The document discusses the views and measurements obtained from a two-dimensional echocardiography exam. It describes the four main transducer windows used: parasternal, apical, subcostal, and suprasternal. From these windows, standard views are obtained including PLAX, RVIT, various short axis views of valves and structures. Measurements of chambers, walls, valves and other cardiac structures are made in these views. Assessment of systolic function includes linear and volumetric measurements to calculate ejection fraction and wall motion analysis.

1. Two Dimensional
Echocardiography
Views and Measurements

2. Echocardiographic Examination

3. The Windows (Transducer Location)
1.Parasternal
2.Apical
3.Subcostal
4.Suprasternal
Echocardiographic Examination

4. Echocardiographic Examination

5. Echocardiographic Examination

6. Echocardiographic Examination

7. Echocardiographic Examination

8. Echocardiographic Examination

9. Echocardiographic Examination

10. Echocardiographic Examination

11. Transducer motion
1.Translation (movement)
2.Tilting or pointing
3.Angulation
4.Rotation
Echocardiographic Examination

12. Views
 PLAX
 RVIT

13. Views
 PSAX – Aortic Valve
 PSAX – Mitral Valve
 PSAX – Papillary Muscle
 PSAX - Apex

14. Views
 Apical 4-Chamber
 Apical 2-Chamber
 Apical 3-Chamber (Apical Long Axis)
 Apical 5 Chamber

15. Views
 Subcostal 4 Chamber
 Subcostal 5 Chamber
 Subcostal Short Axis

16. Views
 Suprasternal Long Axis
 Suprasternal Short Axis
 Right Parasternal View

17. Two Dimensional Evaluation
Wall
 Thickness
 Systolic thickening
 Scarring
 Systolic motion

18. Two Dimensional Evaluation
Septum
 Thickness
 Systolic thickening
 Scarring
 Systolic motion

19. Two Dimensional Evaluation
Chamber size
 Ventricles
 Atria
 Aorta
 Pulmonary artery

20. Two Dimensional Evaluation
Valves
 Thickening
 Calcification
 Motion

21. Two Dimensional Evaluation
Subvalvular apparatus
 Chordae tendinaea
 Papillary muscle

22. Two Dimensional Evaluation
Masses
 Thrombus
 Tumors
 Vegetations

23. Two Dimensional Evaluation
Pericardium
 Thickening
 Effusion
 Pericardial
 Pleural

24. PLAX View

25. PLAX View

26. PLAX View

27. PLAX

28. • Aortic diameter
• LVOT diameter
• LA dimension
2-D Measurement

29. • RVWd
• RVIDd
2-D Measurement

30. • IVSd
• IVSs
2-D Measurement

31. • LVIDd
• LVIDd index
• LVIDs
• LVIDs index
M-mode Measurement

32. • LVPWd
• LVPWs
2-D Measurement

33. ESD = LVIDs
EDD = LVIDd
FS= LVIDd - LVIDs
LVIDd
Evaluation of LV Systolic Function

34. EF = LVIDd3
– LVIDs3
LVIDd3
Evaluation of LV Systolic Function

35. RVIT

36. RVIT - Diameter

37. PSAX – Aortic Valve

38. PSAX – Diameter

39. PSAX – Diameter

40. PSAX – Mitral Valve

41. PSAX – Papillary Muscle

42. This is done by tracing the epicardial to calculate
the total ventricular volume and the endocardial
border to calculate chamber volume.
LV mass = 1.05 (total volume – chamber volume)
Evaluation of LV Mass

43. Evaluation of LV Mass
Total volume= Total area x length
Chamber volume = Chamber area x Length
Myocardial volume = Total volume – Chamber volume
LV mass = Myocardial volume x density
LV mass = Myocardial volume x 1.05

44. PSAX – Epicardial Border Trace

45. PSAX – Endocardial Border Trace

46. PSAX - Apex

47. Apical – 4 Chamber

48. Apical-4 Chamber
LV Length

49. Apical – 4 Chamber
RA and LA Area

50. For this method, endocardial borders are traced in apical four-chamber
and two-chamber views and are used to define a series of orthogonal
diameters (a and b) as follows:
V = (p ) S ai bi x (L)
4 20
Using 20 disk for i = 1 to i = 20
This calculation is done by computer software.
Simpson’s Rule

51. Simpson’s
Apical 4-Chamber Diastole

52. Simpson’s
Apical 4-Chamber Diastole

53. Simpson’s
Apical 4-Chamber Systole

54. Simpson’s
Apical 4-Chamber Systole

55. Simpson’s
Apical 2 – Chamber Diastole

56. Simpson’s
Apical 2-Chamber Diastole

57. Simpson’s
Apical 2-Chamber Systole

58. Simpson’s
Apical 2-Chamber Systole

59. Apical 5-Chamber

60. Apical – Two Chamber

61. Apical – Long Axis

62. In the short axis view at the base
(MV), the LV is divided into:
1. Anterior wall
2. Lateral wall
3. Posterior wall
4. Inferior wall
5. Interior septal wall
6. Anterior septal wall
Wall Segments

63. In the short axis view at the mid-left
ventricle (the papillary muscle level),
the LV is divided into:
1. Anterior wall
2. Lateral wall
3. Posterior wall
4. Inferior wall
5. Interior septal wall
6. Anterior septal wall
Wall Segments

64. In the short axis view at the apex
the LV is divided into:
1. Anterior wall
2. Postero-lateral wall
3. Inferior wall
Wall Segments

65. Wall Segments

66. Wall Segments

67. Wall Segments

68. Wall Segments

69. Wall Segments

70. Wall Segments

71. Subcostal – 4 Chamber

72. Subcostal 5-Chamber

73. PSAX - Apex

74. Subcostal Short Axis

75. Subcostal Short Axis

76. Subcostal – Short Axis

77. Suprasternal Long Axis

78. Suprasternal Short Axis