1. ESP: Este trabajo estรก protegido bajo licencia Atribuciรณn-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional.
ENG: This work is licenced under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ and
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode . This work consists of 43 pages. The Factory Management Institute.
Author: Koichi Kimura. Japan March-2020. Translation, Adaptation & Edition: Eduardo Garcรญa. The Netherlands March-2020
TPM Volume-11
Total Preventive Maintenance
Oil Control II
2020a Edition
Koichi Kimura
2. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 2 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
Sensei Koichi Kimura: International Consultant of the TPS (Total
Productive System), TQM, TPM (Total Productive and Total Preventive
Maintenance), Kaizen and Factory Management. Expert in the
introduction and fixing of these ones through personal growth and
assistance to the management for the change organization.
Sensei Koichi Kimura worked in Production Gemba for more than 45
years during which he developedthe JIT production systemas supplier
for Toyota, Honda,etc. in SUMITOMO Corp. from the positionas young
engineer, to General Manager passing throughout internal & external
consulting.
At time of publication and over the age of 75, he continues working on
the dissemination of original Japanese methods and more knowledge
even the one learned from the pioneers and, continues working as
international consultantforthe last 23 yearsin more than 11 countries,
training clients, as a lecturer and writer. Even now, experimentingand
researching innovative methods and growing in the field of Production
Management and Corporate structuration.
3. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 3 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
Tรญtulo de la VersiรณnEspaรฑola:
Factory Management- TPM MantenimientoPreventivoTotal.Volumen 11 -2020a
El control de la lubricaciรณn II
Title of English Version:
Factory Management- TPM Total Preventive Maintenance. Volume11 -2020a
Oil Control II
Autor/Author:
Sensei Koichi KimuraโJAPรN/JAPAN ยฉ 2020
https://jp.linkedin.com/in/kouichi-kimura-2ba37152/en
Traducciรณn,EdiciรณnyAdaptaciรณn de la versiรณnespaรฑola:
Edition and Adaptation of theEnglish version:
Sensei EduardoL.Garcรญa โ The Netherlandsยฉ 2020
https://es.linkedin.com/in/edulgg
El Documentohasidoeditadoparasu impresiรณnenDoble Carasobre DIN-A4+
Encuadernaciรณn
This Documenthasbeen edited to Double-SidePrinting overDIN-A4+ Bookbinding
โFactory ManagementInstituteโ esuna organizaciรณnenperรญodode constituciรณnalafechade la
publicaciรณnde este trabajo: 23 de Juliode 2020. www.factorymanagementinstitute.com
โFactoryManagementInstituteโ is an Organization in the Period of Incorporation atthedate of
publication of this work: July 23nd
, 2020. www.factorymanagementinstitute.com
NotaLegal:Las marcas registradasmencionadaseneste textosonpropiedadde susrespectivos
dueรฑos.
Legal Notice:Trademarksmentioned in this text are theproperty of their respective owners.
Haga clicen la imagen para ver todas las lecturas del Factory Management InstitutedeKoichi Kimura,
cargada permanentemente y para siempreen Internet-Archive.org
Click on Imageor ScanQR-codeto seeall Factory Management InstituteLectures by KoichiKimura,
permanently & forever uploaded into Internet-Archive.org
4. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 4 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
Content
I. Introduction......................................................................................................................7
5Ss and maintenance room.....................................................................................................7
II. COVID-19...........................................................................................................................9
A. Acceleration of Telework.................................................................................................. 10
Production-Gemba and Office-Gemba................................................................................... 10
B. Troubles & problems........................................................................................................ 11
C. World chaos..................................................................................................................... 11
Ego of large countries........................................................................................................... 11
US- China conflict................................................................................................................. 12
D. An eerie era..................................................................................................................... 12
Fear correctly....................................................................................................................... 13
III. Control of lubricating oil. ................................................................................................. 15
A. Machine & Equipment Management................................................................................. 15
B. What is the purpose of TPM?............................................................................................ 15
C. Maintenance tribology ..................................................................................................... 16
Tribology............................................................................................................................. 16
D. Damage to machine.......................................................................................................... 17
Firstly, the damage place...................................................................................................... 17
Control of lubricant oil.......................................................................................................... 18
IV. Whole life of machine & equipment................................................................................. 23
V. Teaching the company..................................................................................................... 25
A. Something strange. .......................................................................................................... 25
1) His targetwas to recoverthe profitandsalesexpansionbasedonthe cost competitiveness.
