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Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 
PHYSICAL DESIGN AND MODELING OF 25V DC-DC 
BOOST CONVERTER FOR STAND ALONE SOLAR PV 
APPLICATION IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION 
SYSTEM 
Priyadarshi1 Samina Elyas Mubeen2 and Rajneesh Karn3 
1,2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Radharaman Engineering 
College Bhopal 
3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering SAM College of Engineering and 
Technology Bhopal 
ABSTRACT 
As per the present development the shortage in power all over the world seems to be abundance. 
Renewable energy sources are the capable energy source along with the accessible resources of energy. 
Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar PV technology is most acceptable due to its 
considerable advantage over other form of renewable sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a key 
aspect. The main principle of this paper is to present physical modeling and simulation of solar PV system 
and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it 
models the system physically and the outcome obtains from it will be considering all the physical result. In 
this paper the output of solar cell has been interfaced with the boost converter. The system model in 
SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware for implement for actual time application. 
KEYWORDS 
Solar panels, DC-DC boost converter, solar system, renewable energy, continuous conduction mode 
(CCM). 
1. NOMENCLATURE 
e Electron charge (1.602 × 
10 ^(-19) C), 
〖〗 
k Boltzmann constant, 
I Cell output current, A, 
ph I Photon generated current, 
0 I Reverse saturation current for diode D, 
02 I Reverse saturation current for diode D2, 
s R Series resistance of cell, 
sh R Shunt resistance of cell, 
V Cell output voltage, 
t V Thermal voltage = VT=(Ns*N*k*T)/q , 
T Cell operating temperature, 
DOI : 10.14810/ecij.2014.3301 1
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 
2 
in,max P Maximum power obtain from solar PV 
pv V Voltage of solar PV for maximum power 
D percentage of ripple current to load output 
current 
out (max ) I Maximum output current 
out DV Desired output voltage ripple 
s F Switching frequency 
D Duty cycle 
pv,max V Maximum output voltage from PV array 
L DI Desired ripple Current 
in V Input voltage of the boost converter 
out V Average output voltage of the boost converter 
on t Switching on time of the MOSFET 
off t Switching off time of MOSFET 
h Efficiency of the converter 
in V Input voltage of the boost converter 
off t Switching off time of MOSFET 
q 
Charge on an electron, 
N 
Diode emission coefficient or quality factor of 
the diode 
N2 
Diode emission coefficient or quality factor of 
the diode D2. 
2.INTRODUCTION 
At present time most of the Renewable energy sources like photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cells (FC) 
wind energy require power electronic conditioning. In the view of various concern such as 
environment, global warming, energy security, technology improvements and decreasing costs , 
installation of the PV system growing rapidly . Generated energy by PV system considered like a 
hygienic and ecological sources of energy [1]. 
In the last several years photovoltaic system makes more attention as suitable and capable 
renewable energy because of its copious magnitude existing in environment. High installation 
cost and worse renovation efficiency are the main drawback of PV system. The newer technique 
of manufacturing crystalline design has been adopted to make cost effectively PV system. PV 
energy system will have more impact in the upcoming year due to the development of cost-effective 
power translation apparatus [2]. 
In the earlier examine [3],out of all energy sources mostly PV can be simply incorporate 
with obtainable topology of switch mode DC-DC power converters. Usually 36 cells with 
series combination consisting in a solar panel will produces around 21V in highest daylight 
situation and for the charging of batteries up to 12V the upper limit of power generation by 
the panel will be restricted [4].
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 
At a emission intensity of 1000 W/m2 normally PV systems are designed in such a manner to 
contain rated power just about 160 W and at maximum power point (MPP) the output voltage is 
around 23-38 V. After that DC-DC converter are coupled to the PV system. At this point by the 
help of maximum power point algorithm tracking of maximum power are possible keeping the 
output stay synchronize with load. [2] 
PWM control can be controlled DC-DC boost converter and this method will be applied among 
the solar panel and the batteries, to improve the voltage level of solar panel for charging the 
batteries at every instant yet while the panel voltage be a smaller amount than battery 
charging voltage. Even though the preliminary cost of solar cell is too high, DC-DC boost 
converter is significant for solving this condition [1]. 
At this conditions power electronics device are introduces as a necessary division for renewable 
energy systems (RES). To convert DC into AC and for increases value of generated voltage an 
inverter and boost converter are employed in the system therefore desired voltage level is 
obtained. 
In this paper a fundamental circuit of DC-DC boost converter is projected which has been made 
in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB .The benefit of SIMSCAPE is that it provide enhanced 
practical model of substantial element. Thus implementation of the physical modeling on 
hardware is easier in this way. 
