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THE BLACK DEATH 
1347-1351
Coming out of the East, the Black Death 
reached the shores of Italy in the spring of 
1347 unleashing a rampage of death 
across Europe unprecedented in recorded 
history. By the time the epidemic played 
itself out three years later, anywhere 
between one and two thirds of Europe's 
population had fallen victim to the 
pestilence.
The Origins 
Usually thought to have started in China or Central Asia, the 
plague had reached the trade city of Kaffa in the Black Sea by 
1346. From there, black rats carried it onto merchant ships 
bound for Italy. It then spread throughout the Mediterranean 
and ravaged Europe.
Did You Know? 
 In 1346, the Tatars (Mongols) laid siege 
to Kaffa. While surrounding the city, the 
Tatars came down with plague. 
 The Tatars decided to use this to their 
advantage. They started loading their 
catapults of the infected, dead bodies 
and began flinging them over the city 
walls. 
 An outbreak of plague in the city soon 
followed. It has been speculated that this 
operation may have been responsible for
The Black Death
The Black Death
The Culprits
How Did It Spread? 
 Towns were dirty places, with 
narrow filthy streets. 
 Waste disposal back in the 
Middle Ages was very crude. 
People would simply dump their 
trash out the window and onto 
the streets. 
 The filth that littered streets and 
gave rats the perfect 
environment to breed and
How Did It Spread? 
 Typical bathing and cleanliness in the 
Middle Ages was not very good. 
 In fact, most people typically only washed 
their hands and face; limiting baths to 
once a year, usually around Easter. 
 Additionally, people tended to sleep on 
beds of hay or sheep’s wool and rarely 
would have been changed or cleaned. 
 Because of this, people would often have 
problems with bedbugs, lice and fleas.
The Black Death
How Did It Spread? 
 Having no defense and no 
understanding to the cause of the 
pestilence, the men, women and 
children caught in its onslaught 
were bewildered, panicked, and 
finally devastated. 
 Also, the disposal of bodies was 
very crude and helped to spread 
the disease even further as those 
who handled the dead bodies did 
not protect themselves in any 
way.
What Was the Black Death? 
The Black Death is categorized into three specific 
types of plague caused by the same bacteria, 
yersinia pestis : 
- Bubonic Plague (infection in the lymph nodes, or buboes) 
- Pneumonic Plague (the infection in the lungs) 
- Septicemic Plague (the infection in the blood [also the 
most deadly of the three])
Bubonic Plague 
The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form 
during the Black Death. The classic sign of bubonic plague 
was the appearance of buboes in the groin, the neck and 
armpits, which oozed black pus and bled. 
The term 'bubonic' refers to the characteristic bubo or 
enlarged lymphatic gland. It had a mortality rate of thirty 
to seventy-five percent and symptoms including a high 
fever, headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and 
vomiting, and a general feeling of discomfort. Of those who 
contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight
Bubonic Plague
Bubonic Plague
The Black Death
Pneumonic Plague 
Pneumonic plague was the second most commonly seen 
form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 
ninety to ninety-five percent. Symptoms included fever, 
cough, and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease 
progressed, your lungs basically start to liquefy and the 
sputum became free flowing and bright red.
The Black Death
Septicemic Plague 
Septicemic plague was the least common of the three 
forms, with a mortality rate close to one hundred 
percent. Symptoms were high fevers and 
purple/black skin patches. Your blood would 
simply not do its job of bringing oxygen to your 
body and also would not clot. As a result, your 
skin started to die and you tended to bleed 
uncontrollably all over your body.
The Black Death
Did You Know? 
 Black Plague still exists 
around the world today, 
especially in Third World or 
developing nations where 
trash and pollution are 
prominent and vermin like 
rats exist. 
 However, there are even 
cases of it reported in the 
United States each year. 
 While this is a very serious 
illness, it is easily treatable 
nowadays with commonly 
available antibiotics. 
Mortality rate is about 8- 
10%.
Path of the Plague 
The plague traveled on trade routes and caravans. 
Its path of death was generally from south to north 
and east to west passing through Italy, France, 
England, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, 
Finland, and eventually reaching as far as 
Greenland. If the plague had just stayed in one city, 
the containment might have spared Europe. 
