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The other face of global mobility:
higher education serving students
from migrant communities

        Dirk Van Damme
        Head of the Centre for
        Educational Research and
        Innovation (CERI) – OECD/EDU
Outline

1. The context: increasing demand for skills,
   expanding higher education systems but still
   huge waste of talent
2. Untapped stocks of talent
3. Higher education participation of students
   from a migrant background
4. Benefits and prospects
5. Conclusions

                                                  2
1.
THE CONTEXT

              3
Increasing need for skills

• Demographic transition and a rapidly changing
  economy dramatically increase the need for
  skilled jobs and people
• Increasing international competition for talent
  and high-skilled labour
• Countries will increasingly look into the
  possibilities of high-skilled migration to solve
  short-term skill needs
• But there may be more sustainable policy
  approaches…

                                                     4
Expanding higher education systems

• Higher education systems are
  – Recruiting more students than even before
  – Delivering more qualified graduates than…
  – Receiving more (public and private) resources
    than…
  – Attracting more international students and
    international staff than…
• Expansion, massification and
  internationalisation will continue to grow


                                                    5
10
                                  15
                                       20
                                            25
                                                 30
                                                      35
                                                           40
                                                                45
                                                                     50




                     0
                         5
         Canada




                                                                %
   United States
   New Zealand
         Estonia
         Finland
       Australia
         Norway
        Sweden
    Netherlands
    Switzerland
                                                                          2000's




United Kingdom
       Denmark
           Japan
       Germany
         Iceland
                                                                          1990's




        Belgium
 OECD average
   Luxembourg
  EU19 average
          Ireland
                                                                          1980's




          France
            Spain
        Hungary
        Slovenia
         Greece
                                                                          1970's




         Austria
         Poland
           Korea
                                                                                                  groups 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years and 55-64 years (2007)




Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
             Italy
                                                                                                                                                                                             Growth in university-level qualifications




         Mexico
            Chile
            Brazil
                                                                                   Approximated by the percentage of the population that has attained tertiary-type A education in the age




          Turkey
        Portugal
Global student mobility
          Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled by destination
 Market share (%)              2000         2008
30
25
20                                                                                                 3.3 million tertiary students are enrolled
                                                                                                     outside their country, compared to 2
15                                                                                                              million in 2000.
10
 5
 0
                                      Germany




                                                                                                           Italy
                                                         Australia




                                                                                                                   Spain
                                                                                                   Japan




                                                                                                                                                        Austria




                                                                                                                                                                                                                Korea
                                                                                                                                                                  China


                                                                                                                                                                                        Belgium
                                                France




                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Sweden
                     United Kingdom




                                                                     Canada
     United States




                                                                                                                           South Africa




                                                                                                                                                                          Switzerland
                                                                                                                                          New Zealand




                                                                                                                                                                                                  Netherlands




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Other OECD countries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Other partner countries
                                                                              Russian Federation
International students




2007, OECD Education database

                                8
Waste of talent?

• Higher education is not very effective in tapping
  on all available human resources
  – High failure and drop out rates, especially in the
    early years
  – Low access and low success rates of students from
    disadvantaged backgrounds
     • Low SES students
     • Low educational capital
     • Ethnic minority students



                                                      9
Failure remains a huge problem…
    Proportion of students who enter a tertiary programme
%   but leave without at least a first tertiary degree (2005)




                                                                10
Higher education participation according to educational
               attainment father (2004)



 Educational attainment father   Man        Women
 Low schooled                    14.0        25.6
 Higher secondary education      26.2        40.7
 Higher education                61.4        49.5




                                                    11
Success rates of students according to educational
  attainment mother (Antwerp University, 2006)



Diploma mother                               % Success Rate
No diploma/primary school certificate             25.7
Higher secondary education diploma                38.8
Short non-university higher education degree      43.3
Long non-university higher education degree       58.8
University degree                                 58.4




                                                              12
2
UNTAPPED STOCKS OF
TALENT
                     13
Changing populations
       The foreign-born population in OECD countries, 2000-2006
40.0