In different solar radiation and temperature level solar cell have been simulated in SIMSCAPE 
library for different values of load resistor therefore outcome of load variation can be analyzed 
simply for emergent appropriate designing of boost converter. Between PV system and load the 
second component which is employed are DC-DC boost converter. 
2. SOLAR POTENTIAL IN INDIA 
According to Energy Informative, in a year solar radiations attainment the plane of the earth 
would be double of every non-renewable resources, as well as fossil fuels and nuclear uranium. 
The solar energy that hits the earth each second is corresponding to 4 trillion 100-watt glow bulb. 
Moreover, the solar energy that hits 1 square mile in a year is equal to 4 million barrels of oil. 
Hence, the probable of solar energy is enormous [5]. 
India is one of the sun’s most preferential countries, sanctified with reference to 5,000 kwh of 
solar radiation all year with nearly all part getting 4-7 kwh per square per meter per day. 
Therefore, asset in solar energy is a expected choice for India. 
3
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 
3. DISTRIBUTED ENERGY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES 
For the sustainable development of the developing countries there will be incrimination of 
renewable energy resources and at the same time minimization of the global GHG emissions. DG 
might be a feasible scheme to support on the whole developing countries. Modern study have 
shown that extensive acceptance of distributed generation (DG) technologies in power systems be 
able to cooperate in making clean, consistent energy with significant environmental and other 
reimbursement. In 1999, a British investigate approximate reduction of CO2 emissions up to 41% 
with a combined heat and power based DG technology. In the report of Danish power system, 
30% greenhouse gas emissions minimize from 1998 to 2001, with DG technologies [6]. In recent 
times, distributed generation technologies have inward much global interest; and fuelling this 
interest have been the possibilities of intercontinental agreements to condense greenhouse gas 
emissions, electricity sector reformation, high power consistency needs for assured performance, 
and concern on moderation transmission and distribution capability bottlenecks and congestion, 
among others. 
4 
Different types of DG system developed in our world and that are:- 
• Photovoltaic systems (PVs) 
• Wind energy 
• Bio-mass energy 
• Fuel cells 
• Gas turbines 
• Small hydropower 
• Geothermal Energy 
4. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION BY DISTRIBUTED GENERATION 
Adjacent to the electricity needs for industrial development, much more needed to satisfy 
domestic energy consumption. At present, around 2 billion of populations around the world live 
without access to electricity and about 98% of them dwelling in developing countries. In 
developing countries rural areas are the major victims. Rural electricity supply in India is 
suffering both in terms of availability for measured number of hours & penetration level. Out of 
the 27 Indian States, more than 24 States have more than 25% of their rural households yet to 
have an access to electricity [7]. A major blockage in the growth of the power sector is the poor 
economic state of the State electricity boards (SEBs), which can be attributed to the lack of 
satisfactory revenues & high Transmission &Distribution losses to the tune of over 25 %. Due to 
high T&D losses and low collection effectiveness state utilities have very little incentive to 
supply electricity to rural areas. This condition of energy deficiency intensely justifies the socio-economic 
inequality between industrialized and developing countries on wider geographical 
range. 
Distributed power generation, based on locally existing energy resources and supply of this 
additional electricity into the rural electricity grid, can be an significant part of the solution to 
deliver reliable electricity supply to rural population [8]. In few years, an increased environmental 
concern has driven DG to become a clean and efficient choice to the conventional electric energy 
sources [9].
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 
5 
5. MODELLING OF P-V SYSTEM 
Fig. 1. Electrical equivalent circuit of a PV cell 
The output equation of PV cell shown below which is a function of photon current. It is also find 
out by load current depending upon the solar radiation through its operation. 
 =  −
×
 − 1 −
×
 − 1 − 
 
 (1), 
Thus output of PV system is reliant on solar radiation and temperature. In MATLAB 
‘SIMSCAPE’ library a two diode model has been projected and by simulation in different 
irradiation and temperature outcome or characteristic of solar cell has been obtain. 
Fig.3 shows the I-V and P-V characteristic of solar cell 
Power 
Current 
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 
Voltage (volt) 
Fig. 2. 
0.5 
C u rre n t (A m p ) / P o w e r (W a tt) 
0.4 
0.3 
0.2 
0.1 
0 
Fig. 4 shows I-V Characteristic of Solar Cell with different insolation at 250C 
1000 w/m2 
900 w/m2 
800 w/m2 
700 w/m2 
600 w/m2 
500 w/m2 
400 w/m2 
300 w/m2 
200 w/m2 
100 w/m2 
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 
Current (Amp) 
Fig. 3. I-V Characteristic of solar cell 
0.5 
0.45 
0.4 
0.35 
0.3 
0.25 
0.2 
0.15 
0.1 
0.05 
Voltage (Volt) 
Fig.5 shows I-V Characteristic of Solar Cell with 1000 W/m2 insolation at temperature equals 
to 00C, 300C and 600C
Electrical  Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 
6 
0.55 
0.5 
0.45 
0.4 
0.35 
0.3 
0.25 
0.2 
0.15 
0.1 
0.05 
1000 w/m2 
0 C 
30 C 
60 C 
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 
Voltage (Volt) 
Fig. 4. I-V characteristic of solar cell 
Power (Watt) 
Fig.6 shows P-V Characteristic of Solar Cell with 1000 W/m2 solar radiation or insolation at 
temperature equals to 00C, 300C and 600C and constant solar radiation or insolation i.e 1000 
w/m2. 