Unfortunately, the plague spread when people fled 
to other cities.
The Black Death
The Black Death
Efforts to Stop the Plague 
Cities were hardest hit. In crowded cities, it was not 
uncommon for as much as fifty percent of the 
population to die. 
Although governments had medical workers try to 
prevent the plague, the plague persisted. Most 
medical workers quit and journeyed away because 
they feared getting the plague themselves.
Efforts to Stop the Plague 
There were; however, methods that did work. For 
example, in Milan, city officials immediately walled up 
houses found to have the plague, isolating everyone 
(even the healthy along with the sick) inside of them. 
Venice took sophisticated and stringent quarantine 
and health measures, including isolating all incoming 
ships on a separate island. 
People died anyway, though fewer in Milan and Venice 
than in cities that took no such measures.
Plague Doctors 
A plague doctor's duties were often 
limited to visiting victims to verify 
whether they had been afflicted or not. 
Surviving records of contracts drawn up 
between cities and plague doctors often 
gave the plague doctor enormous 
latitude and heavy financial 
compensation, given the risk of death 
involved for the plague doctor himself. 
Most plague doctors were essentially 
volunteers, as qualified doctors had 
(usually) already fled, knowing they
Plague Doctors 
- A wide-brimmed black hat worn close to the head. At the time, this hat 
would have been identified a person as a doctor and may have also been 
used as partial shielding from infection. 
- A primitive gas mask in the shape of a bird's beak. The beak of the mask 
was often filled with strongly aromatic herbs and spices to overpower the 
miasmas or "bad air" which was also thought to carry the plague. The 
mask also included red glass eyepieces, which were thought to make the 
wearer impervious to evil. 
- A long, black overcoat. The overcoat worn by the plague doctor was tucked 
in behind the beak mask at the neckline to minimize skin exposure. It 
extended to the feet, and was often coated head to toe in suet or wax. The 
coating of wax likely served as protection against respiratory droplet 
contamination.
Plague Doctors
Plague Doctors
Monks in the Black Plague 
Many people also turned 
to the monasteries where 
the well educated and 
always helpful monks 
would try to care for the 
sick. 
This in turn infected 
monks and they began 
to die off as well.
The Death Toll 
It is difficult to accurately estimate the number of people killed by 
the Black Death. Many times, the Church and monks kept 
records of the census and populations, but as the sick poured into 
their monasteries, monks themselves were infected and their 
records were also lost or destroyed. At best, it can be estimated 
that between 1/3 and 2/3 of European population were decimated 
by the disease. (25-50 million people out of 75 million) 
In fact, the bodies piled up so fast, the people were unable to provide 
proper Christian burials. Instead, they threw them in pits and 
burned them. This adds to the confusion of how many people 
died.
The Black Death
The Black Death
Consequences of The Black Death 
How did the Black Death effect European 
civilization? It not only affected Europe's 
population and also its economy as well. Changes 
in the size of civilization led to changes in trade, 
the church, music and art, and many other 
things.
Dark Humor 
The Black Death crept slowly into the everyday lives of people. 
The abundance of death was used for laughter. Funeral 
processions were used as jokes. It got to the point where 
deaths were nearly ignored altogether. Citizens looked for 
causes and the developmentally delayed, deformed and 
crazy people outside town were the perfect candidates. 
Bored? Go throw some stones at the crazy person to help stop 
the plague.
The Black Death
Art 
The damage to art is irreparable. Carving was changed. Coffins 
had pictures of corpses on the lid, usually showing a very 
flattering likeness of the body inside wearing their best clothes. 
Some of these dated around 1400 showed bodies with about half 
of their flesh and shredded garments. A few of the sculptures 
showed worms and snails munching on the diseased. Painting 
was effected too. There are a number of paintings containing 
people socializing with skeletons. Artists abandoned old ways of 
painting things idolized by the Christian religion. They were so 
depressed by the death that surrounded them that they began 
to paint pictures of sad and dead people.
