Archaeological Report - Park 2, Co. Tipperary (Ireland)

Eachtra Journal

Issue 11 [ISSN 2009-2237]

Archaeological Excavation Report
E3772 - Park 2, Co. Tipperary
Burnt Mound

EACHTRA
Archaeological Projects

Park 2
Co Tipperary

Burnt Mound

Date: December 2011

Client: Laois County Council and National
Roads Authority
Project: N7 Castletown to Nenagh (Contract 1)
E No: E3772

Excavation Director: John Tierney
Written by: Jacinta Kiely and John Tierney

Park 2
Co Tipperary

Excavation Director

John Tierney

Written By

Jacinta Kiely and John Tierney

EACHTRA
Archaeological Projects

CORK GALWAY
The Forge, Innishannon, Co. Cork Unit 10, Kilkerrin Park, Liosbain Industrial Estate, Galway
tel: 021 4701616 | web: www.eachtra.ie | email: info@eachtra.ie tel: 091 763673 | web: www.eachtra.ie | email: galway@eachtra.ie

© Eachtra Archaeological Projects 2011
The Forge, Innishannon, Co Cork

Set in 12pt Garamond
Printed in Ireland

Table of Contents
Summary��iii
Acknowledgements�� iv
1 Scope of the project �� 1
2 Route location�� 2
3 Receiving environment �� 2
4 Archaeological and historical background �� 4
Neolithic(c�4000to2000BC)�� 4
�
5 Site Location and Topography �� 7
6 Excavation methodology �� 7
7 Excavation results �� 11
Layersofburntmoundmaterial�� 11
�
TheTrough,post-holes,wellandpits��15
Modernagriculturalactivity��15
Plantremains��17
�
Animalbone��18
Charcoal��18
Radiocarbondates��18
8 Discussion �� 19
9 References ��23
Appendix 1 Stratigraphic Index ��25
Appendix 2 Site Matrix �� 26
Appendix 3 Groups and subgroups ��30
�
Appendix 4 Plant remains report�� 39
Appendix 5 Animal bone report �� 42

i

List of Figures
Figure 1: Portion of map of Ireland showing the route of the N7 Castletown to Nenagh
(Derrinsallagh to Ballintotty) Road Scheme (Contract 1)� �� 3
Figure 2: Discovery series OS map showing the route of the N7 Castletown to Nenagh
(Derrinsallagh to Ballintotty) Road Scheme (Contract 1) and the location of all
excavation sites� �� 5
Figure 3: Portion of the Ist edition Ordnance Survey Map TN22 showing the location of Park 2� �� 8
Figure 4: Location and extent of Park 2 E3772 on the N7 Castletown to Nenagh� ��10
Figure 5: Post-excavation plan of Park 2 E3772� �� 12
Figure 6: Post-excavation plan of trough C�5� �� 14
Figure 7: Section of well C�119, ditch C�54 and trough C�5� �� 16
Figure 8: Prehistoric sites on and in the environs of N7 Castletown to Nenagh� ��20

List of Plates
Plate 1: Aerial view of Park 2� �� 9
Plate 2: View of Park 2 from south-west� �� 11
Plate 3: View of trough C�5, well C�119 and pit C�183 from west� �� 13
Plate 4: View of trough C�5 from west� �� 13
Plate 5: View of well C�119 from north� �� 17
Plate 6: View of pit C�183 from south� �� 17

List of Tables
Table 1: Dimensions of trough, well and pits �� 15
Table 2: Radiocarbon dates �� 18
Table 3: Radiocarbon dates from the burnt mound sites on the N7 Castletown to Nenagh
(Contract 1) ��21

ii

Park 2-E3772 http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/E3772-park2-co-tipperary/

Summary
The excavation of the site at Park comprised a substantial mound of burnt material. The
mound measured 32 m by 16 m by 0.5 m in depth. It overlay a trough, a well and two
pits. Evidence of trough-side furniture in the form of 17 stake-holes and two post-holes
was recorded at the western end of the trough. Two Middle Bronze Age radiocarbon dates
were returned from a fill of the trough and the well. Small quantities of plant remains and
animal bone were recovered from the site.

Road project name N7 Castletown to Nenagh
Site name Park 2
E no. E3772
Site director John Tierney
Townland Park
Parish Aghnameadle and Ballymackey
County Tipperary
Barony Upper Ormond
OS Map Sheet No. TN22
National Grid Reference 200173 181436
Elevation 114 m O.D.

iii

iSSUE 11: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237 archaEological Excavation rEPort

Acknowledgements
The project was commissioned by Laois County Council and was funded by the Na-
tional Roads Authority under the National Development Plan (2000–2006). The project
archaeologist was Niall Roycroft. Kildare County Council supervised the archaeological
contract with RE staff of Pat Dowling and Colum Fagan. Kildare County Council Sen-
ior Executive Engineer was Joseph Kelly and Kildare County Council Senior Engineer
was John Coppinger. The senior archaeologist was John Tierney and the post-excavation
manager was Jacinta Kiely. Illustrations are by Maurizio Toscano, photographs by John
Sunderland and Eagle Photography and aerial photography by StudioLab. Specialist anal-
ysis was carried out by Mary Dillon, Penny Johnston, Margaret McCarthy and the 14
Chrono Centre at Queen’s University Belfast.

