SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 15
Download to read offline
Defining food authenticity:
An efficient promotion for ethnic restaurants
Elena Chatzopoulou – Newcastle University (BUSINESS SCHOOL),
Prof. Matthew Gorton - Newcastle University (BUSINESS SCHOOL),
Dr. Sharron Kuznesof - Newcastle University (FOOD & AGRICULTURE)
e.chatzopoulou@ncl.ac.uk
Authenticity
Authenticity means for the consumers something trustworthy and original
 one of the cornerstones of contemporary Marketing
 reinforcing a brand’s identity and
 a strategy for a product’s differentiation and positioning
However, limited understanding of the meaning from the producers’ side.
Introduction
Authenticity
Objective authenticity
Taking into consideration the actual object and its tangible and
absolute characteristics. That product has to be examined by
an expert who shall judge its true and honest nature.
Constructivist authenticity (Indexical)
Authenticity has various versions which are not objectively but
rather symbolically constructed. Authenticity meaning can be
negotiated and interpreted by the members of the society.
Post modern authenticity (Existential)
Poorly explored in literature. Activity-based approach, relies on
the hedonistic fun and eclecticism of lived experiences. It is
about fun and pleasure through consumption. Consumers
unfamiliar with the culture tend to believe in this type.
Objective
Authenticity
• Object
Constructive
Authenticity
• Society-
community
Post-modern
Authenticity
• Self
Literaturereview
Ethnic restaurants
Ethnic restaurants are the second most influential representative of a foreign
culture after the mass media.
Especially for consumers who are unfamiliar with the restaurant’s culture, the
restaurant shall act as an ambassador for the country and its culture.
Literaturereview
Literature gap
Limited understanding of the authenticity meaning from the producers’ side.
Research questions
How and to what extent restaurateurs perceive of and construct an
“authentic” eating experience for their customers?
Do they meet consumers’ expectations and perceptions?
Literaturegap
&Researchquestions
Methodology (Qualitative research)
Techniques:
In-depth interviews, during which the projective technique of two ethnic restaurant menus was applied
Sample:
n=19 Mediterranean restaurant owners,
Greek themed restaurants, located in the U.K. and Greece
Approach:
Grounded theory (constructivist - Charmaz)
Data analysis:
NVIVO 10: data storage, coding, categorization, memo-writing and data retrieval
Coding: open coding and comparative analysis of codes and node groups across participants
Methodology
Authenticity
Some of the parameters taken into consideration are: the recipes, the ingredients, the
restaurant’s decoration, the ethnicity of the staff, etc.
 Staff (Greek restaurant owners prefer Greek chefs)
“... The person who cooks and makes the recipes must certainly be Greek. Some ideas come
through his DNA… a foreigner will create it differently...” (Male, restaurant owner, Greece)
“… We can't have just Greek speaking staff in a restaurant you know... of this size...” (Male,
restaurant owner, U.K.)
 Ingredients (for cultural aware restaurateurs ingredients are perceived as important
contributors to the authenticity of the Greek restaurant on the contrary with third
generation restaurateurs for whom freshness and flavour of ingredients superseded
the Greek origin)
“… Capers must always be from Andros island and not from Turkey. Can you understand?.. It
always has to be original… Greeks have to be honest…” (Male, restaurant owner, Greece)
“… Greek lamb?.. For example, some of the best lamb in the world is right here, comes from
Wales... so why would we buy things like that?” (Male, restaurant owner, U.K: 3rd generation
Greek)
Findings
Authenticity vs. identity
By taking into consideration these parameters restaurateurs construct
authenticity meanings based on their identity. These authenticity meanings are
either indexical or existential for the restaurateurs:
 culturally aware restaurateurs tend to judge food authenticity according to
indexical measure
 restaurateurs less tied to the culture, with a market orientation, seem to
follow the existential authenticity
Findings
The authenticity modelFactorswhichrestaurateurstakeintoconsideration
toconstructauthenticitymeanings Indexical authenticity Existential authenticity
Description of the restaurant
Concept derives from a specific origin (Greek,
Cretan, etc.)
Something general (touristy,
Mediterranean, etc.)
Source of the recipes
From a specific origin (from memory, from
relatives, from traditional cookbooks)
Not from a specific origin (Internet,
standard recipes)
Origin of the ingredients
Imported products from the origin
e.g. PDO products
Ingredients from a different origin, not
necessarily PDO
Type of customers Locals, loyal customers Tourists, non-regulars
Reason for dining in the restaurant
To taste authentic food, to feel closer to home, to
be reminded of holiday memories
For an elicit/different/new experience
or to share the experience afterwards
The owner's/manager's role
Targeting profits but also an ambassador of the
country and its culinary culture
Focus on profits
Other restaurants as "role models"
A restaurant from the origin, a traditional
restaurant
Fusion cuisine, sometimes “fine dining”
restaurant
Findings
*
*Not a clear identity: stuck in the middle
Restaurateurs vs. consumers
The factors of menu, decoration, atmospherics, the use of traditional recipes,
the food quality, the music, the costumes or even the ethnicity of the
employees, echo those reported in the existing literature about consumers’
influential factors when judging the authenticity of ethnic restaurants.
This paper has offered a conceptualisation of the term authenticity from a
producer perspective.
Restaurateurs construct authenticity meanings filtered by their identity “lens”.
Findingsinrelationwiththeliterature
Future research
In the future, a comparison with consumers’ perceptions could be beneficial
and that is possible by conducting in-depth interviews with customers of ethnic