Macabre Art from the Middle Ages
Economy 
Fields went unplowed as the men who usually did this were victims 
of the disease. Harvests would not have been brought in as the 
manpower did not exist. Animals would have been lost as the 
people in a village would not have been around to tend them. 
Therefore whole villages would have faced starvation. Towns and 
cities would have faced food shortages as the villages that 
surrounded them could not provide them with enough food. Those 
lords who lost their manpower to the disease, turned to sheep 
farming as this required less people to work on the land. Grain 
farming became less popular – this, again, kept towns and cities 
short of such basics as bread.
Economy 
One consequence of the Black Death was inflation – the price of 
food went up creating more hardship for the poor. In some parts 
of England, food prices went up by four times. 
How did peasants respond? 
Those who survived the Black Death believed that there was 
something special about them – almost as if God had protected 
them. Therefore, they took the opportunity offered by the disease 
to improve their lifestyle. 
Peasants could demand higher wages as they knew that a lord was 
desperate to get in his harvest.
The Church 
Many people could not comprehend 
why God was punishing them. 
They sought answers that the Church 
could not provide. 
Many people turned their back on 
the Church. 
As a result of death in the church, 
written language was almost lost 
and whole churches were
Jews and the Black Plague 
Because Jews were less susceptible 
to the Black Plague than their 
neighbors (likely the result of 
Jewish ritual regarding personal 
hygiene), Jews were accused of 
poisoning Christian wells, were 
thought to be the source of the 
plague. As this image illustrates, 
Jews were expelled, tortured and 
murdered for the supposed 
"crime."
Jews and the Black Plague 
Jews are seen burning in hell 
in a medieval German 
manuscript. The devil is 
on the right. The 
inscription on the 
cauldron reads "Juda," or 
Jews.
Did You Know? 
Not only were the children effected physically, but also 
mentally. Exposure to public nudity, craziness, and 
(obviously) abundant death was premature. The death 
of family members left the children facing pain and 
anguish at an early age. Parents even abandoned their 
children, leaving them to the streets instead of risking 
the babies giving them the dreaded "pestilence". 
Children were especially unlucky if they were female. 
Baby girls would be left to die because parents would 
favor male children that could carry on the family 
name.
Did You Know? 
Children during the Black 
Death suffered greatly. A 
common nursery rhyme is 
proof. 
Ring a-round the rosy 
Pocket full of posies 
Ashes, ashes! 
We all fall down!
Did You Know? 
Ring around the rosy : rosary beads give you God's help 
or possibly the round, bruising marks left on the bodies. 
A pocket full of posies : used to stop the odor of rotting 
bodies which was at one point was thought to cause the 
plague, it was also used widely by doctors to protect 
them from the infected plague patients. 
Ashes, ashes : the church burned the dead when burying 
them became to laborious. 
We all fall down: dead.

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The Black Death

  • 1. THE BLACK DEATH 1347-1351
  • 2. Coming out of the East, the Black Death reached the shores of Italy in the spring of 1347 unleashing a rampage of death across Europe unprecedented in recorded history. By the time the epidemic played itself out three years later, anywhere between one and two thirds of Europe's population had fallen victim to the pestilence.
  • 3. The Origins Usually thought to have started in China or Central Asia, the plague had reached the trade city of Kaffa in the Black Sea by 1346. From there, black rats carried it onto merchant ships bound for Italy. It then spread throughout the Mediterranean and ravaged Europe.
  • 4. Did You Know?  In 1346, the Tatars (Mongols) laid siege to Kaffa. While surrounding the city, the Tatars came down with plague.  The Tatars decided to use this to their advantage. They started loading their catapults of the infected, dead bodies and began flinging them over the city walls.  An outbreak of plague in the city soon followed. It has been speculated that this operation may have been responsible for
  • 8. How Did It Spread?  Towns were dirty places, with narrow filthy streets.  Waste disposal back in the Middle Ages was very crude. People would simply dump their trash out the window and onto the streets.  The filth that littered streets and gave rats the perfect environment to breed and
  • 9. How Did It Spread?  Typical bathing and cleanliness in the Middle Ages was not very good.  In fact, most people typically only washed their hands and face; limiting baths to once a year, usually around Easter.  Additionally, people tended to sleep on beds of hay or sheep’s wool and rarely would have been changed or cleaned.  Because of this, people would often have problems with bedbugs, lice and fleas.