iv


1 Scope of the project
Eachtra Archaeological Projects were commissioned by Laois County Council and the
National Roads Authority to undertake archaeological works along 17.1 km (Contact
1) of the 35km N7 Castletown to Nenagh (Derrinsallagh to Ballintotty) national road
scheme (EIS approved in November 2005). The scheme runs from the eastern junction
of the present N7 Nenagh Bypass, North Tipperary a tie in to the M7/M8 Portlaoise-
Castletown scheme to the south of Borris-in-Ossory in County Laois. The scheme is ap-
proximately 191 hectares. Contract 1 comprises the western half of the scheme and runs
from Clashnevin to Castleroan passing along the Tipperary North and Offaly county
border regions. The Ministers Direction Number is A38.
It was funded by the Irish Government under the National Development Plan 2000–
2006. The total archaeological cost was administered by the National Roads Authority
through Laois County Council as part of the Authority’s commitment to protecting our
cultural heritage. The purpose of the archaeological services project was to conduct ar-
chaeological site investigations within the lands made available for the scheme and to
assess the nature and extent of any new potential archaeological sites uncovered.
Phase 1 of the project (archaeological testing of the route) was carried out in 2007
under licence E3371, E3372 and E3375–8 issued by Department of the Environment
Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG) in consultation with the National Museum
of Ireland. The principal aim of this phase of the project was to test for any previously
unknown sites by a programme of centreline and offset testing and to test sites of archaeo-
logical potential identified in the EIS.
Phase 2 of the project (resolution) involved the resolution of all archaeological sites
identified within the proposed road corridor prior to commencement of the construction
of the road. This phase of the project was carried out from June 2007 to February 2008
and excavations were conducted under the management of a Senior Archaeologist. A total
of 27 sites were excavated during this phase of works under separate licences issued by
DoEHLG.
A post-excavation assessment and strategy document was prepared in Phase 3 of the
project to present a management strategy for dealing with post-excavation work aris-
ing from archaeological works along the route of the new N7 Castletown to Nenagh. It
included a proposal for post-excavation and archiving work and a budget for the works.

1


2 Route location
The route of the N7 Castletown to Nenagh road is located in Counties North Tipperary
and Offaly (OF) (Figure 1). The project (Contract 1) involves the construction of c. 17.5
km of the N7 from Clashnevin east of Nenagh to Castleroan south-east of Dunkerrin. It
passes through the townlands of Clashnevin, Derrybane, Newtown, Lissanisky, Killeisk,
Garavally, Derrycarney, Garrynafanna, Gortnadrumman, Kilgorteen, Falleen, Knock-
ane, Clash, Park, Rosdremid (OF), Clynoe (OF), Cullenwaine, Moneygall, Greenhills,
Drumbaun, Busherstown (OF), Drumroe (OF), Moatquarter, Loughan (OF) and Cas-
tleroan (OF). The townlands are located in the parishes of Ballymackey, Cullenwaine,
Castletownely, Rathnaveoge, Finglas and Dunkerrin and the baronies of Upper Ormond,
Ikerrin and Clonisk,
The route begins at the eastern end of the Nenagh bypass at Clashnevin c. 5 km east
of Nenagh and continues eastward on the northern side of the existing N7 in Co. Tip-
perary. It crosses a number of third class roads to the north of Toomyvara and 0.7 km
east of Clash crossroads crosses the Ollatrim River. It extends into County Offaly directly
east of Park. From here it crosses the R490 0.6 km north of Moneygall. It extends back
in County Tipperary and through the demesne of Greenhills before crossing the existing
N7 at the junction of Greenhills and Drumbaun townlands. It crosses back into County
Offaly and climbs east into Busherstown and Drumroe. It crosses the Keeloge Stream
into Moatquarter in County Tipperary and extends northeast back into County Offaly
through the townlands of Loughan and Castleroan 1.4 km southwest of Dunkerrin.

3 Receiving environment
North Tipperary is bounded on the west by the River Shannon and Lough Derg with
the Silvermines, to the south, and small hills extending towards Devilsbit and Borrisnoe
Mountains to the east. The mountains are composed largely of Silurian strata and Old
Red Sandstone. Copper, silver and lead deposits have been mined in the Silvermines. The
geology of the lowlands consists of Carboniferous limestone covered by glacial drift in
addition to tracts of raised bog.
The western portion of the study area is drained by the Ollatrim River which flows
westwards into the River Ballintotty which in turns drains into the River Nenagh. The
eastern portion is drained by the Keeloge Stream and other small water sources. These rise
in the foothills of the Silvermine Mountains and flow north. The Keeloge drains into the
Little Brosna River c. 1 km south of Shinrone, Co Offaly. The Brosna turns north and
drains into the Shannon south of Banagher.
The largest population centre in the area is Nenagh. The smaller population centres,
are Toomyvara, Moneygall and Dunkerrin.
The soils on the route are characterised by 80% grey brown podzolics, 10% gleys, 5%
brown earths and 5% basin peat. They are derived from glacial till of predominantly Car-
boniferous limestone composition. These soils occur in Tipperary and Offaly and have a

2

182550 198900 215250
Park 2-E3772

193300
193300

!
(
Nenagh

Derg (Lough)

182950
182950

172600
172600

0 5 10

182550 198900
Kilometres
215250
±
Figure 1: Portion of map of Ireland showing the route of the N7 Castletown to Nenagh (Derrinsallagh to Ballintotty) Road Scheme (Contract 1)�
http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/E3772-park2-co-tipperary/

3


wide use range being suitable for both tillage and pasture (Gardiner and Radford 1980,
97–99). Land use along the route was a mix of grassland devoted to intensive dairying
and cattle-rearing and tillage.

4 Archaeological and historical background
Archaeological sites of numerous periods were discovered along the route of the new road
(Figure 2). The periods are referred to as follows: Mesolithic (c. 8000 to 4000 BC), Neo-
lithic (c. 4000 to 2000 BC), Bronze Age (c. 2000 to 600 BC), and Iron Age (c. 500 BC
to AD 500), early medieval period (c. AD 500 to 1100), medieval period (c. AD 1100 to
1650), post-medieval period (c. AD 1650 to the present).

Mesolithic (c. 8000 to 4000 BC)
The earliest known human settlement in Ireland dates from the Mesolithic period (c.
8000 BC - 4000 BC). The majority of the evidence (flint scatters) for Mesolithic occupa-
tion has come from the river valleys. No evidence for the Mesolithic was recorded on the
route.