restaurants.
Moreover, a similar research about ethnic restaurants of different ethnicities
may result in a more globalised definition of food authenticity.
Futureresearch
Alexander, N. (2009) 'Brand authentication: creating and maintaining brand auras', European Journal of Marketing,
43(3/4), pp. 551-562.
Assiouras, I., Liapati, G., Kouletsis, G. and Koniordos, M. (2015) 'The impact of brand authenticity on brand attachment in
the food industry', British Food Journal, 117(2), pp. 538-552.
Belhassen, Y., Caton, K. and Stewart, W.P. (2008) 'The search for authenticity in the pilgrim experience', Annals of Tourism
Research, 35(3), pp. 668-689.
Beverland, M.B. (2005) 'Crafting brand authenticity: The case of luxury wines', Journal of Management Studies, 42(5), pp.
1003-1029.
Bonne, K. and Verbeke, W. (2007) 'Religious values informing halal meat production and the control and delivery of halal
credence quality', Agriculture and Human Values, 25(1), pp. 35-47.
Brown, S., Kozinets, R.V. and Sherry, J.F. (2003) 'Teaching old brands new tricks: Retro branding and the revival of brand
meaning', Journal of Marketing, 67(3), pp. 19-33.
Bruhn, M., Schoenmüller, V., Schäfer, D. and Heinrich, D. (2012) 'Brand Authenticity: Towards a Deeper Understanding of its
Conceptualization and Measurement', Advances in Consumer Research, 40, pp. 567-576.
Cappannelli, G.a.S. (2004) Authenticity: Simple Strategies for Greater Meaning and Purpose at Work and at Home. Emmis
books.
Charmaz, K. (2010) Constructing Grounded Theory. London: Sage Publications.
Charmaz, K. (2011) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. SAGE
Ebster, C. and Guist, I. (2005) 'The Role of Authenticity in Ethnic Theme Restaurants', Journal of Foodservice Business
Research, 7(2), pp. 41-52.
Glaser, B.G. (1992) Emergence vs forcing: Basics of grounded theory analysis. Sociology Press.
Grayson, K. and Martinec, R. (2004) 'Consumer perceptions of iconicity and indexicality and their influence on assessments
of authentic market offerings', Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), pp. 296-312.
References
References
Hughes, G. (1995) 'Authenticity in Tourism', Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), pp. 781-803.
Jang, S., Ha, J. and Park, K. (2012) 'Effects of ethnic authenticity: Investigating Korean restaurant customers in the U.S',
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), pp. 990-1003.
Jensen, Ø. and Hansen, K.V. (2007) 'Consumer values among restaurant customers', International Journal of Hospitality
Management, 26(3), pp. 603-622.
Kim, H. and Jamal, T. (2007) 'Touristic quest for existential authenticity', Annals of Tourism Research, 34(1), pp. 181-201.
Kvale, S. (1996) Interviews An introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. UK & USA: SAGE Publications.
Lego Muñoz, C. and Wood, N.T. (2009) 'A recipe for success: understanding regional perceptions of authenticity in themed
restaurants', International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(3), pp. 269-280.
Leigh, T., Peters, C. and Shelton, J. (2006) 'The Consumer Quest for Authenticity: The Multiplicity of Meanings Within the
MG Subculture of Consumption', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(4), pp. 481-493.
Leite, N. and Graburn, N. (2009) The SAGE Handbook of tourism studies Anthropological interventions in tourism studies.
SAGE Los Angeles & London.
Levy, P. (2006) 'Oxford symposium on food and cookery, 24th annual meeting, 2–4 September 2005, Oxford Brookes
University, Authenticity', Appetite, 47(1), pp. 123-125.
Lu, A.C.C., Gursoy, D. and Lu, C.Y. (2015) 'Authenticity perceptions, brand equity and brand choice intention: The case of
ethnic restaurants', International Journal of Hospitality Management, 50, pp. 36-45.
Mkono, M. (2013) 'Existential authenticity in cultural restaurant experiences in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe: a netnographic
analysis', International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(4), pp. 353-363.
Peterson, R.A. (2005) 'In search of authenticity', Journal of Management Studies, 42(5), pp. 1083-1098.
Pimentel, R.W. and Reynolds, K.E. (2004) 'A model for consumer devotion: Affective commitment with proactive sustaining
behaviors', Academy of Marketing Science Review, 5(1), pp. 1-45.
References
References
Postrel, V. (2003) The substance of style: how the rise of aesthetic value is remaking commerce, culture & conciousness.
new York: Harper Collins.
Reisinger, Y. and Steiner, C.J. (2006) 'Reconceptualizing object authenticity', Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), p. 67.
Rickly-Boyd, J.M. (2013) 'Existential Authenticity: Place Matters', Tourism Geographies, 15(4), pp. 680-686.
Ryu, K., Han, H. and Kim, T.-H. (2008) 'The relationships among overall quick-casual restaurant image, perceived value,
customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions', International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(3), pp. 459-469.
Steiner, C.J. and Reisinger, Y. (2006) 'Understanding existential authenticity', Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), pp. 299-
318.
Tsai, C.-T. and Lu, P.-H. (2012) 'Authentic dining experiences in ethnic theme restaurants', International Journal of
Hospitality Management, 31(1), pp. 304-306.
Wang, N. (1999) 'Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience', Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), pp. 349-370.
Wood, N.T. and Lego Muñoz, C. (2007) '‘No rules, just right’ or is it? The role of themed restaurants as cultural
ambassadors', Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3-4), pp. 242-255.
Zeng, G., Go, F. and de Vries, H.J. (2012) 'Paradox of authenticity versus standardization: Expansion strategies of
restaurant groups in China', International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), pp. 1090-1100.
Zhu, Y. (2012) 'Performing heritage: rethinking authenticity in tourism', Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3), pp. 1495-
1513.
References
References
Thank you
e.chatzopoulou@ncl.ac.uk