26
2) Not possible to feel the enthusiasm in Gemba................................................................ 26
3) Many Mudas in process.(Suchre-inspectionbyinspectors,excessorobsolete materials&
finished goods.) ................................................................................................................... 27
4) I hadn't seen the face of this president. ......................................................................... 27
5) Middle & Long-Term plans............................................................................................ 27
6) Strange annual profit planโฆ.......................................................................................... 29
B. Cost reduction for this company........................................................................................ 29
7) Outsourcing policy........................................................................................................ 30
5. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 5 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
C. Break-even point (BEP) investigation................................................................................. 39
1) Regrettable thing and Education of BEP......................................................................... 39
2) Imperial conference...................................................................................................... 42
3) Small project for re-setup of production lines................................................................. 42
VI. Next Lecture.................................................................................................................... 43
Icons:
Notes:Goingand Comebacktothe maintheme.
Thirdlevel of the Issue,inordertoprovide more clearnesstothe structure of the text.
Lowerlevelsof the Issue,commonly 6th
or 7th
And,pointingoutnecessaryexplanationsabout
picturesor graphs.
UPDATING TABLE:
Date, Version-Previous & V-Next Chapter (I..XX...) Chapter Point.- sub-point :
(Updating)
6. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 6 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
This page is intentionally black
7. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 7 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
I. Introduction
In thisdescription,Iexplainedthe bustubcurve.
And,before thisperiodwhichis"WearFailure Period"comes,we mustmake effortstoextendthe
"Accidental FailurePeriod"inwhichoperationisstablebyexchangingthe expendable partsand
maintenance.
In somewhereIhave writtenthata machine doesn'ttake age eventhoughtobe usedverylong
years.Thisis one part of dialogue withmyoldToyotafriend.Whya machine doesn'ttake age?
Because itis possible toexchangethe partwhere tobe damagedor worn.Andin the combinationof
maintenance andKaizen,itispossible touse the machine inverylong"AccidentalFailurePeriod".
I alsoexplainedthe conceptof tribology.
I wrote before thatitis saidthat 60% occurrence of failuresinmovingpartsof machine are causedof
the problemsof lubricants,includinglubricantsupply.
Andwhenlookingthe machine failure inoverall machine,more than25% numberoccurred,more
than 27% of machine stopandmore than30% of lossamountare causedof lubricanttroubles.
Yes,lubricantcontrol isveryimportantandessential factorforTPM. However,itistrue that the
systematicoilingisdisregarded.
Whenvisitingandlookingatthe maintenance of machines,Ialwayscanfindthe lackof lubricant
control conditionwhichare 5Ss of Oil storage,lackof oilingstandard(notcorrectand/orhackneyed),
no keepingthe standard(eventhoughthe standardismade).
5Ss and maintenance room.
In thisdescription,Ididn'twrite aboutthistheme.BecauseinsomewhereImighthave writtenit.
But once again I askyou to implement5Ssina maintenance roomwhichisthe strongholdof
maintenance activity.
I introduce one episode.
WhenI made a conference inacompany,Iwas requiredtomake a suggestionaboutKaizen.Their
problemistopromote KaizeninGemba.Andone of questionwashow to systemizeKaizenactivity.
ThenI taught 2 thingsand one isdata gatheringsystemandanotherone issuggestionscheme.