Neolithic (c. 4000 to 2000 BC)
The Neolithic Period is characterised by the introduction of agriculture and the begin-
nings of the clearance of the woodlands. The population increased and became more
sedentary in nature. The most important Neolithic site in the vicinity was at Tullahedy
recorded on the route of the Nenagh by-pass. It was a specialist chert arrow manufactur-
ing site.
No evidence for a Neolithic site was recorded on the route but stone tools dating to
the Neolithic were recorded at Busherstown E3661, Clash E3660, Cullenwaine E3741
and Greenhills 2 and 3 E3637 and E3658. Stone tools dating to the late Neolithic/Early
Bronze Age were recorded at Busherstown E3661, Castleroan E3909, Cullenwaine E3741,
Derrybane 1 E3585, Drumroe E3773, Greenhills 1 E3638 and Moatquarter E3910

Bronze Age (c. 2000 to 600BC)
The Bronze Age is characterised by the introduction of metallurgy and an increase in
settlement and burial sites. Copper ores were mined and copper, bronze and gold items
manufactured. The range of burial site types includes cist graves, pit and urn burials,
cremation cemeteries, barrows, ring-ditches and wedge tombs. Stone circles and stand-
ing stones also date to the Bronze Age. Both enclosed and unenclosed settlement sites
are known. The most prolific Bronze Age site type is the fulacht fiadh. These monuments
survive as low mounds of charcoal rich black silt, packed with heat-shattered stones, and
generally situated close to a water source. Fulachta fiadh are generally classified as ‘cook-

4

190400 196200 202000 207800
Park 2-E3772

186400
186400

Park 2

Castleroan 1
E 3909
Busherstown 1
E 3661
Loughan 1
E 4000
Greenhills 3
E 3658

Moneygall 2
Culleenwaine 1
E 3635
E 3741 Moatquarter 1
Clynoe 2 E 3910
E 3774

181800
181800

Park 1 Drumroe 1
Garravally Kilgorteen 1 E 3659 E 3773
E 3589 E 3739
Drumbaun 2
Derrybane 2 E 3912
E 3591 Greenhills 1 Greenhills 2
E 3638 E 3637
Clashnevin 2
E 3590 Clash 1 Park 2
E 3660 E 3772

Derrycarney 1
E 3740

Clashnevin 1 Derrybane 1 Killeisk 1
E 3586 E 3585 E 3587

177200
177200

0 3 6

Kilometres ±
190400 196200 202000 207800

Figure 2: Discovery series OS map showing the route of the N7 Castletown to Nenagh (Derrinsallagh to Ballintotty) Road Scheme (Contract 1) and the location of all excavation sites�
http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/E3772-park2-co-tipperary/

5


ing places’, whereby stones were heated in a hearth and subsequently placed in a trough
of water, the water continued to boil with the addition of hot stones and wrapped food
was cooked within the hot water. The trough eventually filled with small stones, ash and
charcoal that were removed, forming the basis of the familiar mound.
Two new fulachta fiadh or burnt mounds were recorded at Clashnevin 1 E3586,
Cullenwaine E3741 and six at three separate locations in Greenhills, E3638, E3637 and
E3658. Evidence of nine roundhouses or partial round structures were recorded; two at
Castleroan E3909, Derrybane 2 E3591 and Drumbaun 2 E3912 and one at Clash E3660,
Drumroe E3773 and Moatquarter E3910.

Iron Age (c. 500 BC to AD 500)
Upto recently there was little evidence of a significant Iron Age presence in Munster.
Settlement sites are few and far between as well as being difficult to identify (Woodman,
2000) while the material culture of this period is limited. Linear earthworks, believed
to have marked tribal boundaries, and hillforts are two of the most visible monuments
of the period. Ten percent of sites excavated on NRA road schemes in recent years have
produced Iron Age dates. The dates have led to the identification of 30 new Iron Age sites
in Munster from road schemes in counties Cork, Limerick and Tipperary (McLaughlin
2008, 51). These include a ditched enclosure in Ballywilliam and a wooden trackway in
Annaholty Bog excavated on the route of the N7 Nenagh-Limerick (Taylor 2008, 54).
Evidence of domestic activity dating to the Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age was re-
corded at Clashnevin 2.

Early medieval period (c. AD 400 to 1100)
The early medieval period is characterised by the arrival of Christianity to Ireland. The
characteristic monument type of the period is the ringfort. Ringforts are the most nu-
merous archaeological monument found in Ireland, with estimates of between 30,000
and 50,000 illustrated on the first edition of the Ordnance Survey 6” maps of the 1840’s
(Barry 1987). As a result of continued research, the construction of these monuments has
a narrow date range during the early medieval period between the 7th and 9th centuries
AD. Although there are some very elaborate examples of ringforts, they often take the
form of a simple earth or stone enclosure functioning as settlements for all classes of secu-
lar society (Stout 1997).
North Tipperary is rich in early ecclesiastical sites and the remains of these religious
centres are at the core of some of the towns and villages. Roscrea, for example, was chosen
by St Cronan as a location for his monastery in the seventh century as it was located at
the crossroads on the Slighe Dála, an important roadway in early medieval times (NIAH
2006, 4–8).
A possible early medieval enclosure and associated road way was recorded at Killeisk
E3587. A denuded ringfort (OF046–013) was excavated at Clynoe 2 E3774.

6


High and later medieval periods (c. AD 1100 to 1650)
This period is characterized by the arrival of the Anglo-Normans and the building of tow-
er houses. The Anglo-Normans obtained charters in the thirteenth century for the towns
of Nenagh, Roscrea, Thurles and Templemore and established markets. Nenagh grew
rapidly in the aftermath of the granting of the lands of Munster to Theobald fitzWalter in
1185 (ibid. 8). Moated sites represent the remains of isolated, semi-defended homesteads
in rural areas. They were build mainly in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth cen-
turies in counties, such as Wexford, Kilkenny, Tipperary, mid-Cork and Limerick, that
were colonised by English settlers (O’Conor 1998, 58). The Archaeological Inventory for
North Tipperary lists 39 moated sites (2002, 298).
A newly recorded moated site was excavated at Busherstown E3661.

Post-medieval period (c. 1650 to the present).
The post-medieval period is characterised by mills, limekilns, workhouses, country hous-
es and associated demesnes, vernacular buildings and field systems (Figure 3). A small
demesne associated with a county house was recorded in the townland of Greenhills.

5 Site Location and Topography
Park 2 was located in a low-lying area on the lower edge of a sandy ridge overlooking a
wetter boggy area (Plate 1). The extensive archaeological settlement site Park 1 E3659
extended over, higher drier ground, for a distance of 500 m to the east. Extensive archaeo-
logical remains, including five burnt mounds, were recorded in the land adjoining Park
to the north and east during an assessment of the site for a motorway service area (Frazer
2009). The Ollatrim River flows on the western side of the ridge. The townland bound-
ary between Park and Rosdrehid and Clynoe to the east also serves as the county bounds
between Tipperary and Offaly.