More Related Content

What's hot

The Role of Food and Gastronomy in Online Travel Reviews about Agritourism Ex...
The Role of Food and Gastronomy in Online Travel Reviews about Agritourism Ex...The Role of Food and Gastronomy in Online Travel Reviews about Agritourism Ex...
The Role of Food and Gastronomy in Online Travel Reviews about Agritourism Ex...lorenzo cantoni
 
Learning about Italian Food and Gastronomy from Online Travel Reviews
Learning about Italian Food and Gastronomy from Online Travel ReviewsLearning about Italian Food and Gastronomy from Online Travel Reviews
Learning about Italian Food and Gastronomy from Online Travel Reviewselenamarchiori
 
Gastronomic experiences as a key element in the development of a tourist dest...
Gastronomic experiences as a key element in the development of a tourist dest...Gastronomic experiences as a key element in the development of a tourist dest...
Gastronomic experiences as a key element in the development of a tourist dest...David Mora
 
Guidelines for the development of Gastronomy Tourism
Guidelines for the development of Gastronomy Tourism Guidelines for the development of Gastronomy Tourism
Guidelines for the development of Gastronomy Tourism David Vicent
 
Hyderabad as culinary attraction
Hyderabad as culinary attractionHyderabad as culinary attraction
Hyderabad as culinary attractionASIFUDDIN MOHAMMED
 
Unwto globalreport on food tourism
Unwto globalreport on food tourism Unwto globalreport on food tourism
Unwto globalreport on food tourism David Vicent
 
Food Tourism: How to brand a destination using the power of food and drinks?
Food Tourism: How to brand a destination using the power of food and drinks? Food Tourism: How to brand a destination using the power of food and drinks?
Food Tourism: How to brand a destination using the power of food and drinks? Veruska Anconitano
 
Ohio flower farmer meet up
Ohio flower farmer meet up Ohio flower farmer meet up
Ohio flower farmer meet up Buckeye Blooms
 
Cuisine tourism in West Bengal
Cuisine tourism in West BengalCuisine tourism in West Bengal
Cuisine tourism in West BengalAMITYAITTKOLKATA
 
Exploring the Potential for Craft Beer Tourism
Exploring the Potential for Craft Beer TourismExploring the Potential for Craft Beer Tourism
Exploring the Potential for Craft Beer TourismTourism Cafe Canada
 
Trends assignment (2)
Trends assignment (2)  Trends assignment (2)
Trends assignment (2) UW-Stout
 
Wild Rivers Coast Rural Tourism Studio Agritourism Presentation
Wild Rivers Coast Rural Tourism Studio Agritourism PresentationWild Rivers Coast Rural Tourism Studio Agritourism Presentation
Wild Rivers Coast Rural Tourism Studio Agritourism PresentationTravel Oregon
 
Wine & Tourism - exploring the potential
Wine & Tourism - exploring the potentialWine & Tourism - exploring the potential
Wine & Tourism - exploring the potentialDavid Holderness
 

What's hot (20)

The Role of Food and Gastronomy in Online Travel Reviews about Agritourism Ex...
The Role of Food and Gastronomy in Online Travel Reviews about Agritourism Ex...The Role of Food and Gastronomy in Online Travel Reviews about Agritourism Ex...
The Role of Food and Gastronomy in Online Travel Reviews about Agritourism Ex...
 
Learning about Italian Food and Gastronomy from Online Travel Reviews
Learning about Italian Food and Gastronomy from Online Travel ReviewsLearning about Italian Food and Gastronomy from Online Travel Reviews
Learning about Italian Food and Gastronomy from Online Travel Reviews
 
Paulo ramos food & tourism a perfect linkage?
Paulo ramos food & tourism a perfect linkage? Paulo ramos food & tourism a perfect linkage?
Paulo ramos food & tourism a perfect linkage?
 
Gastronomic experiences as a key element in the development of a tourist dest...
Gastronomic experiences as a key element in the development of a tourist dest...Gastronomic experiences as a key element in the development of a tourist dest...
Gastronomic experiences as a key element in the development of a tourist dest...
 
Guidelines for the development of Gastronomy Tourism
Guidelines for the development of Gastronomy Tourism Guidelines for the development of Gastronomy Tourism
Guidelines for the development of Gastronomy Tourism
 
Food Tourism
Food TourismFood Tourism
Food Tourism
 
Hyderabad as culinary attraction
Hyderabad as culinary attractionHyderabad as culinary attraction
Hyderabad as culinary attraction
 
Wine tourism
Wine tourismWine tourism
Wine tourism
 
Unwto globalreport on food tourism
Unwto globalreport on food tourism Unwto globalreport on food tourism
Unwto globalreport on food tourism
 
Food Studies
Food StudiesFood Studies
Food Studies
 
Food Tourism: How to brand a destination using the power of food and drinks?
Food Tourism: How to brand a destination using the power of food and drinks? Food Tourism: How to brand a destination using the power of food and drinks?
Food Tourism: How to brand a destination using the power of food and drinks?
 
Ohio flower farmer meet up
Ohio flower farmer meet up Ohio flower farmer meet up
Ohio flower farmer meet up
 
Cuisine tourism in West Bengal
Cuisine tourism in West BengalCuisine tourism in West Bengal
Cuisine tourism in West Bengal
 
Exploring the Potential for Craft Beer Tourism
Exploring the Potential for Craft Beer TourismExploring the Potential for Craft Beer Tourism
Exploring the Potential for Craft Beer Tourism
 
Trends assignment (2)
Trends assignment (2)  Trends assignment (2)
Trends assignment (2)
 
Wild Rivers Coast Rural Tourism Studio Agritourism Presentation
Wild Rivers Coast Rural Tourism Studio Agritourism PresentationWild Rivers Coast Rural Tourism Studio Agritourism Presentation
Wild Rivers Coast Rural Tourism Studio Agritourism Presentation
 
Wine & Tourism - exploring the potential
Wine & Tourism - exploring the potentialWine & Tourism - exploring the potential
Wine & Tourism - exploring the potential
 
Nac agrotourism 08
Nac agrotourism 08Nac agrotourism 08
Nac agrotourism 08
 
Midterm2021
Midterm2021Midterm2021
Midterm2021
 
Food tourism
Food tourismFood tourism
Food tourism
 

Similar to Defining food authenticity: an efficient promotion for ethnic restaurants (EURAM 2016)

Shu_Anthony_Thesis_Final
Shu_Anthony_Thesis_FinalShu_Anthony_Thesis_Final
Shu_Anthony_Thesis_FinalAnthony Shu
 
Contemporary Food and Drink ppt 6 - Restaurant Review
Contemporary Food and Drink ppt 6 - Restaurant ReviewContemporary Food and Drink ppt 6 - Restaurant Review
Contemporary Food and Drink ppt 6 - Restaurant ReviewLeong Han Keow
 