One yearlateronce againI had an opportunitytovisitthiscompany.AndIcouldlookat the situation
of Kaizenimplementation. However,itwasa miserable state.Ifoundthata suggestionbox became
the nestof cockroach andthere were the discolouredpapersinit.
Accordingto the managers,Kaizensuggestionsdon'tcome outasexpectedandthe voice of Gemba
was thattheycannot come up withKaizenidea.Bythe waythiscompanywas inthe middle of TPM
campaign.(Itherefore wasinvitedbythiscompany.) Thenwhenmakingfactory tour,we stoppedat
the maintenance room.Itwasa chaoticarea. It wasanywaychaotic.Nude posters,toolsscattered,
unreadable oil cansandoil servers,abottle of Coca-ColaโฆAndparticularlyitwasdirty.Is
maintenance roomadirtyplace in the first place?Theirexcuse wasthe use of oil andscatteringchips
8. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 8 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
and I lostword.Of course,I deniedtheirexcuse.Dirtymaintenance roomcannotmake reasonable
maintenance inproductionGembaandalsoveryunreliable.
Unreadable oil cansand oil servers,how cantheysupplycorrectoil incorrect position?And,thenI
suggestedthe managerstocreate 10 thousandKaizensuggestionsinthismaintenance roominto
implement5Ss.
10 thousandKaizenideas!?โฆThe managerswere surprised.Andtheysaidthatitis impossible in
unison.ButI toldthemas next:
โ InKaizen(Kaizenideas) there are 3ranks.
๏ท Excellent(effecttothe Gemba);Bettereffecttobe expected;
๏ท Good (effecttoGemba);Also,bettereffecttobe expected;
And,
๏ท The effecttobe betterthannothing.
โ Whenyouimagine Kaizen,youalwaysexpectorimagine "ExcellentorGood".But it iswrong.
Ratherthan the expectationof these,youshouldencourage the ideasof "Betterthannothing".
โ 10 thousandideasinmaintenance room, itiseasy.
โ Remove "Nude poster"withthe title of "Betterworkingenvironment".Then,itisone Kaizen
suggestion.
โ Decidingthe locationandcorrectputtingmethodforone tool.Thisisone Kaizensuggestion.
Decidingthe locationof ash tray and regulationof ashKatazuke.Thisisone of Kaizenidea.Putting
Kanbanboard of ash tray regulationalsoadditional Kaizenidea.
โ Inthismaintenance room,there are manytools,oils,lubricants,machines,โฆAndif yousuggest
ideasforone by one,itis easyto create 10thousandsideas.
Anyway, itisgoodchance to implement5SsandKaizensuggestionsasa maintenance teaminTPM
Campaign.
Koichi Kimura
International Consultant
Factory ManagementInstitute
9. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 9 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
II. COVID-19
Before goingtothe theme,Iwould write aboutsome miscellaneousthoughts.Butdroppinginthe
way.Therefore,nonecessarytoread,if youdonโtwant.
In previousdescription,Ihave writtenthe JapaneseEraName. Thus,now the era name is "REWA".
As I wrote before,since the Meijiera,the systemwaschangedtoone regionof Emperorand one era
name.But before Meiji,eraname waschangedmore thanonce in same Emperorwhenoccurring
disastersandepidemicsforplayingpeople'swell-beingandpeace.
Unfortunately,fromthe beginningof thisnew eraname,Japanwas attackedanddamagedby big
disastersandcurrentlyisbeenattackingthe epidemicof COVID.
Thisepidemicisveryseriousandmore seriousthanrecentothersinclude the economical epidemic
of Financial Crisisof Lehman.
At the Lehman's,the worldfinancial systemwasdamagedandexpandedthe influencetoGemba.
But thisCOVIDdirectlyattacked Gemba.Andall of Gembas,manufacturingsector,service sector,
tourismsector,andall of office Gembaswere attacked.Andthisdisasterinfluence wouldbe
continuinglongterm(more than3 yearsin a passage).
