related to servicemen
He won the election (with only 3 of 65 seats in Quebec) and
conscription was introduced
There were major protests in Quebec and Canada was divided
Over 90% of all conscripts applied for exemptions for medical
and other reasons and only 25000 conscripted soldiers
actually reached France before the war ended
47. H. New Roles for Women
Hundreds of women volunteered in the war as
nurses and ambulance drivers
At home many women worked in war production
industries and other jobs vacated by men off at
war – this was a huge change because before
1914 it would have been unheard of to have
women in these kinds of ‘men’s’ jobs
The contribution women were making led them to
organize as suffragettes (women trying to the
right to vote) and by the end of the war most
women over 21 had earned the right to vote in
federal elections
48. V. LEGACY OF WAR
The Paris Peace Conferences
After Germany surrendered a peace was
dictated to them by the victories countries.
Canada got its own seat at the peace
conference (a big deal for a country many
still saw as a British tag-along before the war
The Treaty of Versailles which came out of
the conference really stuck it to Germany and
many argue it sowed the seeds for the rise of
Hitler and WW II
49. Effects of the War in Canada
Our great contributions to the war showed that
we were an independent (autonomous) country.
Some changes as a result of the war:
Women got the vote and their roles changed
Troops gained respect
Economy grew
Debt grew so we introduced income tax which we
still have
60000 Canadians killed/ 178,000 wounded
Conscription deepened the differences between
French and English
50. • 1. Which statement best describes Canada’s
entry into World War One?
A. The Canadian government voted to join the war.
B. Canada declared war only after the United
States did.
C. Canada declared war automatically when
Britain did.
D. The Canadian government held a referendum
before declaring war.
54. 6. Which of the following best describes “a
war of attrition”?
A. One side incorporates the defeated
enemy’s artillery.
B. One side uses lightning warfare to
rapidly gain ground.
C. Both sides wear each other down until
one is forced to give in.
D. Both sides build up their armed forces
before engaging in warfare.
55. 7. Why did the government assume
control of munitions and grain production
in 1917?
A. Harvest on prairie farms were declining.
B. Importing of manufactured goods was
growing
C. Profiteering among private businesses
was increasing.
D Losses of convoy ships in the open seas
were mounting.
56.
57. 8. Which right were women
granted as a result of WW I?
A. to vote
B. to work
C. to own property
D. to receive equal pay
59. How ready are you?
List and explain at least 5 events that
show Canada’s increasing autonomy from
1914-2000
60. Steps to Canadian AutonomySteps to Canadian Autonomy
• 19141914 –– WW IWW I -Canada is automatically at war when-Canada is automatically at war when
Britain enters WW I.Britain enters WW I.
• 19191919 –– Paris Peace Conference -Paris Peace Conference - Canada gets its ownCanada gets its own
seat at Paris Peace conference.seat at Paris Peace conference.
• 1922 – Chanak Crisis1922 – Chanak Crisis – British sent troops to Chanak,– British sent troops to Chanak,
Turkey and Canadian PM William Lyon MackenzieTurkey and Canadian PM William Lyon Mackenzie
King said we would only send troops if parliamentKing said we would only send troops if parliament
agreed – first time Canada refused unconditionalagreed – first time Canada refused unconditional
support for British.support for British.
61. Steps to Canadian AutonomySteps to Canadian Autonomy
• 1923 – Halibut Treaty1923 – Halibut Treaty – A treaty about fishing– A treaty about fishing
rights signed with the US. First treaty Canadarights signed with the US. First treaty Canada
signed totally on its own.signed totally on its own.
• 1926- King –Byng Affair1926- King –Byng Affair – Governor General– Governor General
(rep of the Queen in Canada) Byng refused a(rep of the Queen in Canada) Byng refused a
request from Prime Minister King – fist timerequest from Prime Minister King – fist time
this happened. Led to a change in the role of thethis happened. Led to a change in the role of the
Governor General.Governor General.