2nd Pacific Agribusiness Forum: Dawn Gibson "Tourist expectations - potential...
2nd Pacific Agribusiness Forum: Dawn Gibson "Tourist expectations - potential...2nd Pacific Agribusiness Forum: Dawn Gibson "Tourist expectations - potential...
2nd Pacific Agribusiness Forum: Dawn Gibson "Tourist expectations - potential...Brussels Briefings (brusselsbriefings.net)
 
understanding of indonesia gastronomi
understanding of indonesia gastronomiunderstanding of indonesia gastronomi
understanding of indonesia gastronomipascastpt
 
The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...
The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...
The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...inventionjournals
 
Food and Culture assignment 1A research proposal
Food and Culture assignment 1A research proposalFood and Culture assignment 1A research proposal
Food and Culture assignment 1A research proposalTan Jaden
 
The Case for Embedding Sustainable Culinary Tourism in Jordan's National Tour...
The Case for Embedding Sustainable Culinary Tourism in Jordan's National Tour...The Case for Embedding Sustainable Culinary Tourism in Jordan's National Tour...
The Case for Embedding Sustainable Culinary Tourism in Jordan's National Tour...Hospitality in Health (HIH)
 
Associating to Create Unique Tourist Experiences of Small Wineries in Contine...
Associating to Create Unique Tourist Experiences of Small Wineries in Contine...Associating to Create Unique Tourist Experiences of Small Wineries in Contine...
Associating to Create Unique Tourist Experiences of Small Wineries in Contine...Kayla Smith
 
Motives for visitors to attend a food and wine event in Cape Town
Motives for visitors to attend a food and wine event in Cape TownMotives for visitors to attend a food and wine event in Cape Town
Motives for visitors to attend a food and wine event in Cape TownChris Hattingh
 
The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...
The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...
The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...inventionjournals
 
Potential of Gastronomy as a Tool for Growth of Tourism in Gujarat India
Potential of Gastronomy as a Tool for Growth of Tourism in Gujarat IndiaPotential of Gastronomy as a Tool for Growth of Tourism in Gujarat India
Potential of Gastronomy as a Tool for Growth of Tourism in Gujarat Indiaijtsrd
 
A Report On The Restaurant Group Plc
A Report On The Restaurant Group PlcA Report On The Restaurant Group Plc
A Report On The Restaurant Group PlcBeth Hall
 
Power of Regenerative Hospitality.pptx
Power of Regenerative Hospitality.pptxPower of Regenerative Hospitality.pptx
Power of Regenerative Hospitality.pptxAnna Pollock
 
Food Travel and Tourism Report Research by Ali Koray Ozguclu
Food Travel and Tourism Report Research by Ali Koray OzgucluFood Travel and Tourism Report Research by Ali Koray Ozguclu
Food Travel and Tourism Report Research by Ali Koray Ozguclukorayozguclu
 
Foods 09-00976-v2
Foods 09-00976-v2Foods 09-00976-v2
Foods 09-00976-v2DariusZedd
 
From Gastronomic heritage to food studies
From Gastronomic heritage to food studiesFrom Gastronomic heritage to food studies
From Gastronomic heritage to food studiesJean-Pierre Poulain
 

Similar to Defining food authenticity: an efficient promotion for ethnic restaurants (EURAM 2016) (20)

T4SDGs19_CP3 _3_R Chang
T4SDGs19_CP3 _3_R ChangT4SDGs19_CP3 _3_R Chang
T4SDGs19_CP3 _3_R Chang
 
Shu_Anthony_Thesis_Final
Shu_Anthony_Thesis_FinalShu_Anthony_Thesis_Final
Shu_Anthony_Thesis_Final
 
Contemporary Food and Drink ppt 6 - Restaurant Review
Contemporary Food and Drink ppt 6 - Restaurant ReviewContemporary Food and Drink ppt 6 - Restaurant Review
Contemporary Food and Drink ppt 6 - Restaurant Review
 
2nd Pacific Agribusiness Forum: Dawn Gibson "Tourist expectations - potential...
2nd Pacific Agribusiness Forum: Dawn Gibson "Tourist expectations - potential...2nd Pacific Agribusiness Forum: Dawn Gibson "Tourist expectations - potential...
2nd Pacific Agribusiness Forum: Dawn Gibson "Tourist expectations - potential...
 
understanding of indonesia gastronomi
understanding of indonesia gastronomiunderstanding of indonesia gastronomi
understanding of indonesia gastronomi
 
The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...
The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...
The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...
 
Food and Culture assignment 1A research proposal
Food and Culture assignment 1A research proposalFood and Culture assignment 1A research proposal
Food and Culture assignment 1A research proposal
 
The Case for Embedding Sustainable Culinary Tourism in Jordan's National Tour...
The Case for Embedding Sustainable Culinary Tourism in Jordan's National Tour...The Case for Embedding Sustainable Culinary Tourism in Jordan's National Tour...
The Case for Embedding Sustainable Culinary Tourism in Jordan's National Tour...
 
Associating to Create Unique Tourist Experiences of Small Wineries in Contine...
Associating to Create Unique Tourist Experiences of Small Wineries in Contine...Associating to Create Unique Tourist Experiences of Small Wineries in Contine...
Associating to Create Unique Tourist Experiences of Small Wineries in Contine...
 
Motives for visitors to attend a food and wine event in Cape Town
Motives for visitors to attend a food and wine event in Cape TownMotives for visitors to attend a food and wine event in Cape Town
Motives for visitors to attend a food and wine event in Cape Town
 
The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...
The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...
The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality in Association of Brand Performanc...
 
Potential of Gastronomy as a Tool for Growth of Tourism in Gujarat India
Potential of Gastronomy as a Tool for Growth of Tourism in Gujarat IndiaPotential of Gastronomy as a Tool for Growth of Tourism in Gujarat India
Potential of Gastronomy as a Tool for Growth of Tourism in Gujarat India
 
Crtitical analysis of the gastronomy offer of the serbian national cuisine re...
Crtitical analysis of the gastronomy offer of the serbian national cuisine re...Crtitical analysis of the gastronomy offer of the serbian national cuisine re...
Crtitical analysis of the gastronomy offer of the serbian national cuisine re...
 