6 Excavation methodology
The site was mechanically stripped of topsoil under strict archaeological supervision.
Stripping was done with a tracked machine with a flat toothless bucket. Topsoil stripping
commenced in the areas of identified archaeology and continued radially outward until
the limit of the road take was reached or until the limit of the archaeological remains was
fully defined. A grid was set up in the excavation area(s) and all archaeological features
were sufficiently cleaned, recorded and excavated so as to enable an accurate and mean-
ingful record of the site to be preserved. The excavation, environmental sampling, site
photographs, site drawings, find care and retrieval, on-site recording and site archive was
as per the Procedures for Archaeological works as attached to the licence method state-
ments for excavation licences.

7

198899 199899

8
ROSDREHID
CLYNOE

CARROWEA
BALLYKNOCKANE

181208
181208

Ollatrim (River) Park 2
Park 1
iSSUE 11: Eachtra JoUrnal - iSSn 2009-2237

PARK
Clash 1

180558
180558

CLASH

0 300 600

¥ Meters
198899 199899

Figure 3: Portion of the Ist edition Ordnance Survey Map TN22 showing the location of Park 2�
archaEological Excavation rEPort


Plate 1: Aerial view of Park 2�
Park 2 (E3772)
0 20 40
Meters ±
The site was excavated from 29 September 2007 to the 17 November 2007. Only areas
within the LMA (lands made available) were resolved. The full extent of the area of exca-
vation measured 1900 m sq (Figure 4).
The full record of excavated contexts is recorded in the context register (Appendix 1)
and the stratigraphic matrix (Appendix 2). Detailed stratigraphic descriptions are found
in the groups and sub-groups text (Appendix 3). The context register and site photographs
maybe viewed in the EAPOD (Eachtra Archaeological Projects office database) in the
accompanying CD.

9

199531 199901 200271

10
ROSDREHID
C LY N O E

181366
181366

920 0

910 0

900 0

890
0

880
0
PA R K

181136
181136

870
0

86
00

85
00

84
00

83
00

180906
180906

Park 2 (E3772)

82
00
0 100 200
Metres ±
199531 199901 200271

Figure 4: Location and extent of Park 2 E3772 on the N7 Castletown to Nenagh�


Plate 2: View of Park 2 from south-west�

7 Excavation results
The excavation of the site at Park comprised a substantial mound of burnt material (Fig-
ure 5). The mound measured 32 m by 16 m by 0.5 m in depth. It overlay a trough, a well
and two pits (Plate 2). Evidence of trough-side furniture in the form of 17 stake-holes and
two post-holes was recorded at the western end of the trough. Two Middle Bronze Age
radiocarbon dates were returned from a fill of the trough and the well. Small quantities
of plant remains were recovered from the site. A modern field boundary and a quarry pit
were recorded in the area of excavation.

Layers of burnt mound material
The burnt mound comprised several layers (C.3, C.14, C.17, C.18, C.20, C.41, C.42,
C.55, C.69, C.87, C.88, C.93, C.94, C.95, C.96, C.97, C.98, C.114 and C.117). The main
layer C.3 was a black silty sandy with inclusions of stone. It measured 32.6 m in length
by 16.4 m in width and 0.48 m in depth. Four other layers (C.41, C.55, C.69 and C.117)
were similar in composition to the primary layer. Four layers (C.14, C.42, C.87 and C.88)
were recorded overlying the main layer of burnt mound material. At least five layers (C.15,
C.80, C.81, C.82 and C.185) were derived from re-deposited material from the excavation
of the cut features. They were a mix of sands and silts. Seven layers of sand (C.93, C.94,

11

199890 199920

12
±
49

197

Pit

181143
181143

Mound material

54

89
183 Trough

91
O
) 133 Trough Well
114 m O.D.
Pair of
upright 5
Field boundary posts 119
137

181130
181130

0 10 m
199890 199920
Figure 5: Post-excavation plan of Park 2 E3772�


Plate 3: View of trough C�5, well C�119 and pit C�183 from west�

Plate 4: View of trough C�5 from west�

13

199910 199915

14
±

181135
181135

5
133
189

191 193 139

155
153
161 163
151 165 Trough
159 157
149
147

Pair of
upright
posts 142
143
146

137

181132
181132

0 2m
199910 199915

Figure 6: Post-excavation plan of trough C�5�


C.95, C.96, C.97, C.98 and C.114) were recorded underlying the main layer of burnt
mound material

The Trough, post-holes, well and pits
The trough C.5 was a large oval pit that was centrally located beneath the mound (Figure
6, Plate 3). It was cut into a slope and was deepest at the western end. The basal fill C.4
was a grey sandy silt. The primary fills (C.17, C.18 and C.20) were layers of burnt mound
material. A Middle Bronze Age date of cal BC 1508–1422 (UB-12351) was returned from
pomideae charcoal from the fill C.4.

Context Dimensions Shape
Trough C.5 4.26 x 1.6 x 0.62 Rectangular
Well C.119 4.52 x 2.86 x 0.6 Oval
Pit C.183 1.9 x 1.65 x 0.29 Oval
Pit C.197 1.72 x 1.38 x 0.37 Oval
Table 1 Dimensions of trough, well and pits

Two postholes (C.133 and C.137) were located on the northern and southern side of
the trough respectively (Plate 4). Post-hole C.133 was circular in plan and measured 0.45
m by 0.38 m by 0.32 m in depth. Post-hole C.137 was measured 0.77 m by 0.51 m by 0.37
m in depth.
A group of 17 stake-holes were located at the western end of the trough. Three of
the stake-holes were located between the posts and the edge of the trough, two (C.142
and C.146) on the southern side and one C.139 on the northern. Five of the stake-holes
(C.189, C.153, C.151, C.49 and C.143) formed an approximate arc on the periphery of the
cluster. Four (C.147, C.155, C.191 and C.193) were located within the arc. Five (C.157,
C.159, C.161, C.163 and C.165) were situated in a very close cluster.
The well C.119 was located 2 m east of the trough. It was oval in plan (Figure 7, Plate
5). The four fills (C.129, C.130, C.131, C.132) were a mix of sands and silts. Ground water
was recorded in the base of the well during the course of the excavation.
Two oval pits (C.183 and C.197) were located to the north of the trough. The pits were
similar in terms of size and plan. Pit C.183 was located 3 m north of the trough (Plate 6).
Pit C.197 was located 5 m north of pit C.183. It had been cut by the field boundary C.54.