35.0

30.0     In 2006 12% of the population in OECD
          countries was born in another country
25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

 5.0

 0.0




                    2000 (left scale)   2000-2006 (left scale)
                                                                  14
Percentage of 15 year-old school pupils with at least one parent born
abroad and percentage of 15 year-old school pupils born abroad in 2009

           With at least one parent born abroad (↗)    Born abroad

  60


             But, in 2009, 19% of the 15y old school
  50
           population was from a migrant background

  40



  30



  20



  10



   0



        SWE
       OECD
        SVK



          ISL
          ITA

        ESP




        GBR




         ISR




         LUX
        KOR

         JPN
        TUR




          FIN




        DEU




        CAN
         NZL
        SVN



        PRT
        POL




        MEX




        NOR



        DNK
        GRC




        AUT




         BEL




        CHE
        HUN



        CZE




        NLD




        FRA




        AUS
         EST




          IRL



        USA
        CHL




                                                                     15
Percentage point changes in the share of 15 year-old school pupils with at least
one parent born abroad and of 15 year-old school pupils born abroad, 2000-09

                          With at least one parent born abroad (↗)                                                                               Born abroad
      14

      12

      10
                          And that percentage is rapidly increasing
       8

       6

       4

       2

       0

       -2

       -4

       -6

       -8

      -10

      -12
                                                                        SWE




                                                                                                OECD
            ISR




                                                                  GBR




                                                                                                                                                             ITA




                                                                                                                                                                                           ESP
                                                                                                                                                                               LUX
                                          JPN




                                                                              TUR




                                                                                                       ISL
                                                                                                             NZL


                                                                                                                         FIN
                                                                                                                               DEU
                                                                                                                                     CAN
                        POL
                  MEX




                                                                                                                                                       AUT
                                                                                          DNK




                                                                                                                                                 CHE
                                    CZE


                                                FRA
                                                      AUS




                                                                                    NLD




                                                                                                                   BEL




                                                                                                                                           NOR




                                                                                                                                                                   GRC
                                                            HUN




                                                                                                                                                                         USA


                                                                                                                                                                                     PRT


                                                                                                                                                                                                 IRL
                              CHL




                                                                                                                                                                                                 16
300
                                  350
                                        400
                                              450
                                                    500
                                                          550
                                                                                       600
               Finland
    Hong Kong-China
            Singapore
               Canada
         New Zealand
              Australia
          Netherlands
              Belgium
               Norway
               Estonia
                                                                                                            Native Students




           Switzerland
         United States
         Liechtenstein
              Sweden
             Germany
                Ireland
                France
             Denmark
      United Kingdom
              Hungary
       OECD average
              Portugal
         Macao-China
                    Italy
              Slovenia
                                                                                                            Second-generation students




               Greece
                  Spain
       Czech Republic
               Croatia
                  Israel
                                                                                                                                         PISA 2009 data (reading scale)




          Luxembourg
                Austria
          Dubai (UAE)
  Russian Federation
                 Serbia
               Mexico
                                                                 students have lower learning outcomes




 Trinidad and Tobago
                                                                On average, especially in Europe, migrant




                  Brazil
          Montenegro
                                                                                                            First-generation students




                Jordan
             Argentina
           Kazakhstan
                                                                                                                                                                          Gaps in educational achievement




                  Qatar
17




              Panama
            Azerbaijan
           Kyrgyzstan
Gaps in educational achievement
   • “SES” and “speaking a different language at home” largely explain the
     performance gap between the two groups in many countries. But they are
     not the only reasons.
   • Other factors: availability of educational resources at home, reading at
     home at a young age, and participating in ECEC, etc.
                      Performance difference in reading
                      Accounting for students' socio -economic background
                      Accounting for students' socio -economic background and language spoken at home
 Score point 20
 difference
                0
38 pts
Roughly
              - 20
equivalent
to one
year of       - 40
schooling
(science -
proxy)        - 60



              - 80



             -100
Proportion of 20-24y-olds who are not in education and have not
 attained upper secondary education, by migrant status (2007)




                                                              19
Educational opportunities for migrants

 • Rapidly increasing share of school population
 • Achievement gaps in school education between
   native born and migrant students
   – With strong impact of SES and language spoken
     at home
   – But with very large variation between countries
 • Unqualified and out-of-school 20-24y olds are in
   most countries disproportionally from migrant
   backgrounds
 • And what about higher education?