M.Martin Writing Sample
M.Martin Writing SampleM.Martin Writing Sample
M.Martin Writing Sample
 
A Report On The Restaurant Group Plc
A Report On The Restaurant Group PlcA Report On The Restaurant Group Plc
A Report On The Restaurant Group Plc
 
Exploring the Influence of Hotel Food Experiences on Travelers Destination Ch...
Exploring the Influence of Hotel Food Experiences on Travelers Destination Ch...Exploring the Influence of Hotel Food Experiences on Travelers Destination Ch...
Exploring the Influence of Hotel Food Experiences on Travelers Destination Ch...
 
Power of Regenerative Hospitality.pptx
Power of Regenerative Hospitality.pptxPower of Regenerative Hospitality.pptx
Power of Regenerative Hospitality.pptx
 
Food Travel and Tourism Report Research by Ali Koray Ozguclu
Food Travel and Tourism Report Research by Ali Koray OzgucluFood Travel and Tourism Report Research by Ali Koray Ozguclu
Food Travel and Tourism Report Research by Ali Koray Ozguclu
 
Foods 09-00976-v2
Foods 09-00976-v2Foods 09-00976-v2
Foods 09-00976-v2
 
From Gastronomic heritage to food studies
From Gastronomic heritage to food studiesFrom Gastronomic heritage to food studies
From Gastronomic heritage to food studies
 

More from ELENA CHATZOPOULOU

ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ MARKETING - ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ
ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ MARKETING - ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ MARKETING - ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ
ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ MARKETING - ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗELENA CHATZOPOULOU
 
MARKETING ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΣΗΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ ΟΔΕ
MARKETING ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΣΗΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ ΟΔΕMARKETING ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΣΗΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ ΟΔΕ
MARKETING ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΣΗΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ ΟΔΕELENA CHATZOPOULOU
 
Reach magazine 2018 - my research
Reach magazine 2018  - my researchReach magazine 2018  - my research
Reach magazine 2018 - my researchELENA CHATZOPOULOU
 
Interviews as a research method - Qualitative - A practical guide
Interviews as a research method - Qualitative - A practical guide Interviews as a research method - Qualitative - A practical guide
Interviews as a research method - Qualitative - A practical guide ELENA CHATZOPOULOU
 

More from ELENA CHATZOPOULOU (6)

ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ MARKETING - ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ
ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ MARKETING - ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ MARKETING - ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ
ΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ MARKETING - ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ
 
MARKETING ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΣΗΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ ΟΔΕ
MARKETING ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΣΗΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ ΟΔΕMARKETING ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΣΗΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ ΟΔΕ
MARKETING ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΣΗΣ ΜΑΡΚΕΤΙΝΓΚ ΟΔΕ
 
Reach magazine 2018 - my research
Reach magazine 2018  - my researchReach magazine 2018  - my research
Reach magazine 2018 - my research
 
SWOT seminar
SWOT seminarSWOT seminar
SWOT seminar
 
Interviews as a research method - Qualitative - A practical guide
Interviews as a research method - Qualitative - A practical guide Interviews as a research method - Qualitative - A practical guide
Interviews as a research method - Qualitative - A practical guide
 
Business Plan_food
Business Plan_foodBusiness Plan_food
Business Plan_food
 

Recently uploaded

Converting with Comedy: Research Parallels for CRO
Converting with Comedy: Research Parallels for CROConverting with Comedy: Research Parallels for CRO
Converting with Comedy: Research Parallels for CROVWO
 
SVETLANA YONCHEVA Evolution of digital marketing.pdf
SVETLANA YONCHEVA Evolution of digital marketing.pdfSVETLANA YONCHEVA Evolution of digital marketing.pdf
SVETLANA YONCHEVA Evolution of digital marketing.pdfvikrs213
 
Digital Gravity - Full-Scale SEO Services Preview
Digital Gravity - Full-Scale SEO Services PreviewDigital Gravity - Full-Scale SEO Services Preview
Digital Gravity - Full-Scale SEO Services PreviewDigital Gravity
 
Imposter Syndrome in Marketing & Why You're Not Alone
Imposter Syndrome in Marketing & Why You're Not AloneImposter Syndrome in Marketing & Why You're Not Alone
Imposter Syndrome in Marketing & Why You're Not AloneHerd
 
What's Happening with Your Microsoft Advertising's Search Campaigns? - Sophie...
What's Happening with Your Microsoft Advertising's Search Campaigns? - Sophie...What's Happening with Your Microsoft Advertising's Search Campaigns? - Sophie...
What's Happening with Your Microsoft Advertising's Search Campaigns? - Sophie...Sophie Logan
 
Product Demo: HubSpot's Coolest AI Tools for B2B Tech Companies
Product Demo: HubSpot's Coolest AI Tools for B2B Tech CompaniesProduct Demo: HubSpot's Coolest AI Tools for B2B Tech Companies
Product Demo: HubSpot's Coolest AI Tools for B2B Tech CompaniesKiwi Creative
 
The best Crypto Marketing Strategies pdf
The best Crypto Marketing Strategies pdfThe best Crypto Marketing Strategies pdf
The best Crypto Marketing Strategies pdfShifali roy
 
Podvertise.fm - Podcast Advertising Marketplace - Startup Pitch Deck
Podvertise.fm - Podcast Advertising Marketplace - Startup Pitch DeckPodvertise.fm - Podcast Advertising Marketplace - Startup Pitch Deck
Podvertise.fm - Podcast Advertising Marketplace - Startup Pitch DeckNedko Nedkov
 
ToShare_UG 13_03_24_Full_BelgianTrailblazerCommunity.pptx
ToShare_UG 13_03_24_Full_BelgianTrailblazerCommunity.pptxToShare_UG 13_03_24_Full_BelgianTrailblazerCommunity.pptx
ToShare_UG 13_03_24_Full_BelgianTrailblazerCommunity.pptxivanrazine1
 
Top 15 Emerging Technologies for the Modern World
Top 15 Emerging Technologies for the Modern WorldTop 15 Emerging Technologies for the Modern World
Top 15 Emerging Technologies for the Modern WorldD Cloud Solutions
 
Snapshot of Consumer Behaviors of February 2024-EOLiSurvey (EN).pdf
Snapshot of Consumer Behaviors of February 2024-EOLiSurvey (EN).pdfSnapshot of Consumer Behaviors of February 2024-EOLiSurvey (EN).pdf
Snapshot of Consumer Behaviors of February 2024-EOLiSurvey (EN).pdfEastern Online-iSURVEY
 