62. Steps to Canadian AutonomySteps to Canadian Autonomy
• 1926 – Balfour Report1926 – Balfour Report – recognized that– recognized that
Canada was autonomous within the BritishCanada was autonomous within the British
EmpireEmpire
• 1931 – Statute of Westminster1931 – Statute of Westminster – Put Balfour– Put Balfour
report into law. Meant that Canada was anreport into law. Meant that Canada was an
autonomous dominion of GB. The only thingautonomous dominion of GB. The only thing
we couldn’t do was amend our own constitutionwe couldn’t do was amend our own constitution
63. Steps to Canadian AutonomySteps to Canadian Autonomy
• 1939 – WW II1939 – WW II – Canada enters WW II after a parliamentary vote– Canada enters WW II after a parliamentary vote
a few days after Britain. Showed independence in contrast toa few days after Britain. Showed independence in contrast to
WW IWW I
• 1965 – Flag -1965 – Flag - Canada gets a new Flag after much debate –Canada gets a new Flag after much debate –
Another sign of autonomy, especially because the symbol has noAnother sign of autonomy, especially because the symbol has no
ties to Britainties to Britain
• 1982 – Constitution -1982 – Constitution - Canada patriates (brings home) itsCanada patriates (brings home) its
Constitution which includes the right to amend (change) ourConstitution which includes the right to amend (change) our
own constitution without the permission of Britain.own constitution without the permission of Britain.
66. Economics 101Economics 101
Supply and demandSupply and demand – The concept that explains how– The concept that explains how
much things will cost. If demand (how bad people wantmuch things will cost. If demand (how bad people want
something) is high and supply (how much of it there is)something) is high and supply (how much of it there is)
is low then the price is likely to be high and vise versa.is low then the price is likely to be high and vise versa.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – The total $ value– The total $ value
of goods and service produced by a country and itsof goods and service produced by a country and its
citizenscitizens
• Recovery-Recovery- When the economy is growing again after aWhen the economy is growing again after a
period of shrinkingperiod of shrinking
67. Economics 101Economics 101
• ProsperityProsperity- When an economic activity has- When an economic activity has
been growing for quite a while (GDP is high)been growing for quite a while (GDP is high)
• BudgetBudget – A spending plan developed by the– A spending plan developed by the
government.government.
• Deficit –Deficit – When the government spends more inWhen the government spends more in
Budget that it takes in.Budget that it takes in.
68. Economics 101Economics 101
• Inflation –Inflation – the fact that goods and services tend tothe fact that goods and services tend to
cost more year after year. Measured as a percentagecost more year after year. Measured as a percentage
(Ex. Canada had 2% inflation in 2006 means that the(Ex. Canada had 2% inflation in 2006 means that the
cost of everything added together went up by 2% lastcost of everything added together went up by 2% last
year)year)
• Recession –Recession – When economic activity as measured byWhen economic activity as measured by
the GDP is in declinethe GDP is in decline
• Depression –Depression – When economic activity (GDP) is inWhen economic activity (GDP) is in
decline for a long period of timedecline for a long period of time
69. Economics 101Economics 101
• Capitalism (market economy)–Capitalism (market economy)– An economic theoryAn economic theory
that believes small local companies should competethat believes small local companies should compete
with each other. If they are left alone people willwith each other. If they are left alone people will
naturally buy what they want which will lead companiesnaturally buy what they want which will lead companies
to make more of what people want and less of whatto make more of what people want and less of what
they don’t want. Prices are determined by supply andthey don’t want. Prices are determined by supply and
demand. If everyone acts in their own self interest alldemand. If everyone acts in their own self interest all
will be well according to this economic system.will be well according to this economic system.
• Economic Cycles (The business Cycle)Economic Cycles (The business Cycle) – Every 5-6– Every 5-6
years it’s normal for the economy to go through cyclesyears it’s normal for the economy to go through cycles
of prosperity and recession.of prosperity and recession.
70. The Growth of the Labour
Movement
Trade Union - A group of workers who join
together to achieve common goals in bargaining
with their employers. This process is called
collective bargaining but back in 1919 the
workers didn’t have any protections from the law
to do such bargaining (they do today). Union
members are part of the labour movement.
71. The Winnipeg General Strike
• After WW I workers in Canada had begun to
form trade unions because the economy was
doing badly (recession). Workers were asking
for higher wages and better working conditions
and the right to bargain collectively.
• In 1919 the OBU (One Big Union) was formed in
Canada which would try to get better working
conditions for all workers.
• In 1919, in Winnipeg a union (building and metal
trades council) voted to go on strike if they didn’t
get decent wages, an eight-hour workday and
the right to bargain collectively.