                                                       20
3
HE PARTICIPATION OF
MIGRANT STUDENTS
                      21
Proportion of 25-29 year-olds who either have a tertiary education qualification
 or are currently enrolled in a tertiary education programme, by migrant status

                        Born abroad   Born in the country   Total
    70
                                                                        2007
    60


    50


    40


    30


    20


    10


     0




                                                                           22
Increasing participation disadvantaged

 England



               Increase for advantaged areas in the same
                   period was only 4% (from 55% to 59%)




                                                           23
Difference in 25-29y olds in tertiary education between migrants and born in
       country and difference in 20-24y olds with secondary education
                                                Migrants less in tertiary education                                              Migrants more in tertiary education
                                                Migrants more with secondary education                                      Migrants more with secondary education


                                                                                                                                                Australia
                                                                                                                 Portugal
 Difference in secondary education attainment




                                                                                                             Hungary
                                                                                                           UK Canada



                                                                                                                                                      Iceland
                                                                           Norway

                                                                          Netherlands             Sweden

                                                                         Finland         France    OECD
                                                                                                  Germany                        Luxembourg
                                                                                                                                 Czech R
                                                         Spain
                                                                                              Switzerland
                                                                                                   Belgium

                                                                                                       Austria


                                                                 Italy
                                                              Greece


                                                Migrants less in tertiary education                                              Migrants more in tertiary education
                                                Migrants less with secondary education                                       Migrants less with secondary education

                                                                                           Difference in or with tertiary education
                                                                                                                                                                   24
Migrant students in HE

• In most countries educational participation and
  qualification of migrant students are lagging
  behind those of native students
• But there are indications of rising participation
  levels
• Large differences between countries suggest that
  this has little to do with innate capacities nor
  that it should be a insolvable problem
• There seems to be a link in country profiles
  between migrant participation and participation
  of foreign students in higher education
                                                  25
Difference in 25-29y olds in tertiary education between migrants and
                                                      born in country and percentage of foreign students (2007-2008)

                                                    Migrants less in tertiary education                                                       Migrants more in tertiary education
                                                    More than average foreign students                                                       More than average foreign students

                                                                                                                                                       Australia
Percentage foreign students in tertiary education




                                                                                                     Switzerland
                                                                                                                     UK
                                                                                                           Austria




                                                                                                                                    Canada
                                                                                               Belgium

                                                                                          France   Germany
                                                                                 Norway
                                                                                                  Sweden        OECD                         Czech R
                                                                                          Netherlands
                                                             Greece                                                    Portugal                              Iceland
                                                                       Finland
                                                                                                                                  Hungary
                                                                       Italy
                                                         Spain

                                                    Migrants less in tertiary education                                                      Migrants more in tertiary education
                                                    Less than average foreign students                                                       Less than average foreign students


                                                                                             Difference in or with tertiary education                                        26
4.
BENEFITS AND PROSPECTS

                         27
Benefits and prospects

• More migrant students accessing and succeeding
  in higher education might have very powerful
  economical benefits
  – Additional skills input in the economy has a
    positive impact on growth
  – Employment opportunities improve
  – A more ‘open’ science and innovation system also
    seems to be a more productive and innovative one




                                                  28
The economic cost of educational underachievement


• McKinsey calculated the economic cost of the
  1983-1998 achievement gap in PISA results for
  the US today
   – Racial gap: black and Latino students to level of
     white students 2 to 4% 2008 GDP
   – Income gap: students from families earning <25k
     US$ to level of students from families >25k: 3 to
     5%
   (1% 2008 US GDP ≈ 165 billion US$)