Fashion-Marketing-1- Assaginment mid.pdf
Fashion-Marketing-1- Assaginment mid.pdfFashion-Marketing-1- Assaginment mid.pdf
Fashion-Marketing-1- Assaginment mid.pdfUttara University
 
Podvertise.fm - Founder.University - Pitch Deck 2024
Podvertise.fm - Founder.University - Pitch Deck 2024Podvertise.fm - Founder.University - Pitch Deck 2024
Podvertise.fm - Founder.University - Pitch Deck 2024Nedko Nedkov
 
Friends of Search Future Proof Accounts.pptx
Friends of Search Future Proof Accounts.pptxFriends of Search Future Proof Accounts.pptx
Friends of Search Future Proof Accounts.pptxNavah Hopkins
 
The Creative Marketing campaigns of WeRoad
The Creative Marketing campaigns of WeRoadThe Creative Marketing campaigns of WeRoad
The Creative Marketing campaigns of WeRoadFabio Bin
 
Unifying feature management with experiments - Server Side Webinar (1).pdf
Unifying feature management with experiments - Server Side Webinar (1).pdfUnifying feature management with experiments - Server Side Webinar (1).pdf
Unifying feature management with experiments - Server Side Webinar (1).pdfVWO
 
Run more experiments with fewer resources
Run more experiments with fewer resourcesRun more experiments with fewer resources
Run more experiments with fewer resourcesVWO
 
Amazon Seller New Product Launch Guide - 2024.pptx
Amazon Seller New Product Launch Guide - 2024.pptxAmazon Seller New Product Launch Guide - 2024.pptx
Amazon Seller New Product Launch Guide - 2024.pptxWill Haire
 
Cricket Playbook for Growth Marketers: Adjust x Glance report
Cricket Playbook for Growth Marketers: Adjust x Glance reportCricket Playbook for Growth Marketers: Adjust x Glance report
Cricket Playbook for Growth Marketers: Adjust x Glance reportSocial Samosa
 
2024 Google SERP Features: New Strategies To Gain Visibility
2024 Google SERP Features: New Strategies To Gain Visibility2024 Google SERP Features: New Strategies To Gain Visibility
2024 Google SERP Features: New Strategies To Gain VisibilitySearch Engine Journal
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Converting with Comedy: Research Parallels for CRO
Converting with Comedy: Research Parallels for CROConverting with Comedy: Research Parallels for CRO
Converting with Comedy: Research Parallels for CRO
 
SVETLANA YONCHEVA Evolution of digital marketing.pdf
SVETLANA YONCHEVA Evolution of digital marketing.pdfSVETLANA YONCHEVA Evolution of digital marketing.pdf
SVETLANA YONCHEVA Evolution of digital marketing.pdf
 
Digital Gravity - Full-Scale SEO Services Preview
Digital Gravity - Full-Scale SEO Services PreviewDigital Gravity - Full-Scale SEO Services Preview
Digital Gravity - Full-Scale SEO Services Preview
 
Imposter Syndrome in Marketing & Why You're Not Alone
Imposter Syndrome in Marketing & Why You're Not AloneImposter Syndrome in Marketing & Why You're Not Alone
Imposter Syndrome in Marketing & Why You're Not Alone
 
What's Happening with Your Microsoft Advertising's Search Campaigns? - Sophie...
What's Happening with Your Microsoft Advertising's Search Campaigns? - Sophie...What's Happening with Your Microsoft Advertising's Search Campaigns? - Sophie...
What's Happening with Your Microsoft Advertising's Search Campaigns? - Sophie...
 
Product Demo: HubSpot's Coolest AI Tools for B2B Tech Companies
Product Demo: HubSpot's Coolest AI Tools for B2B Tech CompaniesProduct Demo: HubSpot's Coolest AI Tools for B2B Tech Companies
Product Demo: HubSpot's Coolest AI Tools for B2B Tech Companies
 
The best Crypto Marketing Strategies pdf
The best Crypto Marketing Strategies pdfThe best Crypto Marketing Strategies pdf
The best Crypto Marketing Strategies pdf
 
Podvertise.fm - Podcast Advertising Marketplace - Startup Pitch Deck
Podvertise.fm - Podcast Advertising Marketplace - Startup Pitch DeckPodvertise.fm - Podcast Advertising Marketplace - Startup Pitch Deck
Podvertise.fm - Podcast Advertising Marketplace - Startup Pitch Deck
 
ToShare_UG 13_03_24_Full_BelgianTrailblazerCommunity.pptx
ToShare_UG 13_03_24_Full_BelgianTrailblazerCommunity.pptxToShare_UG 13_03_24_Full_BelgianTrailblazerCommunity.pptx
ToShare_UG 13_03_24_Full_BelgianTrailblazerCommunity.pptx
 
Top 15 Emerging Technologies for the Modern World
Top 15 Emerging Technologies for the Modern WorldTop 15 Emerging Technologies for the Modern World
Top 15 Emerging Technologies for the Modern World
 
Snapshot of Consumer Behaviors of February 2024-EOLiSurvey (EN).pdf
Snapshot of Consumer Behaviors of February 2024-EOLiSurvey (EN).pdfSnapshot of Consumer Behaviors of February 2024-EOLiSurvey (EN).pdf
Snapshot of Consumer Behaviors of February 2024-EOLiSurvey (EN).pdf
 
Fashion-Marketing-1- Assaginment mid.pdf
Fashion-Marketing-1- Assaginment mid.pdfFashion-Marketing-1- Assaginment mid.pdf
Fashion-Marketing-1- Assaginment mid.pdf
 
Podvertise.fm - Founder.University - Pitch Deck 2024
Podvertise.fm - Founder.University - Pitch Deck 2024Podvertise.fm - Founder.University - Pitch Deck 2024
Podvertise.fm - Founder.University - Pitch Deck 2024
 
Friends of Search Future Proof Accounts.pptx
Friends of Search Future Proof Accounts.pptxFriends of Search Future Proof Accounts.pptx
Friends of Search Future Proof Accounts.pptx
 