1000 w/m2 0 C 
30 C 
60 C 
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 
Voltage (Volt) 
Fig. 5. PV characteristic of a solar cell 
0.35 
0.3 
0.25 
0.2 
0.15 
0.1 
0.05 
0 
Power (Watt) 
6. DESIGNING OF BOOST CONVERTER 
Mainly two modes are used by the DC-DC boost converter. First one is continuous conduction 
mode being used for capable power renovation and second one is discontinuous conduction mode 
used for small power or set in process. 
Fig. 6. Electrical equivalent circuit DC-DC Boost Converter 
6.1.Continuous Conduction Mode 
(a) Mode-1( ≤  ≤  !) 
Fig. 7. equivalent circuit Boost Converter for CCM For  ≤ t ≤ ton
Electrical  Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 
At t=0 MOSFET is switched on and mode 1 is commence i.e. Continuous conduction mode. 
The equivalent circuit is shown in figure. In ON condition inductor current is larger than zero 
and it will linearly ramp up. For mode 1 equivalent circuit has been shown above. 
7 
(b) Mode-2 ( ! ≤  ≤  %%) 
Fig. 8. equivalent circuit of boost Converter for ( ! ≤  ≤  ff) 
At t = ton, MOSFET is switched off and at t = toff, it will be terminated. From here Mode 2 will 
begins i.e. discontinuous conduction mode. Mode 2 corresponding circuit diagram has been shown 
in the above figure. At this condition the inductor current decreases whenever the MOSFET is turn 
on for the upcoming cycle. 
+ ( − ) = 0 in on in out off V t V V t 
 
(2) 
Converter equation for these function is specified below 
D = 1 − in 
(3) 
out 
v 
v 
7. ASSORTMENT OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 
The choice of semiconductor must exist in such approaches where it can survive at nastiest 
condition of voltage and current. For the toggle maximum voltage stress will be occurred by the 
maximum voltage of photovoltaic system. 
max, stress pv ,max V = V (4) 
Photovoltaic system provides predominately power therefore maximum current stress will take 
place that is single condition for the current stressing in PV system. PEAK OUTPUT RIPPLE I = I + I (5) 
D * 
P 
I ,max ,max = + in 
(5) 
pv 
pv 
P 
in 
PEAK V 
V 
1-Selection of inductor 
It must be ensure that inductor have little dc resistance. Existence of inductor on the basis of 
maximum ripple current flows at minimum duty cycle in the PV system. By the given equation 
inductor value can be resolute
Electrical  Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 
8 
× 
v D 
= (6) 
in 
I F 
L S 
L 
D × 
2-Selection of Capacitor 
The choice of capacitor depends upon the minimum value of equivalent series resistance. Lesser 
ESR value will reduce the ripple in output voltage. 
An estimated equation for formative the value of capacitance is specified below. 
D 
= (7) 
s L o F V R 
C 
× D × 
o R = 
V 
o 
I 
o 
(8) 
9. PHYSICAL MODELLING OF SOLAR CELL WITH BOOST CONVERTER IN 
SIMSCAPE 
Fig. 9. Matlab Simulation Model of a 36 solar cell fed to BOOST CONVERTER 
developed in SIMSCAPE Library 
Table-1 
Specifications of Boost Converter 
Parameter Value Unit 
Input voltage 25 Volt 
Output voltage 250 Volt 
Switching 
10000 Hz 
frequency 
Duty cycle 90 % 
Inductor value 0.0075 - 
Capacitor value 0.0000072 . 
Ripple .025 
Load resistance 250 Ohm
Electrical  Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 
9 
Table-2 
Specification of Solar cell 
Parameter Value Unit 
Open circuit 
25 Volt 
voltage 
Shot circuit 
Current 
10 Amp 
No of Solar Cells 36 
10. SIMULATION RESULTS BY USING SIMSCAPE 
Fig. 10. Simulated response of Boost voltage at radiation of 1000w/m2 
11. SIMULATION RESULTS BY USING SIMULINK 
Fig. 11. Simulated response of Boost output voltage using Simulink 
Table-3 
Specifications of Boost Converter 
Parameter Value Unit 
Input voltage 50 Volt 
Output voltage 250 Volt 
Switching 
10000 Hz 
frequency 
Duty cycle 80 % 
Inductor value 0.0133 - 
Capacitor value 0.0000064 . 