                                                     29
Proportion of employed 25-29y-old non-students with a tertiary
education, working as technicians or as professionals by migrant status
                    Born abroad   Born in the country   Total
 100
                                                                 2007
  90

  80

  70

  60

  50

  40

  30

  20

  10

   0




                                                                    30
Difference between 25-29y olds foreign born and born in country for
                                                                              tertiary education and employment (2007)

                                                                 Migrants less in tertiary education                                                        Migrants more in tertiary education
                                                                 Migrants with tertiary education more employed                                Migrants with tertiary education more employed
Difference 25-29y olds with tertiary ed in suitable employment




                                                                                                                                Hungary



                                                                                                     Netherlands
                                                                                                                                                      Czech R


                                                                                              Norway                Austria                                Luxembourg
                                                                                                   France     Germany
                                                                                                                    OECD                       Canada                     Iceland
                                                                                                                                                                   Australia


                                                                              Finland
                                                                                    Italy
                                                                                                                      Belgium
                                                                                Greece
                                                                                                                            Portugal




                                                                           Spain



                                                                 Migrants less in tertiary education                                                       Migrants more in tertiary education
                                                                 Migrants with tertiary education less employed                                 Migrants with tertiary education less employed

                                                                                                           Difference in or with tertiary education                                        31
Link with innovation
5.
CONCLUSIONS

              33
Conclusions

• Demographic changes, skill demands of the
  knowledge economy and social change at large
  will increasingly request HE to mine hitherto
  untapped and even undiscovered talent, beyond
  the ‘easy’ solution of recruiting high-skilled on
  the international market.
• There are large ‘reservoirs’ of talent in the
  disadvantaged communities in our
  counties, more specifically in the migrant
  community.

                                                      34
Conclusions

• Access and – slowly – success of migrant
  students in HE is improving, but much more
  needs to be done
• Mining talents in disadvantaged students will
  require more effective pedagogy and educational
  structures in institutions
• Beyond the ethical call of duty and political
  correctness, economic and social benefits are
  potentially very huge, both for society at large
  and institutions

                                                 35
Thank you !

dirk.vandamme@oecd.org
 www.oecd.org/edu/ceri




                         36

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The other face of global mobility aca presentation 14102011