Modern agricultural activity
A field boundary C.54 orientated north-east /south-west was recorded in the northern sec-
tion of the area of excavation. It was marked on the 1st edition OS map sheet TN22. The
ditch was 3 m wide by 0.6 m in depth. Sherds of 19 century creamware and a tin brooch
(E3772:86:1 and E3772:57:1) were recorded in the ditch.
A possible quarry pit C.49 had cut the field boundary. It measured 5 m by 3 m and
was 0.6 m in depth. The fills were a mix of brown silts.

15

16
Park 2
E3772
Northwest facing section of C.119

C.129

C.131 C.130

d
oo
C.132 W
Wood
Wood

C.119

Park 2
E3772
West facing section of C.54

C.86

C.85
Overcut

C.84 C.83

C.54

Park 2
E3772
West facing section of C.5

C.20

C.17

C.18

C.4
C.5
0 500 mm

Figure 7: Section of well C�119, ditch C�54 and trough C�5�


Plate 5: View of well C�119 from north�

Plate 6: View of pit C�183 from south�

Plant remains
The plant remains were examined by Penny Johnston (Appendix 4). Small quantities of
charred plant remains, including hulled and naked barley and hazelnut shell fragments,
were recovered from the basal fill of the trough, a layer of burnt mound material, the

17


quarry pit and a stake-hole. The seeds recovered from the well were un-charred. The plant
remains were recovered in small quantities and are likely to be accidental inclusions.

Animal bone
The animal bone was examined by Margaret McCarthy (Appendix 5). The quantity of
bones recovered from Park 2 was very small and apart from documenting the presence
of cattle at the site no other dietary information can be extrapolated from the data. Four
adult cattle teeth were recovered from one of the layers (C87) of burnt mound material.
The fill (C57) of a modern field boundary also contained cattle teeth, two molars from an
adult individual.

Charcoal
The charcoal was identified for radiocarbon dating by Mary Dillon. Pomideae charcoal
and hazel charcoal were identified from the fills of the trough and the well respectively.

Radiocarbon dates
Radiocarbon analysis was carried out by the 14 Chrono Centre in Queen’s University
Belfast. Dates were calibrated using Calib Rev5.0.2 (©1986–2005 M.Stuiver P.J. Re-
imer) and in conjunction with Stuiver Reimer 1993 and Reimer et al. 2004.

Lab code Context Material Un-cali- δ 13 1 sigma calibration 2 sigma
brated date C calibration
UB- 4 Pomideae charcoal 3197 +/- 24 -24.2 BC 1494–1471 BC 1508–1422
12351 from trough C.5 1466–1443
UB-12352 132 Hazel charcoal from 3220 +/- 24 -25.3 BC 1505–1453 BC 1527–1433
well C.119
Table 2: Radiocarbon dates

18


8 Discussion
A fulacht fiadh / burnt mound were recorded on low ground in Park. The layers of burnt
mound material overlay a trough, pits and a well. Many theories speculate as to the actual
use of burnt mound/fulacht fiadh sites (e.g. O’Kelly 1954; Ó Drisceoil 1988). We recog-
nise the sites archaeologically by the remains of charcoal and heat shattered stones but
as Ó Néill (2004) points out, these are the remains of a technology (the use of hot stones
known as ‘pyrolithic technology’), rather than specific indications of the aims of the proc-
ess. The large trough and smaller pits indicate that there was extensive use of hot stone
technology at this site and that it was probably used for heating water.
Burnt mounds are the most common Bronze Age sites found in Ireland. Estimates
suggest that at least 4,500 examples are known. The characteristic site-type is found in
low-lying and damp ground and consists of a mound of charcoal-rich black sediment that
is packed with heat shattered stones and forms a horse-shoe shape around a pit or trough
that filled with water. In many cases all that survives to the present day are black charcoal
rich deposits with fragments of shattered stones visible in ploughed fields.
These sites are associated with the process of roasting stones to heat water. The remains
of these ‘pyrolithic technologies’ (terminology follows Ó Néill 2004) produce the tell-tale
deposits rich in charcoal and heat-affected stone. Debate continues about their use, as hot
water is required for many processes including cooking, brewing, washing, dyeing and,
most recently it has been argued that some burnt mounds were primarily used to boil and
cure meat for long term storage (Roycroft 2006).
Traditionally these sites have been interpreted as ancient cooking places, where large
stones were heated in fires and then added to the water filled trough the extreme heat
of the stones eventually heating the water in the trough until it reached boiling point.
Experimental cooking at reconstructed sites such as Ballyvourney (O’Kelly 1954) has
demonstrated that meat wrapped in straw and placed into a boiling trough can be cooked
quite effectively. The perceived lack of any animal bones from these excavated sites has
been used as an argument against this theory. More recently however there is a growing
corpus of sites which have produced animal bone (Tourunen 2008) including, though the
amounts are small, all of the burnt mounds sites on the N7 (Contract 1).
The traditional perception of the burnt mound site is that they are isolated features
on the landscape situated on marginal ground away from settlement. Recent studies how-
ever are requiring a re-evaluation of this perception. It can be regarded as certain that
the settlement sites and associated burnt mounds are only one part of a wider prehistoric
landscape which also includes lithic production and metalworking sites as well as burial
sites (Sternke 2009). Each of the six sites excavated on the N7 was located with a 1km ra-
dius of a Bronze Age settlement site, Clashnevin within 1 km east of Derrybane 2 E3591,
the site at Park E3772 was one of complex of burnt mound sites in the vicinity of Park 1
E3659 and the three sites at Greenhills (E3638, E3637, and E3658) within 1 km east of
Drumbaun E3912.

19

191232 208232

20
¢

184059
184059

178059
178059

191232 208232
Barrow (11) Cairn (1) Fulacht Fiadh (15) Megalithic tomb (3) Pit group (3) Standing stone (9) 0 2.5 5
Burnt spread (2) Cremation (2) Linkardstown burial (2) Mound (6) Settlement site (9) Km
Figure 8: Prehistoric sites on and in the environs of N7 Castletown to Nenagh�


The inventory for North Tipperary lists 77 burnt mounds (Farrelly 2002) and the
inventory for Offaly lists 14 (O’Brien 1997) (Figure 8). Many more sites have been re-
corded since the inventories were published. A total of six burnt mounds including Park
were excavated on the N7 Castletown to Nenagh (Contract 1). At least 15 burnt mound
sites were excavated on the N7 Castletown to Nenagh (Contract 2) with a concentration
of 11 sites in the townland of Camlin. Burnt mounds were also excavated on the route
of the Nenagh by-pass and the Limerick Ring Road. A further five sites were recorded in
Park and Rosdrehid townlands during the testing of the service area site (Frazer 2009).

