5. Successful socio-economic recovery for East-Kamaishi:
a compact
urban development
Urban Planning = +
place-based
community participation
Thesis Hypothesis
6. Successful socio-economic recovery for East-Kamaishi:
Issues in shrinking population
- shopping street
- elderly needs Literature Review
of planning for
Case Studies from Kobe:
shrinking
population models:
a compact 1. ‘Urban Islands’ 1. Shin-nagata Station
urban development
Urban Planning = +
place-based 2. Noda North District
community participation 2. ‘Smart Shrinking’
Thesis Structure
7. Shopping Streets Elderly Needs
1.Comfort
2.Security
3.Urban culture
4.Job opportunities
*Healthy Neighbourhood
- change of family structure
- central education system
- raise of capitalism (centralism and shopping mall)
Understanding Issues ‘Shrinking and Aging Societies’
8. ‘Urban Islands’ ‘Smart Shrinking’
Model Name ‘Urban Islands’ ‘Smart Shrinking’
Case Example Oswald Mathiass Ungers’ Green Urban Archipelago for West Berlin Terry Schwarz’s Cleveland ‘Smart Shrinking’ development
Related Concepts New Urbanism compact city development Place-based participatory planning
Planning Approach - traditional top-down planning pre-conceived by urban planners or designers - new type of bottom-up planning initiated by the community
- sees development as a solution to a current situation - sees development as a constant self-renewing process
Pros - opportunity for infrastructure right-sizing to reduce cost - preserve and enhance social capital, history, culture and memory of a place
- preserve traditional urban characteristic for potential culture development - empowers community self-development
- attract funding for re-development from marketing the city - holistic planning that is sensitive to the needs of a diverse stakeholders
- faster planning process - focus in local economies and social equity
Cons - difficult to attract funding with a shrinking population - likely to become less dense and rural
- in sensitive to the needs of a diverse stakeholders - slower planning process depending on the level of participation
- lack of focus in local economies and social equity
‘Urban Islands’ vs ‘Smart Shrinking’ Model
9. ‘Urban Islands’ ‘Smart Shrinking’
Model Name ‘Urban Islands’ ‘Smart Shrinking’
Case Example Oswald Mathiass Ungers’ Green Urban Archipelago for West Berlin Terry Schwarz’s Cleveland ‘Smart Shrinking’ development
Related Concepts New Urbanism compact city development Place-based participatory planning
Planning Approach - traditional top-down planning pre-conceived by urban planners or designers - new type of bottom-up planning initiated by the community
- sees development as a solution to a current situation - sees development as a constant self-renewing process
Pros - opportunity for infrastructure right-sizing to reduce cost - preserve and enhance social capital, history, culture and memory of a place
- preserve traditional urban characteristic for potential culture development - empowers community self-development
- attract funding for re-development from marketing the city - holistic planning that is sensitive to the needs of a diverse stakeholders
- faster planning process - focus in local economies and social equity
Cons - difficult to attract funding with a shrinking population - likely to become less dense and rural
- in sensitive to the needs of a diverse stakeholders - slower planning process depending on the level of participation
- lack of focus in local economies and social equity
‘Urban Islands’ vs ‘Smart Shrinking’ Model
10. New Urbanism Place-based Participatory
Spatial Relationship Planning Process
Model Name ‘Urban Islands’ ‘Smart Shrinking’
Case Example Oswald Mathiass Ungers’ Green Urban Archipelago for West Berlin Terry Schwarz’s Cleveland ‘Smart Shrinking’ development
Related Concepts New Urbanism compact city development Place-based participatory planning
Planning Approach - traditional top-down planning pre-conceived by urban planners or designers - new type of bottom-up planning initiated by the community
- sees development as a solution to a current situation - sees development as a constant self-renewing process
Pros - opportunity for infrastructure right-sizing to reduce cost - preserve and enhance social capital, history, culture and memory of a place
- preserve traditional urban characteristic for potential culture development - empowers community self-development
- attract funding for re-development from marketing the city - holistic planning that is sensitive to the needs of a diverse stakeholders
- faster planning process - focus in local economies and social equity
Cons - difficult to attract funding with a shrinking population - likely to become less dense and rural
- in sensitive to the needs of a diverse stakeholders - slower planning process depending on the level of participation
- lack of focus in local economies and social equity
New Urbanism Spatial Relationship & Place-based Participatory Planning Process
12. Shin-nagata Station South District Noda North District
1. Methods - Urban Redevelopment & Land Readjustments
2. Process - Level of Community Development Council / Mazichukuri Organisation
Planning Models in Japan Post-disaster Context
14. CASE 1: Shin-nagata Station South District CASE 2: Noda North District
Urban Redevelopment Land Readjustment
Comparing Planning Methods
15. CASE 1: Shin-nagata Station South District
Before Urban Redevelopment After Urban Redevelopment
Shin-nagata Station South District Urban Redevelopment Planning Methods
16. CASE 2: Noda North District
Before Land Readjustment After Land Readjustment
Noda North District Land Readjustment Planning Methods
17. CASE 2: Noda North District
Before Land Readjustment After Land Readjustment
Noda North District Land Readjustment Planning Methods
18. CASE 1: Shin-nagata Station South District CASE 2: Noda North District
Urban Redevelopment Land Readjustment
5. independent community initiatives 5. independent community initiatives
4. acting together 4. acting together
3. deciding together 3. deciding together
2. consultation 2. consultation
1. information 1. information
According to Rabinowitz’s level of participation (2012)
Comparing Level of Participation in Planning Process
19. CASE 1: Shin-nagata Station South District
Urban Redevelopment
Governor of Hyogo Prefecture
Consultation Agreement
Public Notification and Urban plan decided and made
Drafting of Urban Plan (by City)
Inspection of draft open to the public
Submission Recommendation
Submission
Collecting residents’ Kobe City Urban
opinions by means of public Written Opinions Planning Commission
hearings, etc.