Ripple .025 
Load resistance 250 Ohm
Electrical  Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 
10 
Table-4 
Specification of Solar cell 
Parameter Value Unit 
Open circuit 
50 Volt 
voltage 
Shot circuit 
Current 
10 Amp 
No of Solar Cells 36 
12. SIMULATION RESULTS BY USING SIMSCAPE 
Fig.12.Simulated response of Boost voltage at radiation of 1000w/m2 
13. SIMULATION RESULTS BY USING SIMULINK 
Fig.13.Simulated response of Boost output voltage using Simulink 
Fig.14.Simulated response of pulses fed to MOSFET
Electrical  Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 
11 
Fig.15.Simulated response of MOSFET Current 
Fig.16.Simulated response of Inductor Current 
CONCLUSION 
The power taming is a necessary stage for photovoltaic system .The output Voltage is not 
enough for most of the appliance that’s why power bumper i.e. DC-DC renovation step is playing 
significant function in case of solar PV relevance as well as in case of highest power Point 
tracking DC-DC translation stage is most important division of the system . Major concern of this 
paper is to propose the physical modeling of photovoltaic system and has been interfaced with 
DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB. The major benefit of dealing with 
physical signal is simplicity of execution with hardware which is significant part of any research. 
REFERENCES 
[1] Dr. Horizon Gitano Briggs, WindPower, pp.558, University Science Malaysia Penang, Malaysia, 
Book Edited, June 2010 
[2] J.Wang, F.Z.Peng, J.Anderson, A. Joseph, R. Buffenbarger, “Low cost fuel cell converter system for 
residential power generation” , IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol. 19, No. 5,pp. 1315-1322, Sep. 
2004 
[3] C.W.Tan, T.C.Greenand C.A.Hernandez, “An improved maximum power point tracking algorithm 
with current mode control for photovoltaic application, ”In Proc. IEEEICPEDS 1991, Nov. 28-Dec.1 
1991 
[4] Matsuo, H.; Hayashi, H.; Kurokawa, F.; Koga, T., A general analysis of the zero-voltage switched 
quasi-resonant buck-boost type DC-DC converter in the continuous and discontinuous modes of the 
reactor current, Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1991. INTELEC '91., 13th International , 
vol., no., pp.472,479, 5-8 Nov 1991 
[5] Solar energy and its potential in India By Varun Dutt Apr 03 2014 
[6] Distributed Generation Education Modules. http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/ index.html; October, 2008 
[7] ERNST  YOUNG, “Models of Rural Electrification Report to forum of Indian regulators,” pp.16 
[8] World Bank, “Empowering rural India: Expanding electricity access by mobilizing local resources,” 
2010,pp.6. 
[9] T.Ackermann , G. Andersson, L. Soder, “Distributed generation: a definition, Electric Power System 
Research,” 57 (2001) 195-204 
[10] J.H.Lee, H.S.Bae ,B.H.Cho “Resistive control for a photovoltaic battery charging system using a 
microcontroller” IEEE Trans On Industrial Electronics Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 2767-2775,Jul. 2008.

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Physical design and modeling of 25 v dc dc boost converter for stand alone solar pv application in distributed generation system

  • 1. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 PHYSICAL DESIGN AND MODELING OF 25V DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER FOR STAND ALONE SOLAR PV APPLICATION IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM Priyadarshi1 Samina Elyas Mubeen2 and Rajneesh Karn3 1,2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Radharaman Engineering College Bhopal 3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering SAM College of Engineering and Technology Bhopal ABSTRACT As per the present development the shortage in power all over the world seems to be abundance. Renewable energy sources are the capable energy source along with the accessible resources of energy. Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar PV technology is most acceptable due to its considerable advantage over other form of renewable sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a key aspect. The main principle of this paper is to present physical modeling and simulation of solar PV system and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it models the system physically and the outcome obtains from it will be considering all the physical result. In this paper the output of solar cell has been interfaced with the boost converter. The system model in SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware for implement for actual time application. KEYWORDS Solar panels, DC-DC boost converter, solar system, renewable energy, continuous conduction mode (CCM). 1. NOMENCLATURE e Electron charge (1.602 × 10 ^(-19) C), 〖〗 k Boltzmann constant, I Cell output current, A, ph I Photon generated current, 0 I Reverse saturation current for diode D, 02 I Reverse saturation current for diode D2, s R Series resistance of cell, sh R Shunt resistance of cell, V Cell output voltage, t V Thermal voltage = VT=(Ns*N*k*T)/q , T Cell operating temperature, DOI : 10.14810/ecij.2014.3301 1
  • 2. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 2 in,max P Maximum power obtain from solar PV pv V Voltage of solar PV for maximum power D percentage of ripple current to load output current out (max ) I Maximum output current out DV Desired output voltage ripple s F Switching frequency D Duty cycle pv,max V Maximum output voltage from PV array L DI Desired ripple Current in V Input voltage of the boost converter out V Average output voltage of the boost converter on t Switching on time of the MOSFET off t Switching off time of MOSFET h Efficiency of the converter in V Input voltage of the boost converter off t Switching off time of MOSFET q Charge on an electron, N Diode emission coefficient or quality factor of the diode N2 Diode emission coefficient or quality factor of the diode D2. 2.INTRODUCTION At present time most of the Renewable energy sources like photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cells (FC) wind energy require power electronic conditioning. In the view of various concern such as environment, global warming, energy security, technology improvements and decreasing costs , installation of the PV system growing rapidly . Generated energy by PV system considered like a hygienic and ecological sources of energy [1]. In the last several years photovoltaic system makes more attention as suitable and capable renewable energy because of its copious magnitude existing in environment. High installation cost and worse renovation efficiency are the main drawback of PV system. The newer technique of manufacturing crystalline design has been adopted to make cost effectively PV system. PV energy system will have more impact in the upcoming year due to the development of cost-effective power translation apparatus [2]. In the earlier examine [3],out of all energy sources mostly PV can be simply incorporate with obtainable topology of switch mode DC-DC power converters. Usually 36 cells with series combination consisting in a solar panel will produces around 21V in highest daylight situation and for the charging of batteries up to 12V the upper limit of power generation by the panel will be restricted [4].