• Ultimately, 30000 workers walked off the job and
people in other major cities followed with
sympathy strikes.
72. The Winnipeg General Strike
• The Strike in Winnipeg spread to other industries and the
whole city was shut down.
• There was a fear that this might be the beginning of a
Communist revolution
• The gov’t responded by sending troops and arresting
strike leaders.
• There were riots in protest and the RCMP charged the
crowd killing on and injuring 30 and arresting 300 on
Bloody Saturday.
• The workers returned to work without getting their
demands met.
• The strike did draw attention to the social and economic
problems many people faced.
75. How ready are you?
List and explain five major causes of the
Great Depression in Canada.
76. CAUSES OF THE GREATCAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION
1. Over Production:1. Over Production:
During the 1920s many industries wereDuring the 1920s many industries were
expanding and new factories were builtexpanding and new factories were built
They made on overload of goods, which inThey made on overload of goods, which in
turn made owners panic and lay off theirturn made owners panic and lay off their
workersworkers
This made sales slow down even moreThis made sales slow down even more
because workers didn’t have money tobecause workers didn’t have money to
spend.spend.
77. CAUSES OF THE GREATCAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION
2. Canada’s reliance on exporting staple2. Canada’s reliance on exporting staple
products:products:
Canada’s economy depended on exportingCanada’s economy depended on exporting
staple products (timber, crops, minerals)staple products (timber, crops, minerals)
meaning if other countries suddenly neededmeaning if other countries suddenly needed
fewer staples our economy would be in trouble.fewer staples our economy would be in trouble.
Thus when the price of wheat dropped fromThus when the price of wheat dropped from
$1.00/ bushel to 33c/ bushel the prairie$1.00/ bushel to 33c/ bushel the prairie
provinces were devastated, especially when onprovinces were devastated, especially when on
top of that there was drought and windstorms.top of that there was drought and windstorms.
78. CAUSES OF THE GREATCAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION
3. Canada’s dependence on the3. Canada’s dependence on the
United States:United States:
Canada especially depended on exportingCanada especially depended on exporting
to the US (40% of exports) meaning that ifto the US (40% of exports) meaning that if
the US economy failed, ours would too.the US economy failed, ours would too.
79. CAUSES OF THE GREATCAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION
4. Stock Market Crash4. Stock Market Crash
Oct 29th, 1929 the stock markets in New YorkOct 29th, 1929 the stock markets in New York
and Toronto crashed meaning that the value ofand Toronto crashed meaning that the value of
many companies shares traded went down by amany companies shares traded went down by a
lot. This happened because the prices had beenlot. This happened because the prices had been
driven to artificial highs through speculationdriven to artificial highs through speculation
(people borrowing money to buy stocks and(people borrowing money to buy stocks and
trying to sell them for profit quickly). Once pricestrying to sell them for profit quickly). Once prices
corrected themselves a little lots of investors gotcorrected themselves a little lots of investors got
nervous and started to sell leading prices to dropnervous and started to sell leading prices to drop
further and so on.further and so on.
80. CAUSES OF THE GREATCAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION
5. Economic Protectionism and Tariffs5. Economic Protectionism and Tariffs
Through out the 20’s there was an increasingThrough out the 20’s there was an increasing
trend towards protective tariffs. Tariffs are dutiestrend towards protective tariffs. Tariffs are duties
(money) collected on goods coming into a(money) collected on goods coming into a
country.country.
At the beginning of the Depression, PM BennettAt the beginning of the Depression, PM Bennett
tried to “blast a way into world markets,” bytried to “blast a way into world markets,” by
increasing tariffs by 50%. This didn’t work wellincreasing tariffs by 50%. This didn’t work well
because the other countries retaliated andbecause the other countries retaliated and
Canadian producers lost even more marketsCanadian producers lost even more markets
abroad.abroad.
81. CAUSES OF THE GREATCAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION
6. International Debt after WW I6. International Debt after WW I
Everyone owed the US money after WW IEveryone owed the US money after WW I
and they needed to sell stuff to the US toand they needed to sell stuff to the US to
be able to pay it back. When the USbe able to pay it back. When the US
became protectionist that was harder tobecame protectionist that was harder to
do.do.
