4. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Intended Learning outcomes
By the end of this talk you should
•Be aware of the calssification of tumours
•Know how tumours are named
•Be familiar with the differences between
benign and malignant tumours
•Know how malignant tumours spread
6. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Calssification Of Malignant Tumours
Usually on basis of cell/tissue of origin
Main groups are:
•Epithelial
•Connective tissue (mesenchymal)
•Lymphoid/haematological
•Mixture of all (teratomas)
7. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Nomenclature
Tissue of origin
Epithelial:
• cell of origin benign malignant
•Squamous cell Papilloma Sq C carcinoma
•Glandular Adenoma Adenocarcinoma
•Transitional TC Papilloma T C carcinoma
•Basal BC Papilloma B C carcinoma
8. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Nomenclature
Tissue of origin
Mesenchymal:
• cell of origin benign malignant
•Smooth Muscle Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma
•Striated Muscle Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
•Blood Vs Heam(angioma) Angiosarcoma
•Nerves Neurofibroma Neurofibrosarcoma
•Adepose tissue Lipoma Liposarcoma
•Cartilage Chondroma Chondrosarcoma
•Bone Osteoma Osteosarcoma
10. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Benign Tumours
• Generally slow growing
•Remain localised
•Do not invade surrounding tissues
•Do not spread to distant sites
•Resemble tissue of origin i.e. Well
differentiated
11. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Benign Tumours (Microscopic)
• Mitotic activity is low
•Mitotic figures appear normal
•Nuclei appear normal
•No necrosis
12. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Benign Tumours (Effects)
• May be unsightly, removed for cosmotic
purposes
•Damage tissue by pressure effects
•Block ducts such as a pancreas or
bronchus
•Block flow of fluid in brain
•May secrete hormones
•May become malignant
13. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Malignant Tumours
• Generally rapid growing
•Irregular edges poorly defined margins
•Invade surrounding tissues
•Spread to distant sites
•May not resemble tissue of origin i.e.
poorly differentiated or anaplastic
14. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Malignant Tumours (Microscopic)
• Mitotic activity is high
•Abnormal Mitotic figures
•Nuclei are hyperchromatic and
pleomorphic
•Necrosis usually occur
15. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Malignant Tumours (Spread)
• Invade surrounding tissues
•Spread via lymphatic channels to lymph
nodes
•Spread via blood stream to other organs
i.e. metastasis
•Spread across body cavities
16. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Malignant Tumours - Effects
• Destruction of adjacent tissues causing
pain and loss of function
•Pressure on structures leading to
necrosis and infection
•Haemorrhage from surface ulceration
•Obstruction of flow through vital
structures
17. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Malignant Tumours - Effects
• Secondary deposits (metastasis) causing
damage at distant sites
•Cachexia (wasting) due to tumour
necrosis factor-α
•Production of hormones either
appropriate or inappropriate (ectopic)
•Paraneoplastic syndromes
18. carcinoma of breast. This is not a specific
histologic type of breast cancer, but rather
it implies dermal lymphatic invasion by
some type of underlying breast carcinoma.
Such involvement of dermal lymphatics
gives the grossly thickened, erythematous,
and rough skin surface with the
appearance of an orange peel ("peau
d'orange").
BACK
19. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Malignant Tumours - Metastasis
• Process by which neoplastic cells from
primary tumour spread to distant sites.
•Involves primary tumour invation into
surrounding tissues, specially vessels
(lymphatic or blood)
•Then detachment within vessels and
transport as emboli
20. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Malignant Tumours - Metastasis
• Extravasation (move from vessel to
tissue) and growth at distant sites
•Lymphatic spread leads to lymph node
involvement
21. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Malignant Tumours - Metastasis
• Blood vessel spread leads to
haematogenous metastasis (liver, lung,
bone and brain)
•Less commonly, transcoelomic spread
occurs (across body cavities)
22. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Malignant Tumours
Stage/Grade of tumours
• GRADE refers to how closely tumours
resemble their tissue of origin
•STAGE refers to how far a tumour has
spread at the time of presentation
23. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Malignant Tumours
Stage/Grade of tumours
• Different systems exist for different tumours
•Dukes’ stage predicts prognosis for colorectal
tumours
•Duke’s A: 90% 5yrs, continued to bowel wall
•Duke’s B: 66% 5yrs, outside bowel wall, LN -ve
•Duke’s C: 33% 5yrs, LN +ve
24. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Malignant Tumours
Stage/Grade of tumours
TNM system
• T : Primary tumour size
•N : Lymph Node involvement
•M : Distant metastasis
•Different TNM for each different organ and
tumour
26. Breast Blood + Lymphatic Supply
• Lymphatic:
• 75% To ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes
• Central
• Pectoral
• Subscapular
• Remainder to infra/supraclavicular and
parasternal lymph nodes, and to contralateral
breast
30. carcinoma of breast. This is not a specific
histologic type of breast cancer, but rather
it implies dermal lymphatic invasion by
some type of underlying breast carcinoma.