  • 3. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 At a emission intensity of 1000 W/m2 normally PV systems are designed in such a manner to contain rated power just about 160 W and at maximum power point (MPP) the output voltage is around 23-38 V. After that DC-DC converter are coupled to the PV system. At this point by the help of maximum power point algorithm tracking of maximum power are possible keeping the output stay synchronize with load. [2] PWM control can be controlled DC-DC boost converter and this method will be applied among the solar panel and the batteries, to improve the voltage level of solar panel for charging the batteries at every instant yet while the panel voltage be a smaller amount than battery charging voltage. Even though the preliminary cost of solar cell is too high, DC-DC boost converter is significant for solving this condition [1]. At this conditions power electronics device are introduces as a necessary division for renewable energy systems (RES). To convert DC into AC and for increases value of generated voltage an inverter and boost converter are employed in the system therefore desired voltage level is obtained. In this paper a fundamental circuit of DC-DC boost converter is projected which has been made in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB .The benefit of SIMSCAPE is that it provide enhanced practical model of substantial element. Thus implementation of the physical modeling on hardware is easier in this way. In different solar radiation and temperature level solar cell have been simulated in SIMSCAPE library for different values of load resistor therefore outcome of load variation can be analyzed simply for emergent appropriate designing of boost converter. Between PV system and load the second component which is employed are DC-DC boost converter. 2. SOLAR POTENTIAL IN INDIA According to Energy Informative, in a year solar radiations attainment the plane of the earth would be double of every non-renewable resources, as well as fossil fuels and nuclear uranium. The solar energy that hits the earth each second is corresponding to 4 trillion 100-watt glow bulb. Moreover, the solar energy that hits 1 square mile in a year is equal to 4 million barrels of oil. Hence, the probable of solar energy is enormous [5]. India is one of the sun’s most preferential countries, sanctified with reference to 5,000 kwh of solar radiation all year with nearly all part getting 4-7 kwh per square per meter per day. Therefore, asset in solar energy is a expected choice for India. 3
  • 4. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 3. DISTRIBUTED ENERGY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES For the sustainable development of the developing countries there will be incrimination of renewable energy resources and at the same time minimization of the global GHG emissions. DG might be a feasible scheme to support on the whole developing countries. Modern study have shown that extensive acceptance of distributed generation (DG) technologies in power systems be able to cooperate in making clean, consistent energy with significant environmental and other reimbursement. In 1999, a British investigate approximate reduction of CO2 emissions up to 41% with a combined heat and power based DG technology. In the report of Danish power system, 30% greenhouse gas emissions minimize from 1998 to 2001, with DG technologies [6]. In recent times, distributed generation technologies have inward much global interest; and fuelling this interest have been the possibilities of intercontinental agreements to condense greenhouse gas emissions, electricity sector reformation, high power consistency needs for assured performance, and concern on moderation transmission and distribution capability bottlenecks and congestion, among others. 4 Different types of DG system developed in our world and that are:- • Photovoltaic systems (PVs) • Wind energy • Bio-mass energy • Fuel cells • Gas turbines • Small hydropower • Geothermal Energy 4. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION BY DISTRIBUTED GENERATION Adjacent to the electricity needs for industrial development, much more needed to satisfy domestic energy consumption. At present, around 2 billion of populations around the world live without access to electricity and about 98% of them dwelling in developing countries. In developing countries rural areas are the major victims. Rural electricity supply in India is suffering both in terms of availability for measured number of hours & penetration level. Out of the 27 Indian States, more than 24 States have more than 25% of their rural households yet to have an access to electricity [7]. A major blockage in the growth of the power sector is the poor economic state of the State electricity boards (SEBs), which can be attributed to the lack of satisfactory revenues & high Transmission &Distribution losses to the tune of over 25 %. Due to high T&D losses and low collection effectiveness state utilities have very little incentive to supply electricity to rural areas. This condition of energy deficiency intensely justifies the socio-economic inequality between industrialized and developing countries on wider geographical range. Distributed power generation, based on locally existing energy resources and supply of this additional electricity into the rural electricity grid, can be an significant part of the solution to deliver reliable electricity supply to rural population [8]. In few years, an increased environmental concern has driven DG to become a clean and efficient choice to the conventional electric energy sources [9].