  • 1. The other face of global mobility: higher education serving students from migrant communities Dirk Van Damme Head of the Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) – OECD/EDU
  • 2. Outline 1. The context: increasing demand for skills, expanding higher education systems but still huge waste of talent 2. Untapped stocks of talent 3. Higher education participation of students from a migrant background 4. Benefits and prospects 5. Conclusions 2
  • 4. Increasing need for skills • Demographic transition and a rapidly changing economy dramatically increase the need for skilled jobs and people • Increasing international competition for talent and high-skilled labour • Countries will increasingly look into the possibilities of high-skilled migration to solve short-term skill needs • But there may be more sustainable policy approaches… 4
  • 5. Expanding higher education systems • Higher education systems are – Recruiting more students than even before – Delivering more qualified graduates than… – Receiving more (public and private) resources than… – Attracting more international students and international staff than… • Expansion, massification and internationalisation will continue to grow 5
  • 6. 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 Canada % United States New Zealand Estonia Finland Australia Norway Sweden Netherlands Switzerland 2000's United Kingdom Denmark Japan Germany Iceland 1990's Belgium OECD average Luxembourg EU19 average Ireland 1980's France Spain Hungary Slovenia Greece 1970's Austria Poland Korea groups 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years and 55-64 years (2007) Slovak Republic Czech Republic Italy Growth in university-level qualifications Mexico Chile Brazil Approximated by the percentage of the population that has attained tertiary-type A education in the age Turkey Portugal
  • 7. Global student mobility Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled by destination Market share (%) 2000 2008 30 25 20 3.3 million tertiary students are enrolled outside their country, compared to 2 15 million in 2000. 10 5 0 Germany Italy Australia Spain Japan Austria Korea China Belgium France Sweden United Kingdom Canada United States South Africa Switzerland New Zealand Netherlands Other OECD countries Other partner countries Russian Federation
  • 8. International students 2007, OECD Education database 8
  • 9. Waste of talent? • Higher education is not very effective in tapping on all available human resources – High failure and drop out rates, especially in the early years – Low access and low success rates of students from disadvantaged backgrounds • Low SES students • Low educational capital • Ethnic minority students 9
  • 10. Failure remains a huge problem… Proportion of students who enter a tertiary programme % but leave without at least a first tertiary degree (2005) 10
  • 11. Higher education participation according to educational attainment father (2004) Educational attainment father Man Women Low schooled 14.0 25.6 Higher secondary education 26.2 40.7 Higher education 61.4 49.5 11
  • 12. Success rates of students according to educational attainment mother (Antwerp University, 2006) Diploma mother % Success Rate No diploma/primary school certificate 25.7 Higher secondary education diploma 38.8 Short non-university higher education degree 43.3 Long non-university higher education degree 58.8 University degree 58.4 12
  • 14. Changing populations The foreign-born population in OECD countries, 2000-2006 40.0 35.0 30.0 In 2006 12% of the population in OECD countries was born in another country 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 2000 (left scale) 2000-2006 (left scale) 14
  • 15. Percentage of 15 year-old school pupils with at least one parent born abroad and percentage of 15 year-old school pupils born abroad in 2009 With at least one parent born abroad (↗) Born abroad 60 But, in 2009, 19% of the 15y old school 50 population was from a migrant background 40 30 20 10 0 SWE OECD SVK ISL ITA ESP GBR ISR LUX KOR JPN TUR FIN DEU CAN NZL SVN PRT POL MEX NOR DNK GRC AUT BEL CHE HUN CZE NLD FRA AUS EST IRL USA CHL 15
  • 16. Percentage point changes in the share of 15 year-old school pupils with at least one parent born abroad and of 15 year-old school pupils born abroad, 2000-09 With at least one parent born abroad (↗) Born abroad 14 12 10 And that percentage is rapidly increasing 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 SWE OECD ISR GBR ITA ESP LUX JPN TUR ISL NZL FIN DEU CAN POL MEX AUT DNK CHE CZE FRA AUS NLD BEL NOR GRC HUN USA PRT IRL CHL 16
  • 17. 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Finland Hong Kong-China Singapore Canada New Zealand Australia Netherlands Belgium Norway Estonia Native Students Switzerland United States Liechtenstein Sweden Germany Ireland France Denmark United Kingdom Hungary OECD average Portugal Macao-China Italy Slovenia Second-generation students Greece Spain Czech Republic Croatia Israel PISA 2009 data (reading scale) Luxembourg Austria Dubai (UAE) Russian Federation Serbia Mexico students have lower learning outcomes Trinidad and Tobago On average, especially in Europe, migrant Brazil Montenegro First-generation students Jordan Argentina Kazakhstan Gaps in educational achievement Qatar 17 Panama Azerbaijan Kyrgyzstan
  • 18. Gaps in educational achievement • “SES” and “speaking a different language at home” largely explain the performance gap between the two groups in many countries. But they are not the only reasons. • Other factors: availability of educational resources at home, reading at home at a young age, and participating in ECEC, etc. Performance difference in reading Accounting for students' socio -economic background Accounting for students' socio -economic background and language spoken at home Score point 20 difference 0 38 pts Roughly - 20 equivalent to one year of - 40 schooling (science - proxy) - 60 - 80 -100