Afterthisdisaster(no,duringthisdisaster),somethingof social systemwouldbe changedinthe
worlddramatically. Whenlookingatthe world history,suchdisasterbecame the triggerof social
change.
For instance,andaccordingto a historybook,there wasa miserable disasterat14th
century,in
Europa.Yes, itis plague (BlackDeath). Andthisepidemicof plague killedmore than25millionpeople
inEuropa. And,afterthisdisaster,the Reformationwashappened.Also,The Renaissancewhich
ignitedpeople's"innerconsciousness"withculture andartraised.
Thisis relatedtothe fact that the nation,religion,andculture atthe time could not cope withmass
deaths,andprovesthat the unprecedenteddisastercausedsocial change.Inthisbookthere wasa
wordwhichis "mementomori1
โ.
At that time (14th
centuryinEuropa),people feltadeathclosely,because citiesoverflowedwith
corpses. And, thisโmementomoriโbecame atriggerof social change.
Nowagainthisword wasclose by the personswhoare oldpersonsand/orthe personswhohave
underlyingmedical problemseventhoughpeopledonโtknow thisword.
It mightneverreachthe deathtoll to be same level asthe plague of 14 centuryinEuropa. But we
feel deathcloselybecause of dailynewswithinternet.
We sawthe scenesof Wuhan hospital,Italy,UK.Also,we saw the scene of refrigeratortrucksof
corpsesinNewYork,vast burial groundinBrazil. Andbecause of the improvementof Internet,we
are incircumstancesof lookingandfeelingdeathinevitably.Thisimpactmightbe same tothe
epidemicof BlackDeath.
1 Memento mori. Memento Mori is a Latin phrasethat means "don't forget to die(someday)" or "don't forget
death". Widely used as a motif in art works. Wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memento_mori
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memento_mori
10. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 10 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
Many times,Iwrote that ina decade workingcircumstanceswouldchange dramatically.However,it
mightbe true that thisCOVIDhasthe powerof acceleratingthe changingsociety.
A.Acceleration of Telework
Unfortunately,the trendof telework orremote workof Office-Gembamightaccelerate.
There are goodpointsandbad points.
For instance,howaboutOnline learning?โฆOnlinelearningalsowillhave the citizenshipinthe world.
However, thismethodalsohasbothsides.
I thinkOnline learningisnotasuitable educationforchildren,eventhoughitisnecessaryasan
emergencycountermeasure.Because the teachingwiththroughinternetisbiasedtoteachjust
knowledge (Leftware2
inbrain). Butthisisbecause the awarenessandlearningthatarisesfromthe
existence of aplace calledschool shouldalsobe important.Learningaboutplantsandinsectsonthe
screenof a computerdoesnotgive childrenanideaof nature.Justas itis necessarytoputchildren
ina natural place to knownature,the place of school cannot be replacedonline.Anditisnot
possible tobringupthe rich sensitivityandemotion(Rightware).
Production-Gembaand Office-Gemba.
We notice thatsome jobsare suitable forteleworkandsome are not.Of course,teleworkingcannot
be appliedtomanufacturingsites,face-to-face service industries,andtransportation-relatedwork.
The same goesforpublicservicessuchaspolice office,firedepartmentsandessentialworking
Gembasuch hospitals,nursing,childcare etc.
On the otherhand,evenwithinthe company,teleworkislikelytobe establishedinajob system
whichemployeescantake onthe task as a contract business.Fromnow on,the style of workthat
shouldbe calledaโcraftsmanโ that surelyrealizeshis/hercontractedworkmaybe increase rapidly.
Again,businessform&type will change veryrapidly,because of the improvementof ICTandthe
acceleratedwithsuchpandemic.
Teleworkmaybe a goodtrend.But I like the formof small grouptelework(satelliteofficework)
rather thansingle home telework.