  • 5. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 5 5. MODELLING OF P-V SYSTEM Fig. 1. Electrical equivalent circuit of a PV cell The output equation of PV cell shown below which is a function of photon current. It is also find out by load current depending upon the solar radiation through its operation. = −
  • 6. × − 1
  • 7. × − 1 − (1), Thus output of PV system is reliant on solar radiation and temperature. In MATLAB ‘SIMSCAPE’ library a two diode model has been projected and by simulation in different irradiation and temperature outcome or characteristic of solar cell has been obtain. Fig.3 shows the I-V and P-V characteristic of solar cell Power Current 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Voltage (volt) Fig. 2. 0.5 C u rre n t (A m p ) / P o w e r (W a tt) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Fig. 4 shows I-V Characteristic of Solar Cell with different insolation at 250C 1000 w/m2 900 w/m2 800 w/m2 700 w/m2 600 w/m2 500 w/m2 400 w/m2 300 w/m2 200 w/m2 100 w/m2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Current (Amp) Fig. 3. I-V Characteristic of solar cell 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 Voltage (Volt) Fig.5 shows I-V Characteristic of Solar Cell with 1000 W/m2 insolation at temperature equals to 00C, 300C and 600C
  • 8. Electrical Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 1000 w/m2 0 C 30 C 60 C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Voltage (Volt) Fig. 4. I-V characteristic of solar cell Power (Watt) Fig.6 shows P-V Characteristic of Solar Cell with 1000 W/m2 solar radiation or insolation at temperature equals to 00C, 300C and 600C and constant solar radiation or insolation i.e 1000 w/m2. 1000 w/m2 0 C 30 C 60 C 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Voltage (Volt) Fig. 5. PV characteristic of a solar cell 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Power (Watt) 6. DESIGNING OF BOOST CONVERTER Mainly two modes are used by the DC-DC boost converter. First one is continuous conduction mode being used for capable power renovation and second one is discontinuous conduction mode used for small power or set in process. Fig. 6. Electrical equivalent circuit DC-DC Boost Converter 6.1.Continuous Conduction Mode (a) Mode-1( ≤ ≤ !) Fig. 7. equivalent circuit Boost Converter for CCM For ≤ t ≤ ton
  • 9. Electrical Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 At t=0 MOSFET is switched on and mode 1 is commence i.e. Continuous conduction mode. The equivalent circuit is shown in figure. In ON condition inductor current is larger than zero and it will linearly ramp up. For mode 1 equivalent circuit has been shown above. 7 (b) Mode-2 ( ! ≤ ≤ %%) Fig. 8. equivalent circuit of boost Converter for ( ! ≤ ≤ ff) At t = ton, MOSFET is switched off and at t = toff, it will be terminated. From here Mode 2 will begins i.e. discontinuous conduction mode. Mode 2 corresponding circuit diagram has been shown in the above figure. At this condition the inductor current decreases whenever the MOSFET is turn on for the upcoming cycle. + ( − ) = 0 in on in out off V t V V t (2) Converter equation for these function is specified below D = 1 − in (3) out v v 7. ASSORTMENT OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES The choice of semiconductor must exist in such approaches where it can survive at nastiest condition of voltage and current. For the toggle maximum voltage stress will be occurred by the maximum voltage of photovoltaic system. max, stress pv ,max V = V (4) Photovoltaic system provides predominately power therefore maximum current stress will take place that is single condition for the current stressing in PV system. PEAK OUTPUT RIPPLE I = I + I (5) D * P I ,max ,max = + in (5) pv pv P in PEAK V V 1-Selection of inductor It must be ensure that inductor have little dc resistance. Existence of inductor on the basis of maximum ripple current flows at minimum duty cycle in the PV system. By the given equation inductor value can be resolute
