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Exploring Community Flood
Resilience in Bang Rakam, Thailand
Shorna B. Allred
Associate Professor and Associate Director
Human Dimensions Research Unit
Dept. of Natural Resources
Smart Villages Webinar
Going off the grid: Disaster, resilience, and off-grid energy
November 22, 2016
Acknowledgements
Associate Professor Dr. Kampanad Bhaktikul
Assistant Professor Dr.Patana Thavipoke
Assistant Professor Dr.Piyakarn Teartisup
Assistant Professor Dr. Sanpisa Sritrairat
Assistant Lecturer Dr. Pattrawut Pusingha
Mr. Choompol Pitchayachai, Chief of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Disaster
Prevention and Mitigation Provincial Office, Nakhon Pathom
Bang Rakam Subdistrict Administrative Organization (SAO), Banglen District, Nakorn
Pathom, Community members and government officials in Moo 2, Moo 3, Moo 4, Moo 6, Moo
7, Moo 8, Moo 9
Global Citizenship and Sustainability Program Students (2014-15):
Alexa Bakker, Treijon Johnson, Cadell Williams, Logan Lin, Ariel Smilowitz, Gabrielle
Hickmon, Roda Zigetta, Mariela Graciela, Matt Clauson
Community Resilience
Community resilience is the capacity of a
distinct community or cultural system to absorb
disturbance and reorganize while undergoing
change so as to retain key elements of
structure and identity that preserve its
distinctness (Healy 2006).
Participatory Knowledge Management for
Resilience
Different types of knowledge required for resilience (Hordijk
and Baud 2010)
Important to understand the processes by which knowledge is
produced, recognized and prioritized (Hordijk and Baud 2010)
Resilience emerges from a set of networked adaptive
capacities
Information and communication are thus important domains of
resilience
Community
Resilience
Adaptive
Capacities
Resource
Robustness
Social
Capital
Community
Competence
Economic
Development
Institutional Memory
Innovative Learning
Connectedness
Assets
Resource Quality
Resource Redundancy
Resource Diversity
Resource Assets
Attachment to place
Sense of community
Formal ties
Informal ties
Perceived social support
Actual social support
Organizational linkages and
cooperation
Diversity of economic
resources
Equity of resources
distribution
Community action
Problem-solving and
reflection
Flexibility and creativity
Collective efficacy
Empowerment
Political partnerships
Adapted from Longstaff et al. 2010 and Norris et al. 2008
Community
Resilience
Model
Research Questions
How is flood knowledge transferred in the
community?
What aspects of the community contribute to
resilience?
How has flood knowledge changed over time?
2011 Floods
(Reference 6)
Bangkok’s Water System
Figure Lowerbasin canals.
Source: Beek, Steve Van. The Chao Phya River in Transition. Singapore: Oxford, 1995 (122)
Research Methods
Narrative interviews with villagers (n=29) and sub-district
officers (n=7) in Bang Rakam
Conducted interviews in person at their home, farm, village,
or office
Audio recording, field notes, translation
Thematic coding
Community
Flood
Narratives
Adapting to Floods as Way of Life
“Flood impacts everyone and everything. We have lived
during the floods for our entire lives. We have accepted
the fact that adapting to the floods are a part of their way
of life.”
“We can adapt because we face the floods every year”
เราสามารถปรับตัวได้เพราะเราเจอน้าท่วมทุกปี
Flood Knowledge
• All interviewees knew flooding was coming based on past
experience and natural indicators
• More reliance on SAO to notify village leaders of when
exactly the flood would come
• Some used TV and radio to access information
Adaptations
● 2 Story House
● Stilts
● Raising floor when there are high levels of water
● Transportation (Boats)
Housing and
Transport
What are the differences in flood management
from when you were young to now?
Banana Trees
During Floods
Crop Change
Short-term Plants
Moo 6
Moo 2,6,9
Adaptations
Moo 9
Past:
Use of Thai
Herbs
Now:
Reliance on
Doctors and
Modern Medicine
Flood Knowledge
• All emphasized observation as the main way of learning.
• A few, but not many, were passing on flood knowledge to their children.
• SAO chief expressed concern about children moving out of the villages for
work and losing their local wisdom and attachment to nature, but not all
interviewees shared this concern
• One interviewee taught her children about farming solely so that they would
see how difficult it was and choose to pursue a less labor-intensive job
• Most thought the schools should teach about flooding preparation
Strength of Community
“I would like for the community to find a way to
help themselves and each other more before
coming to the government to ask for help. I
believe that this will increase the strength of the
community and increase our knowledge about
protecting [ourselves] in the flood, instead of
relying on the government for support.”
Decrease in helping each other
“The biggest difference I noticed from traditional techniques is the fact
that people used to put more effort into helping each other. When
people needed to move or evacuate their belongings, community
members were there for support. There was once more
interdependence. Due to relying more on the government, people have
started helping each other less. This has lead people to only help
themselves when they can, moving their own belongings and
evacuating themselves.”
Sharing
“…families share the food that we grow for
others in the community. For example, families
that grow morning glory and those that catch
fish might share with each other to make a
more complete meal.”
Conclusions
• Knowledge about flooding is transferred primarily through observation
• Villagers would like to be informed earlier about the volume and velocity of the
water
• Community members often needed to change the crops they planted to adapt to
longer flooding periods.
• Community solidarity during the flood and reliance on other village members but
not all shared this view.