2 Leftware & Rightware: Concepts associated to Left and Right brain hemisphererespectively, explained in
Factory Management I lecture:
https://archive.org/details/FactoryManagement1TheCorporateConstitutionAndManagementFramework
https://archive.org/details/GestinDeFFbrica1
Videos: eeOS
How to build the enterprise excellence Operating System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFoQoBkBjV4.
Cรณmo construir el Sistema Operativo de la empresa excelente: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtxIrtjsQ9s
Books:
The System of Excellence: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B077SGKSB1.
El Sistema de la Excelencia:https://www.amazon.es/dp/B0744PTWF4
11. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 11 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
How can we cope within suchhecticcircumstances? โฆInsuch an era,we have no choice but to
jointlycreate andaccumulate whatwe can trust andbelieve,andwhatwe reallywanttoprotect.
Insteadof protectingthe traditional corporate form, we willcreate aformof laborthat can be
serious.One of importantformisto coexistwithnature,societyandpeople.We have tointeract
withpeople tocreate a newcommonworld.Of course,how to maintaincontactwithpeople mustbe
carefullyconsidered.Butourspiritcan't be shutup.Rather thanshuttingdown inan attemptto
protectthe existingsociety,we stepforwardtointroduce anew society.
What isneedednowis the above kindof spirit.
B. Troubles & problems
How we can promote Kaizen?โฆNewideaof Kaizenis the implementationof awarenesswhichisable
to be perceivedin Rightware.Anditisnot possible tobringupthe sensitivityinnovisiting Gemba.
Andit isthe meaningof deteriorationof Kaizenmind.Meetinginteleworkandisolatedwork
become popular.But(forinstance) ameetingrequirestocreate a variousopinion.Thentelework
meetingisrequiredthe methodstocomplementthisdeficiency.The opportunityof makingidle talk
will decrease.Of course,PChasthe functionof Chat.But itis requiredtomake face-to-facechat.Idle
talkis one of vitaminforjob.
I have writteninFactoryManagement-1aboutthe importance of using Rightware forthe job.
Nowteleworkisone of bigtrend.Anditpromotesthe jobstyle whichcanbe done anywhere with
minimumcondition(circumstancesof ICT).Anditcan give the opportunityof bringingup Rightware,
if it ispossible tochoose the suitable place (suchbeautiful countryside).Onthe otherhand,
unfortunatelyhomeworkingandisolatedworkingstylewill increase.Andinthese cases,telework
may be the cause of disturbingGembaKaizen.
A Psychiatristsoundsthe alarmonhome teleworkaboutthe mentalityequilibriumsense
C. World chaos
ThisCOVDpandemichasthe powerof causingthe chaotic worldof century. Andthisdisclosed(or
nowstill isdisclosing)the social contradictionswhichare social disparity,incomeinequality,gap
betweenrichandpoor,racism,egoof the large countries,reactionof globalism&populism,
domesticfirstprincipal,exclusionism.Thesewere coveredwhenthe economywaswell byit.But
whenthe economywasdestroyedinthe world,potential inconvenienttruthswere revealed.
We are in an era where we donotknow what will happenandhow we will develop.New virusesmay
occur repeatedly.Andthe secondwave of COVIDmightbe strongeranddangerthanfirst.
Ego of large countries
At present(unfortunately)the situationisnoworldleader.Forinstance,G7or G20 fell intoa
dysfunction.While the noworldleaderwill progressinthe future,there isnodoubtthat
international cooperationwillbe weakenedandgeopolitical conflictswill increase.
12. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 12 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
Andthe firstproblemfacingthe internationalcommunityisthe gapwidening(gapbetweenrichand
poor,social gap, racism).Many workersandmiddle classeswill explodetheirangertothe
governmentsandleaders.The economyisshifting fromphysical store salesandthe real economyto
virtual anddigital,andmanyunresponsiveworkerswill lose theirjobs.
US- China conflict
In the geopolitical conflict,the mostconcernedisthe conflictbetweenthe USand China.