82. 7. Drought on the Prairies7. Drought on the Prairies
The Prairies were particularly hard hitThe Prairies were particularly hard hit
because in addition to the abovebecause in addition to the above
mentioned factors they were hit by yearsmentioned factors they were hit by years
of drought (called the dustbowl). Sinceof drought (called the dustbowl). Since
their economies were particularlytheir economies were particularly
dependent on farming it was the worstdependent on farming it was the worst
place to be during the depression.place to be during the depression.
83.
84. How ready are you?
How did the Canadian government first
under McKenzie King (until 1930) and then
under Bennett (from 1930- 1935) respond
the Great Depression?
85. Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• At the start of the depression the attitude
of the government was that people had to
tough it out and that things would get
better. Prime Minister (PM) McKenzie King
(a Liberal) specifically denied any help to
provinces with Provincial Governments
run by the Conservative party. He was
replaced by RB Bennett after the 1930
election. The government tried to help
through the following:
86. Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• Increased tariffs (protectionism) –
ineffective
87. Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• Cut Government Spending so it’s in
line with government revenue
• ineffective
88. Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• Pogey – Like Welfare except you got
vouchers if you were poor enough.
People were humiliated to obtain their
vouchers. The amounts were very low so
people still starved and suffered disease
• Helped a little but came nowhere close
to addressing all the need.
89. Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• Unemployment Relief Camps – Set up in
1930 for single unemployed men by PM R.B.
Bennett. They got 20c/day and room and
board.
• Helped a little but again nowhere near what
was needed.
• Racism in the governments relief efforts –
Chinese in Vancouver got no relief at first and
then were expected to be fed on ½ of what I
white person would get. Aboriginals on
reserves were supposed to live off $5/ month
90. Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• Bennett’s New Deal – During the 1935 election
Bennett (conservative) promised a New Deal if he was
elected which would include:
– Progressive taxation (the more you make the higher
percentage of taxes you pay)
– Introduction of a minimum wage
– Unemployment insurance
– Health insurance
– Revised old age pension
– Regulated wheat prices
• Although Bennett lost the election to McKenzie King
(Liberal) and these measures were not implemented
right away, they show a shift in the attitudes of the
government and signal the beginning of change
91.
92. People’s Responses to the Great
Depression
1. Riding the Rails- People rode on railway cars
searching for work and later because there was
nothing to do.
2. On-to-Ottawa Trek- In 1935, unemployed relief camp
workers men from boarded trains from Vancouver to
Ottawa demanding work with wages. When they
reached Regina, the police stopped them and the
Regina Riot broke out.
3. Diversion- Finding stuff to get their mind of the
depression. The Dionne Quintuplets were born in 1934
in Ontario and turned into a tourist attraction.
93. Effects of the Great Depression
• Unemployment – Got up to almost 30%
in the worst years of the depression and
even higher in certain provinces
94.
95.
96. How ready are you?
What were the short and long term
impacts of the Great Depression?
97. Effects of the Great Depression
New Political Parties
• The popular laissez-faire (free market
capitalism) approach wasn’t working so
there was room for new ideas to be heard and
to flourish.
– Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) –
This Socialist political party was formed in 1932 by
JS Woodsworth in Saskatchewan. It was a
response to the hardships of the Great Depression.
– Social Credit – “Bible Bill” Aberhart led this new
party in Alberta that believed the government should
give $125 to each citizen (a social credit) to kick
start the economy.
98. Effects of the Great Depression
The Changing Role of Government
• This is the most long lasting effect. The depression
was so bad, and the traditional laissez fair approach to
economy so ineffective, that governments started
embracing Keynesian economics. Keynes’ idea was
that the gov’t should borrow money in tough times
(deficit financing) to fund huge employment projects
that would benefit society as a whole (like a new hydro
dam). A key change here is that rather than leaving the
economy alone (laissez-fair) the government should
actively steer the economy and thereby hopefully
minimize the bad times on the economic cycle.
99. Effects of the Great Depression
The changing role of government.
• The depression also made the governments
realize that they had to take a more active role in
helping those in need during tough times
through things like unemployment insurance,
welfare, sick benefits, child benefits, pensions,
etc. All of these social program either directly or
indirectly originated in the Great depression.
101. Welfare State definedWelfare State defined::
• A country in which the government assumes aA country in which the government assumes a
large measure of responsibility for the sociallarge measure of responsibility for the social
welfare of its members through programs likewelfare of its members through programs like
unemployment insurance, medicare and welfareunemployment insurance, medicare and welfare
102. How ready are you?
List and explain at least four examples of
Canada becoming welfare state.