Site Name E No. Radiocarbon date 2 sigma calibration Period
Clashnevin 1 E3586 BC 1262–1110 1103–1072 1068–1056 Middle Bronze Age
Clashnevin 1 E3586 AD 982–1040 Medieval
Cullenwaine E3741 BC 2462 - 2294 Early Bronze Age
Greenhills 1 E3638 BC 2133 - 1950 Early Bronze Age
Greenhills 2 E3637 BC 1889–1748 Early Bronze Age
Greenhills 2 E3637 BC 2561–2536 2492–2299 Early Bronze Age
Greenhills 3 E3658 BC 1125–975 954–943 Middle Bronze Age
Greenhills 3 E3658 BC 2465–2286 2246–2243 Early Bronze Age
Greenhills 3 E3658 BC 1876–1841 1823–1797 1781–1683 Early Bronze Age
Park 2 E3772 BC 1508–1422 Middle Bronze Age
Park 2 E3772 BC 1527–1433 Middle Bronze Age
Table 3: Radiocarbon dates from the burnt mound sites on the N7 Castletown to Nenagh (Contract 1)

Most dated burnt mound sites have a focus of activity in the Middle to Late Bronze
Age (Brindley and Lanting 1990; and see graph of dates in Ó Néill 2003/2004). In all
ten radiocarbon dates were obtained from the burnt mound sites on the route of the N7
Castletown to Nenagh. The majority of the sites are Early Bronze Age in date.
There are six main types of archaeological features encountered at burnt mound sites;
wells/springs, layers/deposits, hearths, trough/boiling pits, smaller pits, and stakeholes/
postholes. Five of the six feature types were recorded at Park. The mound overlay a
trough, pits and a large well. There is no water course in proximity to the site but the well,
cut into the water table would have provided any water that was needed and the site is
located on the edge of a wet boggy area. The mound at Park survived to a height of 0.5 m
and several layers were identified within the mound of burnt material. No formal hearth
was identified in association with the mound. A substantial trough was located 2 m west
of the well. A total of 17 stake-holes and two post-holes were located at the western end
of the trough. It is envisaged that the three components, the trough and the trough-side
furniture constructed from the stake-holes and the pair of opposing posts, would have
functioned in unison in food processing. A similar type of trough-side furniture was re-
corded at one of the troughs at Clashnevin 1 E3586. Two pits located to the north of the
trough may have functioned as boiling pits. They may have held containers made from
organic material such as baskets or wooden buckets and would have functioned in con-
junction with the other elements at the site in food processing.

21


There were six burnt mound sites recorded on the route of the N7 (Contract 1). All of
the sites conformed to a general common design but there were a number of differences
that distinguished one site from another. The water source that was used at each site was
different. A substantial well was recorded at Clashnevin, a less substantial well was record-
ed at Park. In addition the sites at Greenhills and Park were located on the edge of wet
boggy ground. There was no obvious water source at Cullenwaine. There were no stone
tools recovered from the burnt mound at Clashnevin. In contrast they were recovered
from four of the other five sites. The presence of the flint and chert scrapers suggests that
hide-processing and wood- and/or bone-working were some of the activities that could
have been carried out at these sites.

22


9 References
Brindley, A.L. and Lanting, J.N. (1990) ‘The dating of fulachta fiadh’, in Buckley, V.
(ed.) Burnt Offerings. International contributions to burnt mound archaeology,
55–56. Dublin, Wordwell.

Farrelly, J., and O’Brien, C. (2002) Archaeological Inventory of County Tipperary Vol. 1 -
North Tipperary, The Stationery Office Dublin.

Frazer, W. (2009) Archaeological Assessment Report Nenagh NRA Service Area Park
townland, North Co. Tipperary and Roshedrid and Clynoe townlands, Co.
Offaly 09E122. Margaret Gowan Co. Ltd. Unpublished report.

Gardiner, M.J. and Radford,T. (1980) Soil Associations of Ireland and Their Land Use
Potential. Dublin, An Foras Talúntais.

McLaughlin, M. and Conran, S. (2008) ‘The emerging Iron Age of South Munster’ in
Seanda, Issue 3, 51–53. Dublin.

National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (2006) An Introduction to the Architectural
Heritage of North Tipperary. Government of Ireland.

O’Brien, C. (1997) Archaeological Inventory of County Offaly, The Stationery Office,
Dublin.

O’Conor, K.D. (1998) The Archaeology of Medieval Rural Settlement in Ireland,
Discovery Programme Monographs No 3, Discovery Programme/Royal Irish
Academy Dublin.

O’Kelly, M.J. (1954) Excavations and experiments in Irish cooking places. Journal of the
Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Vol 84.

Ó Néill, J. (2003/2004) Lapidibus in igne calefactis coquebatur: The historical burnt
mound “tradition”, Journal of Irish Archaeology Vol. XII XIII.

Reimer, P.J., Baillie, M.G.L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Bertrand, C., Blackwell,
P.G., Buck, C.E., Burr, G., Cutler, K.B., Damon, P.E., Edwards, R.L., Fairbanks,
R.G., Friedrich, M., Guilderson, T.P., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., McCormac,
F.G., Manning, S., Bronk Ramsey, C., Reimer, R.W., Remmele, S., Southon, J.R.,
Stuiver, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F.W., van der Plicht, J. and Weyhenmeyer, C.E.
(2004) ‘IntCal04 Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0–26 Cal Kyr BP’,
Radiocarbon 46, 1029–1058.

23


Roycroft, N. (2006) A theory on Boiled Bull and Burnt Mounds, Seanda Issue 1,
38–39, National Road Authority, Dublin.

Roycroft, N. (2008) Before, during and after the Kingdom of Ely, Seanda, Issue 3. 34–35,
National Road Authority, Dublin.