Unfortunately,USfailedthe initial responsetoCOVIDandsearchingthe excuse toChina.Andthe
divisionof supplychainwill be accelerated.Enclosure of the supplychainof alliesunitwillbe
progressed.Inotherwords,eachcountry'sstrategicprioritiesandglobal supplychainswill become
more locallyrooted,changingthe flow of globalization.Animmediate concernisthe developmentof
Vaccine andsupply.Atpresentmore than140 of vaccine developmentplansare beingprogressedby
countrieswithnocorporation.Moreover,WHOmightbe fell intodysfunction.Andthe problem
called"vaccine nationalism"mightbe occurred.
D.An eerie era
Why doesthispandemiccause the worldwide panic,tensionandeconomical andsocial chaos?โฆItis
fear.
Nowfromwhere a feardoescome?โฆA fearcomesfrom 3 elementsandthese synergisticeffects.
One isthe actual harm (death):As I wrote before Ifeltmyfeelingof MementoMori.A popular
actors and actressdiedwiththe Cytokine storm(Immunerunaway). And,we saw manycasesof
medical collapse.And,noone will be afraidif there isnosuchperson.
Other one is the unpredictability:The new coronavirushasa greatcharacteristicthat itcan be
transmittedby asymptomaticinfectedpeople.Andmostof the people don'tknow if theyare
transmitted.Theydon'tknowif itwill be transmittedtootherpersons.We can'tpredict.Some
people are asymptomatic,andevenif theyfinishwithoutsymptoms,thereisafearof Cytokine storm
that some people becomesoseriousthattheydie within10days.
Intowhere are we? โฆAre Tokyoor Beijingin2ndwave? โฆWhat isnext? โฆMay the secondwave be
changedand stronger? โฆThe victimsare increasinginSouthAmericaandAfrica.
And last one isthe control inability:Whencan we gain effective vaccines? โฆCurrently,researchon
therapeuticdrugsinexistingmedicinesisunderway. However,there isnospecificcuratives,andalso
it issaidthat it will take atleasta yearto developavaccine.
What thismeansisthat there isno way tocontrol the symptoms.Inotherwords,itfulfilsthe fear-
causingconditionof "uncontrollability". EvenUS& Europa cannotcontrol it.
A fearispossible toexpressasnext:
๐น๐๐๐ = ๐ด๐๐ก๐ข๐๐ โ๐๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ฆ ๐ฅ ๐ถ๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ฆ
13. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 13 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
The characteristicof COVIDshowsthatit iscausingfearto people because itisanunknownvirusthat
isveryunpredictable anduncontrollable.
A Presidenthastoldtohispeople thatthis(COVID-19) isjustaninfluenzaandnonecessarytofear so
much. And whenconsideringcalmly,everyyear250~600 thousand people diedwithinfluenza. At
firstglance,hisassertioniscorrect.Of course,itis wrong,eventhoughthere isa pastdata (whichare
the resultsof 250~600 thousandvictims.). He believedthatthisCOVIDalsosame aspast influenzas.
We learnfromthe past. Andwe call such attitude asscientific.A science isbasedonlearningfrom
the past. A scientististhe expertof past,butnot future andunpredictedthingandascience isweak
againstinexperienceddisaster.
Therefore,we needtotake the attitude of "fearcorrectly".
Fear correctly
Havingscientificandhumble eyesandmakingefforttoinvestigateunknowndisease. Butexpertsare
not "expertsof future".
A time tobe difficulttoanticipate damage.
Settingaside the assumptionsfromthe past.Therefore,maximumactionquickly. Consequently,
donโtbe afraidto the overaction.
14. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 14 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
This page is intentionally black
15. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 15 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
III. Control of lubricating oil.
A.Machine & Equipment Management
Again,TPMis one part of Machine & EquipmentManagement.
The regionof Machine & EquipmentManagementisalittle wide andincludesProductionplanning,
Safety,Workability(includingthe surroundingcircumstances),Law,IoT,Total Production flow,
Energy,Quality&reliability,Contaminationprevention(includinghazardswaste),Environmental
hygiene,Disasterprevention,Skill control,StandardizationandMachine constitution(including
Peripheral devise&equipment),itsconstruction(includingspare parts) andTPM.