Such involvement of dermal lymphatics
gives the grossly thickened, erythematous,
and rough skin surface with the
appearance of an orange peel ("peau
d'orange").
BACK
31. Duct Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)
• Aka intaduct carcinoma
• Tumour cells confined to ducts and acini – no
evidence of any invation of surrounding stromal
tissue
• Tumour cells therefore have no access to
lymphatics or blood vessels
• Approximately 3 – 5% cancers in symptomatic
series and Up to 25% in screening series
• Clinical presentations: mass, nipple discharge,
paget’s disease.
• Mammographic presentation: microcalcification
33. Breast Cancer
• Second most common cancer after lung
• 10.4% of all cancer incidence
• Commonly arises in lobules or ducts
• Can present with symptoms e.g. lump,
lymphadenopathy, nipple discharge
• Can be identified on screening e.g. mammogram
• Requires triple assessment
• 1. Clinical examination
• 2. Radiology (mammogram, Ultrasound)
• 3. Tissue diagnosis (FANC, core biopsy, excisional
biopsy)
35. Br Ca Lymph Nodes
• Historically, large groups were removed
Side effects: lymphoedema
• Sentinel lymph node mapping
- Examines first node(s) to drain tumour
for evidence of malignancy
- Identify with dye & radiation
- Can prevent 65 – 70% of patients having
unnecessary axillary node clearance
42. Tumour staging
• Based on degree of tumour spread
• TNM classification
• T – local spread – size, involvement of local
structures e.g. skin, chest wall
• N – Nodes – axillary (IPSL – and contralateral),
internal mammary, supraclavicular. Number and
size (very complicated)
• M – distant metastasis
43. Stage grouping
• Grouped into stage 0 – stage IV according to TNM
classification
• Eg. Stage 1 – T1,N0,M0
• Stage IV – M1, any T and N
• Useful for clinical trials
45. Surgery
• Treatment depends on stage
• Surgery is the mainstay
• Clear margins important
• 1. Wide local excision (lumpectomy/ breast
conservative therapy)
• 2. Mastectomy if
• Multi-focal tumours
• Previous radiotherapy to breast
• Tumour large relative to breast
• Patient preference
46. Other treatments
• Radiotherapy
• - Reduces risk of local recurrence
• Chemotherapy
• - Systemic treatment, more advanced disease
• Hormone Therapy
- Depending on ER/PR expression
- Tamoxifen (ER antagonist)
- Aromatase inhibitors (block oestrogen production)
• Monoclonal antibodies
• -Herceptin (HER2/neu receptor antagonist)
47. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
Intended Learning outcomes
By now you should
•Be aware of the calssification of tumours
•Know how tumours are named
•Be familiar with the differences between
benign and malignant tumours
•Know how malignant tumours spread
48. Breast Carcinoma
The most common
malignancy in women
In UK 1 in 10-12 chances
1 in 8 women in US
Less incidence in Asia
Majority of cancers arise
in the ducts.
Very rare before age 25
50. Normal Breast
A normal breast acinus. Note the epithelial cells lining
the lumen demonstrate apocrine secretion with
snouting, or cytoplasmic extrusions, into the lumen.
