9. Knowing the
Benefits
Benefits of knowing a
country`s native language
when traveling
3xOver 20 years
Students
abroad
travel
Each year the
number of
international
students
increases by
Saving
money
safety Ordering
food
Making
friends
An
increase of
12%1975 2009
800.000
3.500.000
10. Knowing the
Benefits
Bilingual people are sexy
270British dating
agencies agreed
people who know
a foreign
language are
more
attractive
Love
Children raised by
bilingual couples
are more likely to
have better
memory and
overall
intelligence
hebrew russian
french german
spanish
11. Knowing the
Benefits
Mental benefits of learning
languages
4xLess likely to have
Cognitive
impairment
intelligence
Of those
surveyed think
that knowing a
second
language would
improve their
brain power
Memory Multi-
tasking
aptitude health
People who
know 2+
languages are
95%
3.500.000
✓✓
Bilinguals find easier to
learn a third language than
monolinguals to know a
second one
attention
¡
12. Knowing the
Benefits
Occupations in which knowing 2+
languages is beneficial
20%In certain jobs
money
Of those
surveyed think
that knowing a
second
language would
help their career
journalist Computer
games
designer
Marketing
manager
engineer
Multilingual
employees can
expect a salary
uplift of up to
98%
800.000
3.500.000
Over 1/3 of businesses
want people specifically for
their language skills
doctor
13. Knowing the
Benefits
Bilingual professionals can earn
at least
business
Of companies
take language
into account
when recruiting
50%
800.000
3.500.000
It is estimated that 1 in 8 companies
has lost business because of a lack
of language competence
10%
More than their
monolingual peers
31% know 2 languages31% know 2 languages
In a survey of international
executives
21% know 3 languages
9% know 4 languages
4% know more than 4
16. “New studies are showing that a multilingual
brain is nimbler, quicker, better able to deal
with ambiguities, resolve conflicts and even
resist Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of
dementia longer.”
- Jeffrey Kluger, Time Magazine Space & Science
17. Bialystock
(2001)
1. Productive Bilingualism – speakers can
produce and understand both languages.
2. Receptive Bilingualism – Speakers can
understand both languages but have
more limited production abilities.
19. Compound vs. Coordinate
• Compound bilingual:
Has one semantic system but two linguistic codes. Usually refers to someone
whose two languages are learnt at the same time, often in the same context.
• Coordinate bilingual:
Has two semantic systems and two linguistic codes. Usually refers to someone
whose two languages are learnt in distinctively separate contexts
• Subordinate bilingual:
The weaker language is interpreted through the stronger language
19
20. Semantic system Has wings
Has feathers
Can fly
Language code Orange Apple Bird
naranja manzana pajaro
20
The mental lexicon of monolinguals
21. The mental lexicon of bilinguals
21
Semantic
system
Semantic
System 1
Semantic
System 2
English Spanish English Spanish
Compound bilingual Coordinate bilingual
22. The mental lexicon of bilinguals
22
Semantic
system
English Spanish
Subordinate bilingual
23. The mental lexicon of bilinguals
23
Semantic
System 1
English Spanish
Semantic
System 2
English Spanish
Semantic
System 2
Semantic
System 1
24. The mental lexicon of bilinguals
Whether there are two or more systems
depends on:
–Age of acquisition
–Learning/teaching method
–Similarities and differences between the
two languages
24
25. Early vs. Late bilinguals
• Early bilingual:
someone who has acquired two languages early in childhood
(usually received systematic training/learning of a second
language before age 6).
• Late bilingual:
someone who has become a bilingual later than childhood
(after age 12).
• Discussion: Is there a “critical period” for second language
25
26. Early vs. Late bilinguals
26
How do we determine the age of
acquisition?
Early bilingual Late bilingual
age 0 6 12
?
28. Balanced vs. Dominant
• Balanced bilingual:
someone whose mastery of two languages is roughly equivalent.
• Dominant bilingual:
someone with greater proficiency in one of his or her languages and
uses it significantly more than the other language.
• Semilingual:
–someone with insufficient knowledge of either language.
28
29. Successive vs. Simultaneous
• Successive bilingualism:
Learning one language after already knowing another. This is the situation for all those who
become bilingual as adults, as well as for many who became bilingual earlier in life. Sometimes
also called consecutive bilingualism.
• Simultaneous bilingualism:
Learning two languages as "first languages". That is, a person who is a simultaneous bilingual goes
from speaking no languages at all directly to speaking two languages. Infants who are exposed to
two languages from birth will become simultaneous bilinguals.
• Receptive bilingualism:
Being able to understand two languages but express oneself in only one. This is generally not
considered "true" bilingualism but is a fairly common situation.
29
30. Additive vs. Subtractive
• Additive bilingual:
The learning of a second language does not interfere with the learning of a first
language. Both languages are well developed.
• Subtractive bilingual:
The learning a second language interferes with the learning of a first language.
The second language replaces the first language.
• Additive or subtractive bilingualism is related to the different status
associated with the two languages in a society.
30
31. Elite vs. Folk
• Elite bilingual:
Individuals who choose to have a bilingual home, often in order
to enhance social status.
• Folk bilingual:
Individuals who develop second language capacity under
circumstances that are not often of their own choosing, and in
conditions where the society does not value their native
language.31
32. Effects of the second language
on the first language
FIRST LANGUAGE SECOND LANGUAGE
TRANSFER
36. Language Mixing
Switching from one language to another
is termed a “crutch” syndrome. There
are two types of language mixing:
code-switching
code-mixing
37. Language Mixing
Code-switching involves inserting whole
utterances (inter-sentence) in a second, non-
dominant language during conversation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbj6ceDOd7E
Code-mixing (or borrowing) involves the
blending of non-dominant language words
or phrases within an utterance (within-
sentence).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6wW4EAYuUA
38. Language Mixing
Using this definition, and presuming that
English is the dominant language in the
following utterances:
“Is this what we are having for dinner
today? Sira naba tuktok mo? [Are you
crazy?] It’s not Saturday and I don’t eat
tuyo [smoked/dried fish] except on
Saturdays. It just doesn’t seem right!”
39. Language Mixing
The first italicized utterance is a
code-switch, while the second
italicized word in the next utterance
is a code-mix.
Some say that this crutch syndrome
is a model of incompetence.
40. Language Mixing: Example
A Turkish-Arabic bilingual boy, knew the
word for an object in each of his
languages, but would choose the one
which was easier for hım to pronounce.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Arabic = tiyyara English = plane
He knew both the English word 'plane'
and its Arabic equivalent 'tiyyara'.On the
other hand, he preferred the English
'plane' to the Arabic 'tiyyara'.
42. Cognitive advantages of bilingualism
Growing up bilingual can be a
tremendous blessing.
In addition to the obvious
benefit (i.e., the ability to speak
and understand more than one
language),
43. 1. Better metalinguistic awareness (ability to
identify and describe characteristics and
features of language);
2. Better classification skills;
3. Better concept formation;
4. Better analogical reasoning;
5. Better visual-spatial skills;
6. Better storytelling skills;
7. Better semantic development.
8. Prevention of some neurological disabilities??
COGNITIVE ADVANTAGES OF BILINGUALISM