103. Becoming a Welfare StateBecoming a Welfare State
• Canada gradually became a welfare state in theCanada gradually became a welfare state in the
27 years following the great depression. (1939-27 years following the great depression. (1939-
1966) During the depression, governments1966) During the depression, governments
began to realize that they had to take a morebegan to realize that they had to take a more
active role in helping those in need during toughactive role in helping those in need during tough
times through things like unemploymenttimes through things like unemployment
insurance, welfare, sick benefits, child benefits,insurance, welfare, sick benefits, child benefits,
pensions, etc. Some of the major socialpensions, etc. Some of the major social
programs introduced from 1939-1966 were:programs introduced from 1939-1966 were:
104. • 1940 – McKenzie King (PM) introduced1940 – McKenzie King (PM) introduced
Unemployment InsuranceUnemployment Insurance (now called(now called
employment insurance).employment insurance).
• 1945 – McKenzie King’s government introduced1945 – McKenzie King’s government introduced
Family Allowances (baby bonuses).Family Allowances (baby bonuses).
105. More Social ProgramsMore Social Programs
• 1962 – Saskatchewan Premier, Tommy Douglas introduced1962 – Saskatchewan Premier, Tommy Douglas introduced freefree
public health carepublic health care in his province despite strong oppositionin his province despite strong opposition
from its doctors.from its doctors.
• 1966 – Pearson (PM)1966 – Pearson (PM) Canada Pension PlanCanada Pension Plan is introducedis introduced
• 1966 –1966 – Canada Assistance PlanCanada Assistance Plan- federal government gives- federal government gives
money to provincial governments to help fund social assistancemoney to provincial governments to help fund social assistance
programs for needy people – ex. Social assistance available toprograms for needy people – ex. Social assistance available to
single parents and physically disabled peoplesingle parents and physically disabled people
• 1966 –1966 – Medical Care ActMedical Care Act – free public medicine for all– free public medicine for all
Canadians was introduced by the Pearson government. By thisCanadians was introduced by the Pearson government. By this
time Tommy Douglas was the leader of the federal NDP and histime Tommy Douglas was the leader of the federal NDP and his
party helped push the government to implement this mostparty helped push the government to implement this most
popular social programpopular social program
106. More Social ProgramsMore Social Programs
• 1966 –1966 – Canada Assistance PlanCanada Assistance Plan- federal government- federal government
gives money to provincial governments to help fundgives money to provincial governments to help fund
social assistance programs for needy people – ex. Socialsocial assistance programs for needy people – ex. Social
assistance available to single parents and physicallyassistance available to single parents and physically
disabled peopledisabled people
• 1966 –1966 – Medical Care ActMedical Care Act – free public medicine for all– free public medicine for all
Canadians was introduced by the Pearson government.Canadians was introduced by the Pearson government.
By this time Tommy Douglas was the leader of theBy this time Tommy Douglas was the leader of the
federal NDP and his party helped push the governmentfederal NDP and his party helped push the government
to implement this most popular social programto implement this most popular social program
107. 1976-19901976-1990
• By the late 1970’s and early 1980’s the federalBy the late 1970’s and early 1980’s the federal
government was running into money problems andgovernment was running into money problems and
began cutting some of Canada’s social programbegan cutting some of Canada’s social program
effectively eroding the welfare stateeffectively eroding the welfare state
• The conservative government led by Brian MulronyThe conservative government led by Brian Mulrony
elected in 1984 initiated a period of restraint – cuttingelected in 1984 initiated a period of restraint – cutting
back of social programs to decrease governmentback of social programs to decrease government
spending. During this time some provinces introducedspending. During this time some provinces introduced
medicare premiums and other user fees, the familymedicare premiums and other user fees, the family
allowance was cut and fewer workers were coveredallowance was cut and fewer workers were covered
under unemployment insurance.under unemployment insurance.
109. What was a key demand of the Winnipeg
General Strike leaders?
a) the right to universal health care
b) The right to collective bargaining
c) The right to collect unemployment
insurance
d) The right to participate in the free
market economy
110.
111.
112. 9. Which newspaper headline reflects the
concept of inflation?