51. Comparison of the gross characteristics of a classic infiltrating
ductal carcinoma on the left and a benign fibroadenoma on the
right
Crab like shape
due to lines of infiltration
55. Here is a surgical excision of a small mass
from the breast. The mass is well-
circumscribed. Grossly it felt firm and
rubbery. This is a fibroadenoma. The blue
dye around the fibroadenoma was used to
mark the lesion during needle localization in
radiology so that the surgeon could find this
small mass .
BACK
56. Here is the microscopic appearance of a fibroadenoma.
To the right is compressed breast connective tissue
forming a "capsule" to this mass. The neoplasm itself is
composed of a fibroblastic stroma in which are located
elongated compressed ducts lined by benign appearing
epithelium
BACK
57. This is the gross appearance of fibrocystic changes in
the breast. A 1.5 cm cyst is noted here. This can
lead to palpation of an ill-defined "lump" in the
breast. Sometimes, fibrocystic changes produce a
more diffusely lumpy breast.
BACK
58. Another example of microscopic fibrocystic changes of
the breast are shown here. Fibrocystic changes
account for the majority of "breast lumps" that are
found in women of reproductive years, particularly
between age 30 and menopause.
BACK
59. This is the histologic appearance of fibrocystic changes
in breast. There are cystically dilated ducts, areas of
lobules that are laced with abundant fibrous connective
tissue (sclerosing adenosis), and stromal fibrosis. There
is even a small area of microcalcification seen just to
the upper right of center. No atypical changes are seen
here
BACK
60. Prominent sclerosing adenosis, one of the features of
fibrocystic changes, is demonstrated by the appearance
of a proliferation of small ducts in a fibrous stroma.
Although it is benign, the gross and mammographic
appearance may mimic carcinoma, and it can be
difficult to distinguish from carcinoma on frozen
section .
BACK
61. There is prominent Apocrine Metaplasia change of the
cells lining the cysts in this example of fibrocystic
changes of breast. Note the tall, pink, columnar
nature of the epithelial cells. This appearance is
benign.
BACK
62. A small benign intraductal papilloma appears here in a
breast duct, typically in one of the main lactiferous
ducts beneath the areola. Note that the epithelial cells
show no atypia and that there is a fine pink collagenous
stroma within the papilloma. An intraductal papilloma
may be associated with a serous or bloody nipple
discharge, or it may cause some nipple retraction .
BACK
63. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma, the
pleomorphism of the carcinoma cells
within the duct in the center (in a
cribriform pattern), as well as the
neoplastic cells infiltrating through the
stroma and fat, can be seen
BACK
64. “Scirrhous carcinoma of the breast” , small nests and
infiltrating strands of neoplastic cells with prominent
bands of collagen between them. It is this marked
increase in the dense fibrous tissue stroma that
produces the characteristic hard "scirrhous"
appearance of the typical infiltrating ductal carcinoma.
Note the nerve surrounded by the neoplasm at the
lower left . BACK
65. Lobular carcinoma in situ is seen here. Lobular CIS
consists of a neoplastic proliferation of cells in the
terminal breast ducts and acini. The cells are
small and round. Though these lesions are low
grade, there is a 30% risk for development of
invasive carcinoma in the same or the opposite
breast .
BACK
66. The cells of this breast carcinoma are highly positive for
estrogen receptor with this immunoperoxidase stain.
Estrogen receptor positivity correlates with a better
prognosis because such positive neoplastic cells are
better differentiated and more sensitive to hormonal
manipulation .
BACK
67. Paget's cells of Paget's disease of breast
have abundant clear cytoplasm and appear
in the epidermis either singly or in clusters.
The nuclei of the Paget's cells are atypical
and, though not seen here, often have
prominent nucleoli
BACK
68. This variant of breast cancer is known as colloid, or
mucinous, carcinoma. Note the abundant bluish
mucin. The carcinoma cells appear to be floating in the
mucin. This variant tends to occur in older women and
is slower growing, and if it is the predominant histologic
pattern present, then the prognosis is better than for
non-mucinous, invasive carcinomas .
BACK
69. carcinoma of breast. This is not a specific
histologic type of breast cancer, but rather
it implies dermal lymphatic invasion by
some type of underlying breast carcinoma.
Such involvement of dermal lymphatics
gives the grossly thickened, erythematous,
and rough skin surface with the
appearance of an orange peel ("peau
d'orange").
BACK