  • 10. Electrical Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 8 × v D = (6) in I F L S L D × 2-Selection of Capacitor The choice of capacitor depends upon the minimum value of equivalent series resistance. Lesser ESR value will reduce the ripple in output voltage. An estimated equation for formative the value of capacitance is specified below. D = (7) s L o F V R C × D × o R = V o I o (8) 9. PHYSICAL MODELLING OF SOLAR CELL WITH BOOST CONVERTER IN SIMSCAPE Fig. 9. Matlab Simulation Model of a 36 solar cell fed to BOOST CONVERTER developed in SIMSCAPE Library Table-1 Specifications of Boost Converter Parameter Value Unit Input voltage 25 Volt Output voltage 250 Volt Switching 10000 Hz frequency Duty cycle 90 % Inductor value 0.0075 - Capacitor value 0.0000072 . Ripple .025 Load resistance 250 Ohm
  • 11. Electrical Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 9 Table-2 Specification of Solar cell Parameter Value Unit Open circuit 25 Volt voltage Shot circuit Current 10 Amp No of Solar Cells 36 10. SIMULATION RESULTS BY USING SIMSCAPE Fig. 10. Simulated response of Boost voltage at radiation of 1000w/m2 11. SIMULATION RESULTS BY USING SIMULINK Fig. 11. Simulated response of Boost output voltage using Simulink Table-3 Specifications of Boost Converter Parameter Value Unit Input voltage 50 Volt Output voltage 250 Volt Switching 10000 Hz frequency Duty cycle 80 % Inductor value 0.0133 - Capacitor value 0.0000064 . Ripple .025 Load resistance 250 Ohm
  • 12. Electrical Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 10 Table-4 Specification of Solar cell Parameter Value Unit Open circuit 50 Volt voltage Shot circuit Current 10 Amp No of Solar Cells 36 12. SIMULATION RESULTS BY USING SIMSCAPE Fig.12.Simulated response of Boost voltage at radiation of 1000w/m2 13. SIMULATION RESULTS BY USING SIMULINK Fig.13.Simulated response of Boost output voltage using Simulink Fig.14.Simulated response of pulses fed to MOSFET
  • 13. Electrical Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 11 Fig.15.Simulated response of MOSFET Current Fig.16.Simulated response of Inductor Current CONCLUSION The power taming is a necessary stage for photovoltaic system .The output Voltage is not enough for most of the appliance that’s why power bumper i.e. DC-DC renovation step is playing significant function in case of solar PV relevance as well as in case of highest power Point tracking DC-DC translation stage is most important division of the system . Major concern of this paper is to propose the physical modeling of photovoltaic system and has been interfaced with DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB. The major benefit of dealing with physical signal is simplicity of execution with hardware which is significant part of any research. REFERENCES [1] Dr. Horizon Gitano Briggs, WindPower, pp.558, University Science Malaysia Penang, Malaysia, Book Edited, June 2010 [2] J.Wang, F.Z.Peng, J.Anderson, A. Joseph, R. Buffenbarger, “Low cost fuel cell converter system for residential power generation” , IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol. 19, No. 5,pp. 1315-1322, Sep. 2004 [3] C.W.Tan, T.C.Greenand C.A.Hernandez, “An improved maximum power point tracking algorithm with current mode control for photovoltaic application, ”In Proc. IEEEICPEDS 1991, Nov. 28-Dec.1 1991 [4] Matsuo, H.; Hayashi, H.; Kurokawa, F.; Koga, T., A general analysis of the zero-voltage switched quasi-resonant buck-boost type DC-DC converter in the continuous and discontinuous modes of the reactor current, Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1991. INTELEC '91., 13th International , vol., no., pp.472,479, 5-8 Nov 1991 [5] Solar energy and its potential in India By Varun Dutt Apr 03 2014 [6] Distributed Generation Education Modules. http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/ index.html; October, 2008 [7] ERNST YOUNG, “Models of Rural Electrification Report to forum of Indian regulators,” pp.16 [8] World Bank, “Empowering rural India: Expanding electricity access by mobilizing local resources,” 2010,pp.6. [9] T.Ackermann , G. Andersson, L. Soder, “Distributed generation: a definition, Electric Power System Research,” 57 (2001) 195-204 [10] J.H.Lee, H.S.Bae ,B.H.Cho “Resistive control for a photovoltaic battery charging system using a microcontroller” IEEE Trans On Industrial Electronics Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 2767-2775,Jul. 2008.