A. “Price of oil soars”
B. “Banks lower interest rates”
C. “Brokers panic as stock prices fall”
D. “Oversupply of grain threatens wheat
sales”
113. 10.Which of the following was a cause of
the October 1929 stock market crash?
a) tariffs
b) crop failures
c) buying on margin
d) assembly line production
114. 11. Which factor contributed to the start of
the Great Depression in Canada?
A. overproduction of products
B. continued demand for consumer goods
C. increased dependence on government
programs
D. decreasing duties on exports entering the
United States
115.
116. 13. What was Prime Minister King’s economic
policy at the start of the Great Depression?
a) Daily allowances for the unemployed would be
available.
b) Social welfare was to be the responsibility of the
provinces.
c) Work camps would be opened to create jobs for
the unemployed.
d) Provinces with Conservative governments could
expect federal support.
117. 14. Which statement describes conditions
on the Canadian Prairies during the Great
Depression?
A. Gas prices rose to record highs.
B. Drought-resistant crops provided high
yields.
C. Weather conditions caused many farms to
be abandoned.
D. A strong manufacturing sector allowed
the Prairies to prosper.
118. 15. Which political party supported the
idea of giving twenty-five dollars a
month to Canadian citizens during the
Great Depression
a) Liberal
b) Union Nationale
c) Social Credit
d) Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
119.
120. 18. Laissez-faire means
A.The creation of Social Programs to look
after the needy
B. Free markets without regulation
C. Command economy
D. Imposing heavy duties on trade
122. World War II
• Axis Powers
– Germany – Hitler
– Italy – Mussolini
– Japan – Tojo, Emperor Hirohito
• Allies
– Britain - Chamberlain, Churchill
– USSR – Stalin
– USA – Roosevelt
– Canada – Mackenzie King
– Others: France, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
124. WWII Breaks OutWWII Breaks Out
September 1, 1939September 1, 1939
Canada Sept. 10, 1939Canada Sept. 10, 1939
• Poland invaded
• Phony War
• Norway, Denmark,
Belgium, France
• France falls
– Dunkirk Evacuation
• Britain (and colonies)
Stands alone vs.
Nazi Germany, Italy,
and Japan
Hitler needs to take out
threat of Britain so that
he can turn his attention
to USSR.
125.
126. How ready are you?
List and explain the significance of five
examples of Canadian contributions to the
war effort.
127. Canadians at Hong KongCanadians at Hong Kong
• In the Pacific Japan attacked Pearl Harbour inIn the Pacific Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in
December of 1941 and hours later took over theDecember of 1941 and hours later took over the
British colony of Hong Kong which had 1975British colony of Hong Kong which had 1975
Canadians protecting it. All of these soldiers wereCanadians protecting it. All of these soldiers were
either killed or taken prisoner and held for the rest ofeither killed or taken prisoner and held for the rest of
the war in horrible conditions.the war in horrible conditions.
• SignificanceSignificance: First major action for Canadian troops in: First major action for Canadian troops in
the war. Sent a message to Canadians at home.the war. Sent a message to Canadians at home.
128.
129. Battle of Britain
• Germany attacks
Britain by air and is
ultimately defeated – a
turning point in the
war
• Canada helped by
training most of the
pilots through the
Commonwealth Air
Training Program
• Some Canadian pilots
flew for the RAF
130. Bomber CommandBomber Command
• Britain’s and Canada’s air force combined to flyBritain’s and Canada’s air force combined to fly
bombing missions into Germany throughout thebombing missions into Germany throughout the
war.war.
• Throughout the war they targeted German warThroughout the war they targeted German war
productionproduction
• Later in the war they also bombed German citiesLater in the war they also bombed German cities
• Over 10,000 Canadians were killed as part ofOver 10,000 Canadians were killed as part of
Bomber CommandBomber Command
• Significance:Significance: Successfully disrupted German warSuccessfully disrupted German war
production which made a big difference in the longproduction which made a big difference in the long
runrun
131. DieppeDieppe
• August 19, 1942 CEF lands
5,000 troops on beach at
Dieppe.
• Bad planning, bad luck, and
late changes to the plan lead
to……
• 900 dead, 1,000 wounded,
1,900 captured….major failure
• ISSUES:
• Conscription
• Expendability
• Lessons for D-Day?