System of Planning Process
20. CASE 2: Noda North District
Land Readjustment
System of Planning Process
21. CASE 1: Shin-nagata Station South District CASE 2: Noda North District
Urban Redevelopment Land Readjustment
Model Name ‘Urban Islands’ Model Name ‘Smart Shrinking’
Related Concepts New Urbanism compact city development Related Concepts Place-based participatory planning
Planning - traditional top-down planning pre-conceived by urban planners or Planning - new type of bottom-up planning initiated by the community
Approach designers Approach - sees development as a constant self-renewing process
- sees development as a solution to a current situation
Pros - preserve and enhance social capital, history, culture and memory of
Pros - opportunity for infrastructure right-sizing to reduce cost
a place
- preserve traditional urban characteristic for potential culture
- empowers community self-development
development
- holistic planning that is sensitive to the needs of a diverse
- attract funding for re-development from marketing the city
stakeholders
- faster planning process
- focus in local economies and social equity
Cons - difficult to attract funding with a shrinking population
- in sensitive to the needs of a diverse stakeholders Cons - likely to become less dense and rural
- lack of focus in local economies and social equity - slower planning process depending on the level of participation
Pros: provide public infrastructure Pros: coherent public infrastructure and green
for the elderly population space is provided
Cons: lack of inclusion of local Small Cons: Takes a longer planning time
business in development
Comparing Case Studies and Planning Models
22. CASE 1: Shin-nagata Station South District CASE 2: Noda North District
Urban Redevelopment Land Readjustment
Model Name ‘Urban Islands’ Model Name ‘Smart Shrinking’
Related Concepts New Urbanism compact city development Related Concepts Place-based participatory planning
Planning - traditional top-down planning pre-conceived by urban planners or Planning - new type of bottom-up planning initiated by the community
Approach designers Approach - sees development as a constant self-renewing process
- sees development as a solution to a current situation
Pros - preserve and enhance social capital, history, culture and memory of
Pros - opportunity for infrastructure right-sizing to reduce cost
a place
- preserve traditional urban characteristic for potential culture
- empowers community self-development
development
- holistic planning that is sensitive to the needs of a diverse
- attract funding for re-development from marketing the city
stakeholders
- faster planning process
- focus in local economies and social equity
Cons - difficult to attract funding with a shrinking population
- in sensitive to the needs of a diverse stakeholders Cons - likely to become less dense and rural
- lack of focus in local economies and social equity - slower planning process depending on the level of participation
Pros: provide public infrastructure Pros: coherent public infrastructure and green
for the elderly population space is provided
Cons: lack of inclusion of local Small Cons: Takes a longer planning time
business in development
SAME COST $$
Comparing Case Studies and Planning Models
23. CASE 1: Shin-nagata Station South District CASE 2: Noda North District
Urban Redevelopment Land Readjustment
New Urbanism Place-based Participatory
Spatial Relationship Planning Process
In Japan Post-disaster Context
24. Machizukuri Organisation
ecological
environment
Small Independent
Community =
Compact Town
neighbourhood
local economy
community
Small Independent Community (SIC) - Compact Town
25. ecological neighbourhood local
environment community economy
small independent small independent
community community
small independent
small independent small independent
community
community community
neighbourhood local ecological neighbourhood
community economy environment community
small independent small independent small independent
community community community
small independent small independent
community community
ecological neighbourhood local
environment community economy
A compact urban development + Place-based community participation = Japan’s new Compact City
Japan’s Compact City
26. Findings in Kamaishi (from interviews) Recommendations
1. land subsidence 1. create a smaller urban footprint (urban
islands - compact development)
2. emerging new 2. eco-model city - SIC compact city to maintain
identity of eco- the number of elderly people (compact
model city development & place-based participation)
3. active operation 3. establish community based organisation
of the local Small similar to the Machizukuri organisation in
Business Association Kobe. Experts role is to assist these
organisation in their decision making
(place-based participation)
Recommendations for Current Situation
28. 1. The segregation of land-uses and the large size of the urban-footprint.
2. The spatial disconnect between elderly public housing and the commercial area.
3.The spatial disconnect between the green belt and planned residential areas and the town centre.
4.The approval of a shopping mall for Kamaishi was not a result of the place-based participatory planning. This is
counterproductive to the goals of promoting the local socio-economy and shopping street which form the
kernel of a compact city.
Critique of East-Kamaishi Land-use Draft Plan
29. The successful socio-economic recovery of East-Kamaishi
requires a compact urban development formed by small
independent communities. A machizukuri type organisation
could be established to develop a place-based community
participation process for the redevelopment of East-Kamaishi.
Concluding Statement
