Video presentation; https://goo.gl/8Nlfh5 HIV & AIDS _ Histological View - 2016 What is HIV & AIDS ? How can it produce that damage ? How can we treat it ? How can it be transmitted ? How can't it be transmitted ? How to prevent it ?

2. Introduction

3. What is HIV ?
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• HIV is the virus that causes
AIDS
• It limits the body’s ability to
fight infection due to markedly
reduced helper T cells.

4. What is AIDS?
 HIV reduces the number of helper T
cell.
 When the number is below 200
cells/mcL or CD4 lymphocyte
percentage below 14% are considered
to have AIDS.
 Also opportunistic infections
commonly occur (eg, pneumonia ,
Meningitis , encephalitis , TB , chronic
diarrhea & cancer as Kaposi’s sarcoma)
 Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome

6. Alright let’s tell a small story 

7. Action of immune system

8. T helper cell “the boss of action”
 Phagocyte eats the
antigen.
 Binds to T helper
CD4 cell “the boss”.
 T helper cell starts
to stimulate the
other immune cells.

9. So HIV fights T cell “the boss” ,
reducing it and so , destroying the
immune system 

10. How come ?????

11. Structure of the virus
 It’s an enveloped retroviruses.
 Retroviruses transcribe RNA to
DNA.
 It’s composed of :
• Outer envelope “lipid-billiard
with specific glycoprotein
embedded ”
• These knob-like structures
responsible for binding to
target cell.
• Capsule protein or capsid
contains : -
• Two viral strands of RNA
• Reverse transcriptase enzyme
• Integrase enzyme
• Protease enzyme

12. Mechanism of Action

13. Binding and Entry
• The specific glycoprotein
at the membrane of the
virus “gp120 and gp41”
bind to the CD4+ cell
receptors. Fusing with it,
and the viral core enters
the CD4+ cell.
• The CD4+ cell enzymes
interact with the core of
the virus and stimulates
the release of viral RNA
and the enzymes.

14. Reverse Transcription
• It’s mediated by
reverse transcriptase,
allows the RNA to
convert to DNA.
• A single strand of
DNA is produced, and
then replicates into
double stranded
DNA.

15. Integration
• Integrase inserts
viral DNA into
CD4+ cell’s DNA.
• The CD4+ cell is
now “machine”
used to produce
more HIV.

16. Budding
• HIV proteins, viral RNA
and all components
needed to make a new
virus gather at the CD4+
cell membrane to form
a new virus.
• The virus is pushing
through the cell
membrane.

17. Maturation
HIV protease cuts the
long HIV proteins of
the virus into smaller
functional units that
then reassemble to
form a mature virus.
& then it infects other
cells.

18. Transmission

19. body fluids
• Transmission: through bodily fluids from an
infected person “virus must be present with
high concentration” as :
- Blood transfusion
- Semen
- Vaginal fluid
- Milk from mother to child
- Also organ transplant and sharing syringe

20. Wrong concepts

21. HIV is NOT transmitted through :
– Casual contact (shaking hands)
– Hugging
– Kissing
– Sweat
– Tears
– Donating Blood
– Swimming Pools
– Toilet seats
– Telephones
– Sharing bed linens, towels, eating utensils, or
food
– Insect bites

22. Exposure

23. HCP’s reported to have AIDS:
• Physicians 1792
• Lab technicians 3182
• Dental workers 492
• Surgeons 200

24. Treatment

25. Anti-retroviral drugs
“Just control or decrease the rate”
• Entry Inhibitors (Including Fusion Inhibitors)
• Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
• Integrase Inhibitors
• Protease Inhibitors

26. HIV vaccine
• Team of scientists from Aarhaus University
figured out that chemotherapy drug known
as Romidepsin, leads to flushing out the virus
from its reservoirs & increases it’s the levels in
the blood.
• They are still working to develop this cure to
enhance the immunity to kill the virus

27. Evidence from the research

28. Prevention

29. HIV Prevention
• Getting tested regularly.
• Using condoms all the time.
• Not sharing : needles , tooth
brushes or razors
• Interruption of transmitter
from mother to child.
• Education & Behavioral
modification.
• Protected sexual intercourse.
• Vaccination.

30. A message