The Creative Marketing campaigns of WeRoad
The Creative Marketing campaigns of WeRoadThe Creative Marketing campaigns of WeRoad
The Creative Marketing campaigns of WeRoad
 
Unifying feature management with experiments - Server Side Webinar (1).pdf
Unifying feature management with experiments - Server Side Webinar (1).pdfUnifying feature management with experiments - Server Side Webinar (1).pdf
Unifying feature management with experiments - Server Side Webinar (1).pdf
 
Run more experiments with fewer resources
Run more experiments with fewer resourcesRun more experiments with fewer resources
Run more experiments with fewer resources
 
Amazon Seller New Product Launch Guide - 2024.pptx
Amazon Seller New Product Launch Guide - 2024.pptxAmazon Seller New Product Launch Guide - 2024.pptx
Amazon Seller New Product Launch Guide - 2024.pptx
 
Cricket Playbook for Growth Marketers: Adjust x Glance report
Cricket Playbook for Growth Marketers: Adjust x Glance reportCricket Playbook for Growth Marketers: Adjust x Glance report
Cricket Playbook for Growth Marketers: Adjust x Glance report
 
2024 Google SERP Features: New Strategies To Gain Visibility
2024 Google SERP Features: New Strategies To Gain Visibility2024 Google SERP Features: New Strategies To Gain Visibility
2024 Google SERP Features: New Strategies To Gain Visibility
 

Defining food authenticity: an efficient promotion for ethnic restaurants (EURAM 2016)