132. The Italian CampaignThe Italian Campaign
• By 1943 the allies were ready to push back the GermansBy 1943 the allies were ready to push back the Germans
from the South and they invaded Italy with Canadiansfrom the South and they invaded Italy with Canadians
playing a major role.playing a major role.
• They first took Sicily and then landed on the ItalianThey first took Sicily and then landed on the Italian
mainland eventually pushing the Germans (who weremainland eventually pushing the Germans (who were
defending Italy) further North.defending Italy) further North.
• Significance:Significance: Was an important step towards theWas an important step towards the
liberation of Europe and kept many German troopsliberation of Europe and kept many German troops
away from France making the landing there easier foraway from France making the landing there easier for
the allies.the allies.
133. The Battle of the Atlantic 1940-1944The Battle of the Atlantic 1940-1944
• Germans were trying to cut off supplies to Britain from NorthGermans were trying to cut off supplies to Britain from North
America and did so very successfully using submarines (U-Boats)America and did so very successfully using submarines (U-Boats)
until 1941.until 1941.
• By 1941 the allies began sailing in convoys (groups of shipsBy 1941 the allies began sailing in convoys (groups of ships
protected by destroyers). The Canadian Navy helped a lot byprotected by destroyers). The Canadian Navy helped a lot by
using small warships called corvettes.using small warships called corvettes.
• They also started using sonar (like underwater radar) to find theThey also started using sonar (like underwater radar) to find the
German U-boats.German U-boats.
• By 1943 the allies had won the battle of the Atlantic in large partBy 1943 the allies had won the battle of the Atlantic in large part
due to Canada’s contribution – by the end of the war Canadadue to Canada’s contribution – by the end of the war Canada
had 370 ships and 100000 personal in the navy.had 370 ships and 100000 personal in the navy.
• Many Canadians also served on the merchant ships which wasMany Canadians also served on the merchant ships which was
dangerous work.dangerous work.
• Significance:Significance: With their contribution to the Battle of theWith their contribution to the Battle of the
Atlantic, Canadians ensured supplies for Britain and the ultimateAtlantic, Canadians ensured supplies for Britain and the ultimate
invasion of mainland Europe.invasion of mainland Europe.
134. D-DAY – Normandy InvasionD-DAY – Normandy Invasion
• By 1944 the Allies were ready to gain France back from theBy 1944 the Allies were ready to gain France back from the
Germans. After planning for over a year they launched aGermans. After planning for over a year they launched a
huge attack using naval and aerial bombardment of thehuge attack using naval and aerial bombardment of the
Normandy region of France eventually capturing fiveNormandy region of France eventually capturing five
beaches.beaches.
• One of the beaches, Juno beach, was captured by theOne of the beaches, Juno beach, was captured by the
Canadians (14000 soldiers)Canadians (14000 soldiers)
• The Canadians continued to push the Germans back throughThe Canadians continued to push the Germans back through
France and liberated Holland by May 1945France and liberated Holland by May 1945
• Significance:Significance: The Normandy Invasion was the final turningThe Normandy Invasion was the final turning
point in the war after which the Germans were in constantpoint in the war after which the Germans were in constant
retreat. Canadians made a significant contribution to itretreat. Canadians made a significant contribution to it
although in the big picture it was minor (14,000 Canadiansalthough in the big picture it was minor (14,000 Canadians
1,000,000 Allied soldiers in total for this operation).1,000,000 Allied soldiers in total for this operation).
135. How ready are you?
List and explain the significance of five
examples of Canadian contributions to the
war effort.
138. How ready are you?
List and explain four ways that WW II
impacted Canada on the home front.
139. The Role of Women
• During WW II Canada created women’s branches
in the army and 46000 women served overseas as
cooks, nurses, pilots, mechanics, radar operators
and welders.
• At home women again worked in factories to help
supply the war.
• They were encouraged to work through tax breaks
and day care.
• Still they were paid less than men for doing the
same jobs and expected to go back to being
housewives after the war.
140. Production (“The Arsenal of
Democracy”)
• The war ended the depression because Britain
needed supplies and weapons
• Because Canada was a safe place with lots of
natural resources we supplied the war be creating
bombs, bullets, ships, planes, amoured cars. This
was a major contribution to the war effort.