• Some believe reliance on government and SAO has contributed to a decrease in
the local flood knowledge.
Thank
you
Shorna Allred
srb237@cornell.edu

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Webinar 8 | Nov-16 | Exploring community flood resilience in Bang Rakam, Thailand

  • 1. Exploring Community Flood Resilience in Bang Rakam, Thailand Shorna B. Allred Associate Professor and Associate Director Human Dimensions Research Unit Dept. of Natural Resources Smart Villages Webinar Going off the grid: Disaster, resilience, and off-grid energy November 22, 2016
  • 2. Acknowledgements Associate Professor Dr. Kampanad Bhaktikul Assistant Professor Dr.Patana Thavipoke Assistant Professor Dr.Piyakarn Teartisup Assistant Professor Dr. Sanpisa Sritrairat Assistant Lecturer Dr. Pattrawut Pusingha Mr. Choompol Pitchayachai, Chief of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Provincial Office, Nakhon Pathom Bang Rakam Subdistrict Administrative Organization (SAO), Banglen District, Nakorn Pathom, Community members and government officials in Moo 2, Moo 3, Moo 4, Moo 6, Moo 7, Moo 8, Moo 9 Global Citizenship and Sustainability Program Students (2014-15): Alexa Bakker, Treijon Johnson, Cadell Williams, Logan Lin, Ariel Smilowitz, Gabrielle Hickmon, Roda Zigetta, Mariela Graciela, Matt Clauson
  • 3. Community Resilience Community resilience is the capacity of a distinct community or cultural system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to retain key elements of structure and identity that preserve its distinctness (Healy 2006).
  • 4. Participatory Knowledge Management for Resilience Different types of knowledge required for resilience (Hordijk and Baud 2010) Important to understand the processes by which knowledge is produced, recognized and prioritized (Hordijk and Baud 2010) Resilience emerges from a set of networked adaptive capacities Information and communication are thus important domains of resilience
  • 5. Community Resilience Adaptive Capacities Resource Robustness Social Capital Community Competence Economic Development Institutional Memory Innovative Learning Connectedness Assets Resource Quality Resource Redundancy Resource Diversity Resource Assets Attachment to place Sense of community Formal ties Informal ties Perceived social support Actual social support Organizational linkages and cooperation Diversity of economic resources Equity of resources distribution Community action Problem-solving and reflection Flexibility and creativity Collective efficacy Empowerment Political partnerships Adapted from Longstaff et al. 2010 and Norris et al. 2008 Community Resilience Model
  • 6. Research Questions How is flood knowledge transferred in the community? What aspects of the community contribute to resilience? How has flood knowledge changed over time?
  • 8. Bangkok’s Water System Figure Lowerbasin canals. Source: Beek, Steve Van. The Chao Phya River in Transition. Singapore: Oxford, 1995 (122)
  • 9. Research Methods Narrative interviews with villagers (n=29) and sub-district officers (n=7) in Bang Rakam Conducted interviews in person at their home, farm, village, or office Audio recording, field notes, translation Thematic coding
  • 11. Adapting to Floods as Way of Life “Flood impacts everyone and everything. We have lived during the floods for our entire lives. We have accepted the fact that adapting to the floods are a part of their way of life.” “We can adapt because we face the floods every year” เราสามารถปรับตัวได้เพราะเราเจอน้าท่วมทุกปี
  • 12. Flood Knowledge • All interviewees knew flooding was coming based on past experience and natural indicators • More reliance on SAO to notify village leaders of when exactly the flood would come • Some used TV and radio to access information
  • 13. Adaptations ● 2 Story House ● Stilts ● Raising floor when there are high levels of water ● Transportation (Boats) Housing and Transport
  • 14. What are the differences in flood management from when you were young to now? Banana Trees During Floods Crop Change Short-term Plants Moo 6 Moo 2,6,9
  • 15. Adaptations Moo 9 Past: Use of Thai Herbs Now: Reliance on Doctors and Modern Medicine
  • 16. Flood Knowledge • All emphasized observation as the main way of learning. • A few, but not many, were passing on flood knowledge to their children. • SAO chief expressed concern about children moving out of the villages for work and losing their local wisdom and attachment to nature, but not all interviewees shared this concern • One interviewee taught her children about farming solely so that they would see how difficult it was and choose to pursue a less labor-intensive job • Most thought the schools should teach about flooding preparation
  • 17. Strength of Community “I would like for the community to find a way to help themselves and each other more before coming to the government to ask for help. I believe that this will increase the strength of the community and increase our knowledge about protecting [ourselves] in the flood, instead of relying on the government for support.”
  • 18. Decrease in helping each other “The biggest difference I noticed from traditional techniques is the fact that people used to put more effort into helping each other. When people needed to move or evacuate their belongings, community members were there for support. There was once more interdependence. Due to relying more on the government, people have started helping each other less. This has lead people to only help themselves when they can, moving their own belongings and evacuating themselves.”
  • 19. Sharing “…families share the food that we grow for others in the community. For example, families that grow morning glory and those that catch fish might share with each other to make a more complete meal.”
  • 20. Conclusions • Knowledge about flooding is transferred primarily through observation • Villagers would like to be informed earlier about the volume and velocity of the water • Community members often needed to change the crops they planted to adapt to longer flooding periods. • Community solidarity during the flood and reliance on other village members but not all shared this view. • Some believe reliance on government and SAO has contributed to a decrease in the local flood knowledge.