Sternke, F. (2009) More than meets the eye; an appraisal of the lithic assemblages
from the route of the N7 Castletown to Nenagh (Contract 1). Seanda. Issue 4,
30–31,National Road Authority, Dublin.

Stuiver, M., and Reimer, P.J. (1993) ‘Extended (super 14) C data base and revised
CALIB 3.0 (super 14) C age calibration program’, Radiocarbon 35, 215–230.

Stout, M. (1997) The Irish Ringfort. Dublin, Four Courts Press.

Taylor, K. (2008) ‘At home and on the road: two Iron Age sites in County Tipperary’ in
Seanda, Issue 3, 54–55. Dublin.

Tourunen, A. (2008) Fauna and fulachta fiadh: animal bones from burnt mounds
on the N9/N10 Carlow Bypass. In J. O’Sullivan and M. Stanley (eds.), Roads,
Rediscovery and Research. Archaeology and the National Roads Authority
Monograh Series No. 5. Wordwell.

Woodman, P.C. (2000) ‘Hammers and Shoeboxes: New Agendas for Prehistory’., pp. 1
-10 in Desmond, A., Johnson, G., McCarthy, M., Sheehan, J. and Shee Twohig,
E. New Agendas in Irish Prehistory. Papers in commemoration of Liz Anderson. Bray,
Wordwell.

24


Appendix 1 Stratigraphic Index

Please see attached CD.

25


Appendix 2 Site Matrix

26


27


28


29


Appendix 3 Groups and Subgroups
Group Description Subgroup Description Context No.
No. No.
Group 1 Natural deposits A Topsoil C.1
B Subsoil C.2
Group 2 Trough and as- A Trough C.5
sociated features

B Re-deposited layers associ- C.52, C.53, C.123, C.135
ated with Trough

C Postholes C.133, C.137

D Stakeholes C.139, C.142, C.143, C.146,
C.147, C.149, C.151, C.153,
C.155, C.157, C.159, C.161,
C.163, C.165, C.189, C.191,
C.193.
Group 3 Well and associ- A Well C.119
ated features
B Re-deposited C. 99, C.100, C.120, C.121,
Layers C.122, C.127, C.128

Group 4 Pits A Pit close to trough C.183
B Pit Underneath Field C.197
Boundary
Group 5 Layers of burnt A Main layers of burnt C.3, C.41, C.52 C.117
mound material mound material
B Layers of re-deposited C.15, C.41, C.55, C.69, C.80,
material within mound C.81, C.82, C.185

C Re-deposited material C.93, C.94, C.95, C.96, C.97,
underlying main layer of C.98.
burnt mound material
D layers of burnt mound ma- C.14, C.42, C.87, C.88.
terial overlying the main
layer of burnt mound
material
Group 6 Modern features A Field Boundary C.54
B Re-deposited natural asso- C.177, C.178, C.179, C.180,
ciated with field boundary C.181, C.182, C.186

C Quarry C.49
D Furrows C.89, C.91
Group 7 Natural features A C.7, C.10, C.13, C.21, C.22,
C.24, C.30, C.34, C.35, C.37,
C.38, C.46, C.48, C.56,
C.70, C.101, C.102, C.103,
C.107, C.109, C.124, C.169,
C.172

30


Group 1 Natural Deposits

Subgroup A
Topsoil C.1
Description
A dark brown, peaty silt topsoil

Subgroup B
Subsoil C. 2
Description
A light grey, silty sand subsoil
Interpretation

Group 2 Trough and associated features

Subgroup A
Trough C.5 (fills C. 4, C.17, C.18, and C.20)
Description
A trough located centrally under the fulacht mound, rectangular in shape, measuring
4.26m long, 1.6mwide, and .62 m in depth. The trough was cut into the slope, and was
deepest to the west, while the maximum depth at the eastern end was approximately .15m
in depth. The trough was filled by two fills. The primary fill was a dark greyish black,
stony, silty sand with a large amount of burned stone and a moderate amount of charcoal.
The secondary fill was a light yellowish, brownish grey sandy silt. This was a layer from
above the trough which has slumped into the cut of the trough.

Interpretation
This trough was a typical trough found in a fulacht fiadh. It was likely used to heat water,
which may have been supplied from the well C.119. Three of the layers of burnt mound
material C.17, C.18 and C.20 had slumped into the trough and overlay the basal fill C.4

Subgroup B
Redeposited Natural Associated with Trough C.53, C.123, C.135
Description
These are layers of redeposited soil located near the trough, which may be indicative of
either the initial excavation of the trough, or with cleaning episodes of the trough.

31


Subgroup C
Postholes C.133 (fills C.134, C.136) and C.137 (fill C.138)
Description
Two postholes located on either side of the western end of the trough. The northern
posthole C.133 was circular, 0.45 m long, 0.38 m wide and 0.32 m deep. The primary
fill (C.134) was a dark brown silt with a large amount of stones. There was a hollow area
in the centre, which may indicate the removal of the post. The stones in this fill may be
packing material, which has collapsed into the cut. The secondary fill was located in the
southwest corner of the cut and appeared to be a mix of natural subsoil and burnt mound
material.

The southern posthole C.137 was sub-circular in plan with steep sides. It measured 0.77
by 0.51 by 0.37 m in depth. The fill C.138 was a black silty sand with inclusions of stones
and charcoal.
Interpretation
The postholes were located on either side of the western end of the trough.

Subgroup D
17 Stakeholes C.139 (fill C.140), C.142 (fill C.141), C.143, (fill C.144), C.146 (fill C.145),
C.147 (fill C.148), C.149 (fill C.150), C.151 (fill C.152), C.153 (fill C.154), C.155 (fill
C.156) C.157 (fill C.158), C.159 (fill C.160), C.161 (fill C.162), C.163 (fill C.164), C.165
(fill C.166), C.189 (fill C.190), C.191 (fill C.192), C.193 (fill C.194)
Description
The average measurement was 0.12m by 0.10m with the average depth being 0.9m. All
the stakeholes are circular to sub-circular in plan. The sides are all smooth and vertical.
Interpretation
Seventeen stakeholes on western side of trough

Group 3 Well and associated material

Subgroup A Well
Well C.119, (fills C.129, C.130, C.131, C.132)
Description
The cut was sub-circular in plan with rounded corners. The break of slope top and base
were both gradual. The sides were steep and smooth on NE, moderate and irregular on
SW, steep and concave on SE, steep and stepped on NW. The base was oval in plan and
concave in profile. The cut measured 4.52m NE SW by 2.86m and had a maximum depth
of 0.6m. The upper fill was a weakly cemented, dark black stony sand. The next fill was a
soft, dark brownish grey peaty silt with occasional small pieces of charcoal. The next layer

32


was a loose, dark greyish black, sandy, stony silt. The basal layer was a firm, mid brown
silty sand.
Interpretation
Cut of pit located 2 m west of trough C5. Deliberated excavated for some purpose as-
sociated with burnt mound. Possible well- base filled slightly with ground water during
excavation. May have been used as a water source for trough C5.