  • 11. How Did It Spread?  Having no defense and no understanding to the cause of the pestilence, the men, women and children caught in its onslaught were bewildered, panicked, and finally devastated.  Also, the disposal of bodies was very crude and helped to spread the disease even further as those who handled the dead bodies did not protect themselves in any way.
  • 12. What Was the Black Death? The Black Death is categorized into three specific types of plague caused by the same bacteria, yersinia pestis : - Bubonic Plague (infection in the lymph nodes, or buboes) - Pneumonic Plague (the infection in the lungs) - Septicemic Plague (the infection in the blood [also the most deadly of the three])
  • 13. Bubonic Plague The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death. The classic sign of bubonic plague was the appearance of buboes in the groin, the neck and armpits, which oozed black pus and bled. The term 'bubonic' refers to the characteristic bubo or enlarged lymphatic gland. It had a mortality rate of thirty to seventy-five percent and symptoms including a high fever, headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of discomfort. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight
  • 17. Pneumonic Plague Pneumonic plague was the second most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of ninety to ninety-five percent. Symptoms included fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease progressed, your lungs basically start to liquefy and the sputum became free flowing and bright red.
  • 19. Septicemic Plague Septicemic plague was the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate close to one hundred percent. Symptoms were high fevers and purple/black skin patches. Your blood would simply not do its job of bringing oxygen to your body and also would not clot. As a result, your skin started to die and you tended to bleed uncontrollably all over your body.
  • 21. Did You Know?  Black Plague still exists around the world today, especially in Third World or developing nations where trash and pollution are prominent and vermin like rats exist.  However, there are even cases of it reported in the United States each year.  While this is a very serious illness, it is easily treatable nowadays with commonly available antibiotics. Mortality rate is about 8- 10%.
  • 22. Path of the Plague The plague traveled on trade routes and caravans. Its path of death was generally from south to north and east to west passing through Italy, France, England, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Finland, and eventually reaching as far as Greenland. If the plague had just stayed in one city, the containment might have spared Europe. Unfortunately, the plague spread when people fled to other cities.
  • 25. Efforts to Stop the Plague Cities were hardest hit. In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as fifty percent of the population to die. Although governments had medical workers try to prevent the plague, the plague persisted. Most medical workers quit and journeyed away because they feared getting the plague themselves.
  • 26. Efforts to Stop the Plague There were; however, methods that did work. For example, in Milan, city officials immediately walled up houses found to have the plague, isolating everyone (even the healthy along with the sick) inside of them. Venice took sophisticated and stringent quarantine and health measures, including isolating all incoming ships on a separate island. People died anyway, though fewer in Milan and Venice than in cities that took no such measures.
  • 27. Plague Doctors A plague doctor's duties were often limited to visiting victims to verify whether they had been afflicted or not. Surviving records of contracts drawn up between cities and plague doctors often gave the plague doctor enormous latitude and heavy financial compensation, given the risk of death involved for the plague doctor himself. Most plague doctors were essentially volunteers, as qualified doctors had (usually) already fled, knowing they
  • 28. Plague Doctors - A wide-brimmed black hat worn close to the head. At the time, this hat would have been identified a person as a doctor and may have also been used as partial shielding from infection. - A primitive gas mask in the shape of a bird's beak. The beak of the mask was often filled with strongly aromatic herbs and spices to overpower the miasmas or "bad air" which was also thought to carry the plague. The mask also included red glass eyepieces, which were thought to make the wearer impervious to evil. - A long, black overcoat. The overcoat worn by the plague doctor was tucked in behind the beak mask at the neckline to minimize skin exposure. It extended to the feet, and was often coated head to toe in suet or wax. The coating of wax likely served as protection against respiratory droplet contamination.
  • 31. Monks in the Black Plague Many people also turned to the monasteries where the well educated and always helpful monks would try to care for the sick. This in turn infected monks and they began to die off as well.