  • 19. Proportion of 20-24y-olds who are not in education and have not attained upper secondary education, by migrant status (2007) 19
  • 20. Educational opportunities for migrants • Rapidly increasing share of school population • Achievement gaps in school education between native born and migrant students – With strong impact of SES and language spoken at home – But with very large variation between countries • Unqualified and out-of-school 20-24y olds are in most countries disproportionally from migrant backgrounds • And what about higher education? 20
  • 22. Proportion of 25-29 year-olds who either have a tertiary education qualification or are currently enrolled in a tertiary education programme, by migrant status Born abroad Born in the country Total 70 2007 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 22
  • 23. Increasing participation disadvantaged England Increase for advantaged areas in the same period was only 4% (from 55% to 59%) 23
  • 24. Difference in 25-29y olds in tertiary education between migrants and born in country and difference in 20-24y olds with secondary education Migrants less in tertiary education Migrants more in tertiary education Migrants more with secondary education Migrants more with secondary education Australia Portugal Difference in secondary education attainment Hungary UK Canada Iceland Norway Netherlands Sweden Finland France OECD Germany Luxembourg Czech R Spain Switzerland Belgium Austria Italy Greece Migrants less in tertiary education Migrants more in tertiary education Migrants less with secondary education Migrants less with secondary education Difference in or with tertiary education 24
  • 25. Migrant students in HE • In most countries educational participation and qualification of migrant students are lagging behind those of native students • But there are indications of rising participation levels • Large differences between countries suggest that this has little to do with innate capacities nor that it should be a insolvable problem • There seems to be a link in country profiles between migrant participation and participation of foreign students in higher education 25
  • 26. Difference in 25-29y olds in tertiary education between migrants and born in country and percentage of foreign students (2007-2008) Migrants less in tertiary education Migrants more in tertiary education More than average foreign students More than average foreign students Australia Percentage foreign students in tertiary education Switzerland UK Austria Canada Belgium France Germany Norway Sweden OECD Czech R Netherlands Greece Portugal Iceland Finland Hungary Italy Spain Migrants less in tertiary education Migrants more in tertiary education Less than average foreign students Less than average foreign students Difference in or with tertiary education 26
  • 28. Benefits and prospects • More migrant students accessing and succeeding in higher education might have very powerful economical benefits – Additional skills input in the economy has a positive impact on growth – Employment opportunities improve – A more ‘open’ science and innovation system also seems to be a more productive and innovative one 28
  • 29. The economic cost of educational underachievement • McKinsey calculated the economic cost of the 1983-1998 achievement gap in PISA results for the US today – Racial gap: black and Latino students to level of white students 2 to 4% 2008 GDP – Income gap: students from families earning <25k US$ to level of students from families >25k: 3 to 5% (1% 2008 US GDP ≈ 165 billion US$) 29
  • 30. Proportion of employed 25-29y-old non-students with a tertiary education, working as technicians or as professionals by migrant status Born abroad Born in the country Total 100 2007 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 30
  • 31. Difference between 25-29y olds foreign born and born in country for tertiary education and employment (2007) Migrants less in tertiary education Migrants more in tertiary education Migrants with tertiary education more employed Migrants with tertiary education more employed Difference 25-29y olds with tertiary ed in suitable employment Hungary Netherlands Czech R Norway Austria Luxembourg France Germany OECD Canada Iceland Australia Finland Italy Belgium Greece Portugal Spain Migrants less in tertiary education Migrants more in tertiary education Migrants with tertiary education less employed Migrants with tertiary education less employed Difference in or with tertiary education 31
  • 34. Conclusions • Demographic changes, skill demands of the knowledge economy and social change at large will increasingly request HE to mine hitherto untapped and even undiscovered talent, beyond the ‘easy’ solution of recruiting high-skilled on the international market. • There are large ‘reservoirs’ of talent in the disadvantaged communities in our counties, more specifically in the migrant community. 34
  • 35. Conclusions • Access and – slowly – success of migrant students in HE is improving, but much more needs to be done • Mining talents in disadvantaged students will require more effective pedagogy and educational structures in institutions • Beyond the ethical call of duty and political correctness, economic and social benefits are potentially very huge, both for society at large and institutions 35
  • 36. Thank you ! dirk.vandamme@oecd.org www.oecd.org/edu/ceri 36