B. What is the purpose of TPM?
Long daysago, and at leastbefore the collapse of Japanese Bubble- Economy(1986~ 1991) a word
was a mainstreaminJapan.
The word is"Scrap and Build (Japanglish;JapaneseEnglish)"
โThe original meaning of Scrap and Build is โAchievehigh efficiency of production facilities by
replacing old production facilities with new facilities by abolishing old and inefficientfactory
facilitiesโ .โ
Wikipedia
Thenthe trendof productionGemba wasto dispose (alittle) oldtype machine andreplace tonew.
Andproductionengineersoughtnewmachinesincollectedcataloguesandcompetedtobuy.And
productionengineermisunderstoodhisjobandbecame a(socalled) catalogue engineer.
In that trend,a companytook(andis taking) adifferentwaywhichgivingimportance tousingold
type machineswithwell maintenance andKaizen.The companyisToyota.
As I wrote inMakingStream of Production3
,Toyotaalmostmakeshismachinesbyhimself and
continuingtogive Kaizenandwell maintenance.
Nowthat the bubble economyhascollapsedandthe economyhastransitionedtoalow-growth
economy,we have changedfromthe eraof disposable equipmenttothe eraof how well we
maintainexistingequipmentandcontinue production.
Machine & EquipmentManagementis"managementtoefficientlyutilize the functionsand
performance of the facilityfromthe planningof the facilityinstallationtooperation,maintenance,
and disposal."
Its regionisWhole life of machine &equipment.
3 Making the stream of production:
English:https://archive.org/details/makingstreamofproduction13_202001/mode/2up
Spanish:https://archive.org/details/establecerlacorrientedeproduccion13_202001
16. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 16 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
C. Maintenance tribology
By the way,I wrote before thatit issaidthat 60% occurrence of failuresinmovingpartsof machine
are causedof the problemsof lubricants(includinglubricantsupply).
Andwhenlookingthe machine failure inoverall machine,more than25% numberoccurred,more
than 27% of machine stopandmore than30% of lossamountare causedof lubricanttroubles.
Thenthe lubricantoil control isveryimportantand essentialfactorof Preventive Maintenance.
Nowrecentyearthe wordof maintenance tribologyisbecomingpopularforpreventive
maintenance.
What ismaintenance tribology? โฆIthinkthatthere are manypeople whodonotreallyhear
maintenance tribology,butif tribologyisreplacedby"lubricationandfriction",itmayeasyto
understand.
Maintenance tribologyisbasicallyacombinationof maintenance andlubrication,butmore thanjust
a combination.
The two mainpointsof the conceptof maintenance tribologyare asfollows:
๏ท One of themisthat itis basedonreliabilityengineering.Itisanimportantelementin
maintenance tribologytodeveloplogicalmaintenance basedonreliabilityengineering,
rather thanperformingmaintenance indiscriminately.
๏ท The secondway of thinkingistomake effective use of tribologyformaintenance.
Tribologyisa powerful tool formaintenance,butatthe momentitishard to say that the resultsof
tribologyare beingeffectivelyutilizedformaintenance.
The most importantpart of maintenance tribologyisactivitiestoeffectivelyutilizethe resultsof
tribologyformaintenance.
As mentionedearlier,itiseasilyimaginedthatthe use of tribology(lubricationtechnologytofriction)
reducesmaintenance costsdue tothe fact thatlubricationproblemsaccountfor25% or more of all
problems(60%of failuresthatoccur inthe movingpartsof machine tools).
Tribology
Again,whenlookingabookof Machine & EquipmentMaintenance,sometimeswe cansee the word
of "Tribology4
".