  • 32. The Death Toll It is difficult to accurately estimate the number of people killed by the Black Death. Many times, the Church and monks kept records of the census and populations, but as the sick poured into their monasteries, monks themselves were infected and their records were also lost or destroyed. At best, it can be estimated that between 1/3 and 2/3 of European population were decimated by the disease. (25-50 million people out of 75 million) In fact, the bodies piled up so fast, the people were unable to provide proper Christian burials. Instead, they threw them in pits and burned them. This adds to the confusion of how many people died.
  • 35. Consequences of The Black Death How did the Black Death effect European civilization? It not only affected Europe's population and also its economy as well. Changes in the size of civilization led to changes in trade, the church, music and art, and many other things.
  • 36. Dark Humor The Black Death crept slowly into the everyday lives of people. The abundance of death was used for laughter. Funeral processions were used as jokes. It got to the point where deaths were nearly ignored altogether. Citizens looked for causes and the developmentally delayed, deformed and crazy people outside town were the perfect candidates. Bored? Go throw some stones at the crazy person to help stop the plague.
  • 38. Art The damage to art is irreparable. Carving was changed. Coffins had pictures of corpses on the lid, usually showing a very flattering likeness of the body inside wearing their best clothes. Some of these dated around 1400 showed bodies with about half of their flesh and shredded garments. A few of the sculptures showed worms and snails munching on the diseased. Painting was effected too. There are a number of paintings containing people socializing with skeletons. Artists abandoned old ways of painting things idolized by the Christian religion. They were so depressed by the death that surrounded them that they began to paint pictures of sad and dead people.
  • 39. Macabre Art from the Middle Ages
  • 40. Economy Fields went unplowed as the men who usually did this were victims of the disease. Harvests would not have been brought in as the manpower did not exist. Animals would have been lost as the people in a village would not have been around to tend them. Therefore whole villages would have faced starvation. Towns and cities would have faced food shortages as the villages that surrounded them could not provide them with enough food. Those lords who lost their manpower to the disease, turned to sheep farming as this required less people to work on the land. Grain farming became less popular – this, again, kept towns and cities short of such basics as bread.
  • 41. Economy One consequence of the Black Death was inflation – the price of food went up creating more hardship for the poor. In some parts of England, food prices went up by four times. How did peasants respond? Those who survived the Black Death believed that there was something special about them – almost as if God had protected them. Therefore, they took the opportunity offered by the disease to improve their lifestyle. Peasants could demand higher wages as they knew that a lord was desperate to get in his harvest.
  • 42. The Church Many people could not comprehend why God was punishing them. They sought answers that the Church could not provide. Many people turned their back on the Church. As a result of death in the church, written language was almost lost and whole churches were
  • 43. Jews and the Black Plague Because Jews were less susceptible to the Black Plague than their neighbors (likely the result of Jewish ritual regarding personal hygiene), Jews were accused of poisoning Christian wells, were thought to be the source of the plague. As this image illustrates, Jews were expelled, tortured and murdered for the supposed "crime."
  • 44. Jews and the Black Plague Jews are seen burning in hell in a medieval German manuscript. The devil is on the right. The inscription on the cauldron reads "Juda," or Jews.
  • 45. Did You Know? Not only were the children effected physically, but also mentally. Exposure to public nudity, craziness, and (obviously) abundant death was premature. The death of family members left the children facing pain and anguish at an early age. Parents even abandoned their children, leaving them to the streets instead of risking the babies giving them the dreaded "pestilence". Children were especially unlucky if they were female. Baby girls would be left to die because parents would favor male children that could carry on the family name.
  • 46. Did You Know? Children during the Black Death suffered greatly. A common nursery rhyme is proof. Ring a-round the rosy Pocket full of posies Ashes, ashes! We all fall down!
  • 47. Did You Know? Ring around the rosy : rosary beads give you God's help or possibly the round, bruising marks left on the bodies. A pocket full of posies : used to stop the odor of rotting bodies which was at one point was thought to cause the plague, it was also used widely by doctors to protect them from the infected plague patients. Ashes, ashes : the church burned the dead when burying them became to laborious. We all fall down: dead.