Subgroup B
Redeposited Material Associated with Well
Layers C. 99, C.100, C.122, C.120, C.121, C.127, C.128
Description
The layer C.99 was a soft, light yellowish brownish grey sandy silt. Underneath that layer
was C.100, which was a soft, light yellowish brownish grey sandy silt. These layers are
redeposited natural. Both are present as a positive feature similar to nearby feature C120.
The upper layer of this positive feature was a firm, dark brown silt. The middle fill was a
soft, light greyish brown sandy silt. The basal layer was a firm, dark brown silt. The layer
C.127 was a soft, light yellowish brownish grey sandy silt. Underlying this was the layer
C.128, which was a soft, mid reddish brown clayey, peaty silt.
Interpretation
These contexts form three positive features of redeposited natural. Material possibly cast-
up from the pit C119.

Group 4 Pits

Subgroup A
Pit C.183 (fills C.184, C.187, and C.188)
Description
The cut was oval in plan with rounded corners. The break of slope top and base were
sharp. The sides were moderate and smooth on N, steep and smooth/concave on S, steep
and smooth/stepped on E, steep and smooth on W. The base was oval in plan and flat in
profile. The cut measured 1.9m by 1.65m had a maximum depth of 0.29m and was ori-
entated east west. The upper fill was a very soft, dark black stony silt. The next fill was a
firm, dark reddish brown peaty silt. The basal layer was a loose, light yellowish grey silty,
stony sand.
Interpretation
Cut of a possible pit. Regular shape indicates that it was probably a pit rather than a
naturally formed feature; however, shallow depth suggests it was unlikely to be a trough.
Fulacht material within fill suggests it was contemporary with fulacht. May be related to
trough cut C5 in close proximity.

33


Subgroup B
Pit Underneath Field Boundary C.197 (fills C.195, C.196)
Description
The pit was oval in plan with rounded corners. The break of slope top was gradual. The
sides were steep and smooth on W, moderate and smooth elsewhere. The break of slope
base was imperceptible. The base was oval in plan and concave in profile. The pit meas-
ured 1.72m north south by 1.38m and had a maximum depth of 0.37m. The upper fill of
the pit was a weakly cemented, mid greyish black silty sand, while the basal fill was filled
with loose grey pebbles.
Interpretation
Cut of pit. The regular shape would suggest formation due to human activity. Presence of
charcoal, roots and animal teeth in the fill are indicative of human activity. Pit pre-dates
field boundary C54 and was truncated by this field boundary.

Group 5 Layers of burnt mound material

Subgroup A
Main Layers of Mound C.3, C.41, C.55, C.69, C.117
Description
The upper layer C.117 was a compact black silty sand and was a layer which occurred
over the mound. The main layer was C.3, which was a stiff, dark greyish black silty sand
and stones and represents the burnt mound material covering the majority of the site.
The layer measured 32.6m north south by 16.4m and had a maximum depth of 0.48m.
The next layer C.41 measured 2.91m north south by 2.91m and had a maximum depth
of 0.15m and comprised of a firm, dark greyish black silt. The next layer C.55 was also a
firm, dark greyish black silt. The layer C.69 was a soft dark greyish black silt.
Interpretation
These contexts represent the burnt mound material covering the majority of the site. This
material was formed due to human factors - stones were heated, added to the trough to
boil water and then were discarded to form the layers.

Subgroup B
Layers of Re-deposited Material within Mound C.15, C.80, C.81, C.82, C.185
Description
C.15 was a weakly cemented light brownish yellow sand and was located between con-
texts C.41 and C.55. The layer C.80 was a compact dark grey clayey silty sand. Directly
under C.80 was C.81, which was a soft, dark grey sandy silt. The next layer was a C.82,

34


which was a compact, mid grey silty sand. The final layer of re-deposited material was a
weakly cemented, light grey sand which was located between layers C.94 and C.114.
Interpretation
These layers of re-deposited material occur within the mound and maybe as a result of
excavation of pits and troughs.

Subgroup C
Layers of re-deposited material underlying main layer of burnt mound material
C.93, C.94, C.95, C.96, C.97, C.98, C.114
Description
The upper layer was a compact light yellowish grey sand. The next layer was a compact,
light greyish black silty sand. Underlying this was a compact, mid greyish white sand. The
next layer was a loose, mid greyish white sand. The layer C.97 was a weakly cemented,
mid greyish white sand. Underlying this was a compact, light brownish white silty sand.
The basal layer was a stiff, mid brown clayey silt.
Interpretation
These layers formed through the dumping of burnt mound material mixed with subsoil
and oxidisation processes.

Subgroup D
Small layers of burnt mound material overlying the main mound
C.3, C.14, C.42, C.87, C.88,

C.3 was the main layer that comprised the mound of burnt material. There were several
mixed layers of re-deposited burnt mound material underlying the main layer. Its difficult
to trace all the layers and whether they were primary layers or re-deposited layers but
they all make up the mound. C.14 and C.42 were both weakly cemented, light orangish
brown silts and maybe a natural transference layer between topsoil and burnt mound ma-
terial C3. The layer C.87 was a soft, mid brown peaty silt and may have formed through
the natural accumulation of soil over the burnt mound material. The layer C.88 was a
firm, dark greyish black clayey, stony silt which was mixed burnt mound material.
Interpretation
These layers represent the natural formation of soils over the mound since its last use.

Group 6 Modern Features

Subgroup A
Field Boundary C.54 (fills C.57-C.67, C.72- C.79 and C.83-C.86)
Description

35

Archaeological Report - Park 2, Co. Tipperary (Ireland)

Archaeological Report - Park 2, Co. Tipperary (Ireland)

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