  • 1. Defining food authenticity: An efficient promotion for ethnic restaurants Elena Chatzopoulou – Newcastle University (BUSINESS SCHOOL), Prof. Matthew Gorton - Newcastle University (BUSINESS SCHOOL), Dr. Sharron Kuznesof - Newcastle University (FOOD & AGRICULTURE) e.chatzopoulou@ncl.ac.uk
  • 2. Authenticity Authenticity means for the consumers something trustworthy and original  one of the cornerstones of contemporary Marketing  reinforcing a brand’s identity and  a strategy for a product’s differentiation and positioning However, limited understanding of the meaning from the producers’ side. Introduction
  • 3. Authenticity Objective authenticity Taking into consideration the actual object and its tangible and absolute characteristics. That product has to be examined by an expert who shall judge its true and honest nature. Constructivist authenticity (Indexical) Authenticity has various versions which are not objectively but rather symbolically constructed. Authenticity meaning can be negotiated and interpreted by the members of the society. Post modern authenticity (Existential) Poorly explored in literature. Activity-based approach, relies on the hedonistic fun and eclecticism of lived experiences. It is about fun and pleasure through consumption. Consumers unfamiliar with the culture tend to believe in this type. Objective Authenticity • Object Constructive Authenticity • Society- community Post-modern Authenticity • Self Literaturereview
  • 4. Ethnic restaurants Ethnic restaurants are the second most influential representative of a foreign culture after the mass media. Especially for consumers who are unfamiliar with the restaurant’s culture, the restaurant shall act as an ambassador for the country and its culture. Literaturereview
  • 5. Literature gap Limited understanding of the authenticity meaning from the producers’ side. Research questions How and to what extent restaurateurs perceive of and construct an “authentic” eating experience for their customers? Do they meet consumers’ expectations and perceptions? Literaturegap &Researchquestions
  • 6. Methodology (Qualitative research) Techniques: In-depth interviews, during which the projective technique of two ethnic restaurant menus was applied Sample: n=19 Mediterranean restaurant owners, Greek themed restaurants, located in the U.K. and Greece Approach: Grounded theory (constructivist - Charmaz) Data analysis: NVIVO 10: data storage, coding, categorization, memo-writing and data retrieval Coding: open coding and comparative analysis of codes and node groups across participants Methodology
  • 7. Authenticity Some of the parameters taken into consideration are: the recipes, the ingredients, the restaurant’s decoration, the ethnicity of the staff, etc.  Staff (Greek restaurant owners prefer Greek chefs) “... The person who cooks and makes the recipes must certainly be Greek. Some ideas come through his DNA… a foreigner will create it differently...” (Male, restaurant owner, Greece) “… We can't have just Greek speaking staff in a restaurant you know... of this size...” (Male, restaurant owner, U.K.)  Ingredients (for cultural aware restaurateurs ingredients are perceived as important contributors to the authenticity of the Greek restaurant on the contrary with third generation restaurateurs for whom freshness and flavour of ingredients superseded the Greek origin) “… Capers must always be from Andros island and not from Turkey. Can you understand?.. It always has to be original… Greeks have to be honest…” (Male, restaurant owner, Greece) “… Greek lamb?.. For example, some of the best lamb in the world is right here, comes from Wales... so why would we buy things like that?” (Male, restaurant owner, U.K: 3rd generation Greek) Findings
  • 8. Authenticity vs. identity By taking into consideration these parameters restaurateurs construct authenticity meanings based on their identity. These authenticity meanings are either indexical or existential for the restaurateurs:  culturally aware restaurateurs tend to judge food authenticity according to indexical measure  restaurateurs less tied to the culture, with a market orientation, seem to follow the existential authenticity Findings
  • 9. The authenticity modelFactorswhichrestaurateurstakeintoconsideration toconstructauthenticitymeanings Indexical authenticity Existential authenticity Description of the restaurant Concept derives from a specific origin (Greek, Cretan, etc.) Something general (touristy, Mediterranean, etc.) Source of the recipes From a specific origin (from memory, from relatives, from traditional cookbooks) Not from a specific origin (Internet, standard recipes) Origin of the ingredients Imported products from the origin e.g. PDO products Ingredients from a different origin, not necessarily PDO Type of customers Locals, loyal customers Tourists, non-regulars Reason for dining in the restaurant To taste authentic food, to feel closer to home, to be reminded of holiday memories For an elicit/different/new experience or to share the experience afterwards The owner's/manager's role Targeting profits but also an ambassador of the country and its culinary culture Focus on profits Other restaurants as "role models" A restaurant from the origin, a traditional restaurant Fusion cuisine, sometimes “fine dining” restaurant Findings * *Not a clear identity: stuck in the middle
  • 10. Restaurateurs vs. consumers The factors of menu, decoration, atmospherics, the use of traditional recipes, the food quality, the music, the costumes or even the ethnicity of the employees, echo those reported in the existing literature about consumers’ influential factors when judging the authenticity of ethnic restaurants. This paper has offered a conceptualisation of the term authenticity from a producer perspective. Restaurateurs construct authenticity meanings filtered by their identity “lens”. Findingsinrelationwiththeliterature
  • 11. Future research In the future, a comparison with consumers’ perceptions could be beneficial and that is possible by conducting in-depth interviews with customers of ethnic restaurants. Moreover, a similar research about ethnic restaurants of different ethnicities may result in a more globalised definition of food authenticity. Futureresearch
  • 12. Alexander, N. (2009) 'Brand authentication: creating and maintaining brand auras', European Journal of Marketing, 43(3/4), pp. 551-562. Assiouras, I., Liapati, G., Kouletsis, G. and Koniordos, M. (2015) 'The impact of brand authenticity on brand attachment in the food industry', British Food Journal, 117(2), pp. 538-552. Belhassen, Y., Caton, K. and Stewart, W.P. (2008) 'The search for authenticity in the pilgrim experience', Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), pp. 668-689. Beverland, M.B. (2005) 'Crafting brand authenticity: The case of luxury wines', Journal of Management Studies, 42(5), pp. 1003-1029. Bonne, K. and Verbeke, W. (2007) 'Religious values informing halal meat production and the control and delivery of halal credence quality', Agriculture and Human Values, 25(1), pp. 35-47. Brown, S., Kozinets, R.V. and Sherry, J.F. (2003) 'Teaching old brands new tricks: Retro branding and the revival of brand meaning', Journal of Marketing, 67(3), pp. 19-33. Bruhn, M., Schoenmüller, V., Schäfer, D. and Heinrich, D. (2012) 'Brand Authenticity: Towards a Deeper Understanding of its Conceptualization and Measurement', Advances in Consumer Research, 40, pp. 567-576. Cappannelli, G.a.S. (2004) Authenticity: Simple Strategies for Greater Meaning and Purpose at Work and at Home. Emmis books. Charmaz, K. (2010) Constructing Grounded Theory. London: Sage Publications. Charmaz, K. (2011) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. SAGE Ebster, C. and Guist, I. (2005) 'The Role of Authenticity in Ethnic Theme Restaurants', Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 7(2), pp. 41-52. Glaser, B.G. (1992) Emergence vs forcing: Basics of grounded theory analysis. Sociology Press. Grayson, K. and Martinec, R. (2004) 'Consumer perceptions of iconicity and indexicality and their influence on assessments of authentic market offerings', Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), pp. 296-312. References References
  • 13. Hughes, G. (1995) 'Authenticity in Tourism', Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), pp. 781-803. Jang, S., Ha, J. and Park, K. (2012) 'Effects of ethnic authenticity: Investigating Korean restaurant customers in the U.S', International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), pp. 990-1003. Jensen, Ø. and Hansen, K.V. (2007) 'Consumer values among restaurant customers', International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(3), pp. 603-622. Kim, H. and Jamal, T. (2007) 'Touristic quest for existential authenticity', Annals of Tourism Research, 34(1), pp. 181-201. Kvale, S. (1996) Interviews An introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. UK & USA: SAGE Publications. Lego Muñoz, C. and Wood, N.T. (2009) 'A recipe for success: understanding regional perceptions of authenticity in themed restaurants', International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(3), pp. 269-280. Leigh, T., Peters, C. and Shelton, J. (2006) 'The Consumer Quest for Authenticity: The Multiplicity of Meanings Within the MG Subculture of Consumption', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(4), pp. 481-493. Leite, N. and Graburn, N. (2009) The SAGE Handbook of tourism studies Anthropological interventions in tourism studies. SAGE Los Angeles & London. Levy, P. (2006) 'Oxford symposium on food and cookery, 24th annual meeting, 2–4 September 2005, Oxford Brookes University, Authenticity', Appetite, 47(1), pp. 123-125. Lu, A.C.C., Gursoy, D. and Lu, C.Y. (2015) 'Authenticity perceptions, brand equity and brand choice intention: The case of ethnic restaurants', International Journal of Hospitality Management, 50, pp. 36-45. Mkono, M. (2013) 'Existential authenticity in cultural restaurant experiences in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe: a netnographic analysis', International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(4), pp. 353-363. Peterson, R.A. (2005) 'In search of authenticity', Journal of Management Studies, 42(5), pp. 1083-1098. Pimentel, R.W. and Reynolds, K.E. (2004) 'A model for consumer devotion: Affective commitment with proactive sustaining behaviors', Academy of Marketing Science Review, 5(1), pp. 1-45. References References
  • 14. Postrel, V. (2003) The substance of style: how the rise of aesthetic value is remaking commerce, culture & conciousness. new York: Harper Collins. Reisinger, Y. and Steiner, C.J. (2006) 'Reconceptualizing object authenticity', Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), p. 67. Rickly-Boyd, J.M. (2013) 'Existential Authenticity: Place Matters', Tourism Geographies, 15(4), pp. 680-686. Ryu, K., Han, H. and Kim, T.-H. (2008) 'The relationships among overall quick-casual restaurant image, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions', International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(3), pp. 459-469. Steiner, C.J. and Reisinger, Y. (2006) 'Understanding existential authenticity', Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), pp. 299- 318. Tsai, C.-T. and Lu, P.-H. (2012) 'Authentic dining experiences in ethnic theme restaurants', International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), pp. 304-306. Wang, N. (1999) 'Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience', Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), pp. 349-370. Wood, N.T. and Lego Muñoz, C. (2007) '‘No rules, just right’ or is it? The role of themed restaurants as cultural ambassadors', Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3-4), pp. 242-255. Zeng, G., Go, F. and de Vries, H.J. (2012) 'Paradox of authenticity versus standardization: Expansion strategies of restaurant groups in China', International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), pp. 1090-1100. Zhu, Y. (2012) 'Performing heritage: rethinking authenticity in tourism', Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3), pp. 1495- 1513. References References