  • 14. Electrical Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014 [11] Chen Chunliu, W.C., HongFeng (2009), “Research of an Interleaved Boost Converter with four 12 Interleaved Boost Convert Cells.” [12] Markakis, A.; Holderbaum, W.; Potter, B., A comparison between bond graphs switching modeling techniques implemented on a boost dc-dc converter, Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), 2011 IEEE 33rd International , vol., no., pp.1,7, 9-13 Oct. 2011 [13] Middlebrook, R.D. and S.Cuk (1997). A general unified approach to modeling switching-converter power stages in Proceeding of Power Electronics Specialist Conference.Pp.521-550. [14] Mohan Ned, Undeland Tore M. and RobbinsWilliam P, Power Electronics, Converters Applications and Design, John Wiley Son, Inc. , Book, 1995. [15] Manjita Srivastava, M.C.S.a.S.B.(2009).Control Systems. New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. [16] Joseph L. Hellerstein, Yix in Diao, Sujay Parekh, Dawn M. Tilbury, Feedback Control of Computing Systems, John Wiley Sons, Inc. First Edition, 2004. [17] S.B.Kjaer, J.K.Pedersen and F.Blaabjerg A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules, IEEE Transactions on Industrial. Applications, 2005, 41(5):1292–1306. [18] B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, andA. Ioinovici, Switched-capacitor/switched-inductor structures for getting transformer less hybrid dc–dc PWM converters, IEEE Transactions on Circuits Systems.2008,55(2):687–696. [19] Pierquet, Brandon J., and David J. Perreault. “A Single-Phase Photovoltaic Inverter Topology with a Series-Connected Energy Buffer.” IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 28, no. 10 (October 2013): 4603– 4611. [20] K. Kiruthiga, A. Dyaneswaran, B. Kavitha, Dr. R. Prakash “A Grid Connected Hybrid Fuel Cell-PO Based MPPT for Partially Shaded Solar PV System” International Journal of P2P Network Trends and Technology (IJPTT) Volume 7 April 2014 [21] P. Sudeepika, M. Mounika, “Simulink Modeling of DC-DC Converter with Solar Cell for Distributed Generating System” International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, Vol. 3, No.1, Pages: 381-384(2014) [22] Frede Blaabjerg, John K. Pedersen, Soeren Baekhoej Kjaer, “A Review of Single-Phase Grid- Connected Inverters for Photovoltaic Modules” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 41, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2005 [23] Denizar Cruz Martins, “Analysis of a Three-Phase Grid-Connected PV Power System using a Modifed Dual-StageInverter UL. ISO 1741. Inverters, Converters, Controllers and Interconnection System Equipment for Use With Distributed Energy Resources. Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, Illinois,USA. [24] A. Bayod.R´ujula, “Future development of the electricity systems with distributed generation, energy,” J. Energy, vol. 34,no.3,pp.377–383,2009. [25] Doo-Yong Jung, Young-Hyok Ji, Sang-Hoon Park, Yong-Chae Jung, and Chung-Yuen Won (2011) „Interleaved Soft-Switching Boost Converter for Photovoltaic Power-Generation System, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp: 1137-1145. [26] J. Surya Kumari1, Ch. Sai Babu, Nov 2011 “comparison of maximum power point tracking algorithms for photovoltaic System”, International Journal of Advances in Engineering Technology, ISSN: 2231-1963, Page 133-148. [27] G. M. S. Azevedo, M. C. Cavalcanti, K. C. Oliveira, F. A. S. Neves, Z. D. Lins, 2008, Evaluation of maximum power point tracking methods for grid connected photovoltaic systems, in Proc. IEEE PESC, pp. 1456-1462. [28] Mei Shan Ngan and Chee Wei Tan, “A Study of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems”, IEEE Applied Power Electronics Colloquium (APEC), pp. 22- 27, 2011. [29] N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Optimization of perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 963–973, Jul. 2005. Authors short biography Priyadarshi born on 1983 in india. He received B.E. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Radharaman Institute of Technology and Science, Bhopal in 2009.He is working towards the M.Tech degree in Power System from Radharaman engineering college, Bhopal under Rajeev Gandhi Technical university, Bhopal.
  • 15. Electrical Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3 3, , Number 3, September 2014 Samina. E. Mubeen received her B.E degree in Electrical Engineering Engine fromRavishankar University, Raipur, M.Tech degree in Heavy electrical equipments from Rajeev Gandhi Technical University Bhopal, and PhD in Power system from Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal. Her field of work is application of FACTS devices in transmission network. She has number of Publications in reviewed journal. At present she is Head of Department of Electrical and Electronics in REC, Bhopal under Rajeev Gandhi Technical university, Bhopal (M.P) Rajneesh Kumar Karn received his M.Tech degree in Heavy Electrical Equipment and Ph.D. degree in power system from Maulana Azad National Institute Institu of Technology, Bhopal. Presently he is working as principal in SAM College of Engineering and Technology, Bhopal, India. His research interests are in area of optimization technique in Electrical Distribution Systems. 13