• As in WW I, the gov’t took an active role in
increasing production through the War Supply
Board
• Food was rationed (gas, coffee, tea, butter, milk,
sugar and meat)
141. Conscription Crisis # 2
• 1940 – King’s gov’t passed the National Resources Mobilization Act
(NRMA) which gave them special emergency powers to mobilize all
the resources of the nation to defeat the enemy
• 1942 – King held a plebiscite (vote on an issue) asking Canadians to
release his gov’t from their promise not to invoke conscription.
• 1944 – Although King had tried to avoid sending conscripts overseas,
13000 were sent but only 2000 made it to the front lines.
• 80% of English Canada supported conscription while over 70% of
French Canadians did not.
• This strained French-English relations again but not as badly as during
WW I
142. Propaganda
• Just like in WW I the government created
posters and films to convince Canadians of
the importance of the war and the evil
nature of the enemy.
143. Japanese Internment
• After Pearl Harbour, people in Canada feared that Japanese Canadians
might supply Japan with secret information or even help them invade
Canada
• Starting in 1942 all Japanese Canadians were stripped of their rights
and required to carry ID cards at all times.
• They were given a choice to go back to Japan or to relocate away from
the West coast.
• 22000 Japanese Canadians were sent to internment camps, 14000 of
whom were born in Canada
• All of their possessions were sold cheaply and the money went to pay
for “storage and handling” charges.
• After the war they were released from the camps.
• In 1988 the federal gov’t apologized and gave $21,000 to each
survivor.
144. Other Enemy Aliens and
Discrimination during WW II
• German Canadians and Italian Canadians
had to register as well and a small
percentage were interned.
• There was significant prejudice against
Jews during this time. Jewish refugees were
refused entry and some Canadians refused
to hire Jewish judges, lawyers, professors
and teachers.
145. How ready are you?
List and explain four ways that WW II
impacted Canada on the home front.
146. Effects of WW II on Canada
• Economic
• The war got Canada out of the depression
• Shifted the nature of Canada’s economy towards more
industrial production and manufacturing.
• Political
• Canada gained an international reputation as a middle
power.
• Our troops were recognized for their contributions.
• Social
• Blacks and aboriginal peoples contributed to the war and
hence progressed in status.
• Women achieved greater recognition.
• Canada became more tolerant (less racist) and accepted
more refugees.
• Canada experienced a baby boom and lots of new
immigrants (including war brides) from Europe.
147. • 1. In 1939, why did Canada declare war on
Germany one week after Great Britain?
A. The Canadian armed forces training was
incomplete.
B. Germany had yet to launch an attack on Great
Britain.
C. The United States had not yet declared its
position on the war.
D. The House of Commons had to vote on whether
Canada should participate
148. Use the following information to answer question # 2
Canadian Forces in WW II Battles
1. D-Day
2. Battle of Hong Kong
3. Dieppe
2. What is the correct chronological order of these events?
A. 1, 2, 3
B. 1, 3, 2
D. 2, 3, 1
C. 2, 1, 3.
149. • 3. During WW II the Canadian government
interned
A. German Canadians.
B. Japanese Canadians.
C. French Canadians.
D. Italian Canadians.
150. • 4. McKenzie King called a referendum in
1942 about the issue of
A. conscription.
B. women’s rights.
C. Canada staying in the war.
D. an alliance with the U.S.
151. • 5. Which of the following was introduced
during WW II in Canada
A. relief.
B. unemployment insurance.
C. universal health care.
D. women’s right to vote.
152. • 6. Canada contributed to the allied war
effort by
A. training pilots.
B. sending armed forces.
C. producing planes for the war effort.
D. all of the above.
E. only B and C are true.
153. • 7. Which of the following is the best
example of a WW II military success for
Canada?
A. Dieppe.
B. Hong Kong.
C. D-Day.
D. Battle of Stalingrad
154. • 8. Which of the following is the most
accurate statement about WW II
A. The allies were successful early on but
not towards the end.
B. The allies were defeated early on but
came back to win the war.
C. Hitler had a bad start to the war.
D. The allies won the war easily from start to
finish.
155.
156. Long-term
Causes of
WWI
WWI Breaks
Out All Over
Canadian
Battles of
Note
Miscellaneous Treaty of
Versailles
200 200 200 200 200
400 400 400 400 400
600 600 600 600 600
800 800 800 800 800
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