WhenI was young,there wasnโtthisword.Butat presentthiswordisusedverynaturally.Ithinkyou
may knowit.But justto be sure:
โTribology is a field of science and technology aboutcontactsurfacesthatinteractwith each
otherwhen two objectsmoverelativeto each otherso that they slide with each other,and
related practical problemsโ.
4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribology
Fifty years of tribology:http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/news/fifty-years-tribology
17. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 17 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
Wikipedia
The originis ฯฯฮนฮฒฯ, whichmeansโrubbingโinGreek.ArnoldJ.Sommerfeld(Germanphysicist),the
creator of fluidlubricationtheory,presentedimportant researchinits earlydays.
The term was proposedina report(JostReportby PeterJost5
) thatestimateddamage due tofriction
and wear,whichwaslatercompiledinthe UK in1966, whichprompteddevelopment.
People involvedintribologyare called โTribologistsโ.
D.Damage to machine
The nextgraph isabout an investigationresultof damage tomachine &equipment. Please lookat
nextgraph:
Firstly, the damage place.
Lookingat the proportionof mechanical elementsthatactuallysuffereddamage,asshowninabove
Figure,mechanical elementscloselyrelatedtotribology,suchasrollingbearings,guide surfaces/
slidingsurfaces,gears,seals,andslidingbearings,are rankedhigh.These elementsare called
triboelements (T).
AndnextFig.showsthe resultsof a surveyonwhat kindof damage occurs to mechanical equipment.
Also,nextgraphshowsthe Degradationmode of equipmentwithhighfrequencyof degradation.
5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jost
18. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 18 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
As youcan see that these typesof damage are called degradationmodes.Of the deteriorationmodes
that occur in mechanical equipment,wear,leakage,fatigue,oil deterioration,andothermodesthat
are verycloselyrelatedtotribologyare rankedhigh,andtribologyhasaverydeeprelationshipto
damage to mechanical equipment.
Consideringthatmaintenance hasamaintheme of delayingthe occurrence andgrowthof damage
to mechanical equipment,fromthis,itisclearthat tribologyhasa close relationshipwith
maintenance,andmaintenance cannotbe discussedwithouttribology.
I wouldpick-upMaintenance Tribologylaterandnow I wishtocomplete the theme of "Control of
lubricantoil"whichisone of essential theme of Maintenance Tribology.
Control of lubricant oil
Again, whatLubricantOil Control is.AsI describedinTPM-10, there are 6 points:
1) Accordingto the application.
2) Use cleanandcorrect lubricatingoil.
253
146
104
89
86
76
57
50
48
47
47
44
38
38
34
30
25
17
15
13
11
8
7
7
6
5
5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Wear
Leakage
Other
Fatigue
Corrosion
Vibration
Disconection
Insulation Deterioration
Burning
Breakage
Element Deterioration
Clogging
Defective Conductor
Loosening
Abnormal noise
Poor accurancy
Oil deterioration
Large Friction
Drop out
Erosion
Fretting Wear
Yielded
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Creep strain
Buckling
Fever
Peeling
Degradation mode of equipment with
high frequency degradation
19. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 19 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
3) Oilingintomouthdecided.
4) at the timingdecided.
5) Justquantitydecided.
6) Ontofrictionsurface certainly.
Let's lookat one by one.
1) According to the application;
&
2) Use clean and correct lubricating oil; โฆ I introducednexttable:
Lubrication Oil (From the Website of Japanese Lubricating Oil Company)
Type Purpose
SpindleOil Spindle oil is generally used in high speed rotating parts such as light load machines,
small electric motors, and spinning machines. The characteristic oil is that it has low
viscosity and low load.
DynamoOil Spindle oil Dynamo oil is mainly used for large motors, generators, blowers and
ventilators that rotate at high speed.
Turbine Oil Used for lubrication of high-speed bearing parts of various turbines. It is also used for
lubrication of hydraulically operated parts of various machines such as compresors.
There are two types of turbine oil: non added turbine oil and added turbine oil.
Unadded turbine oil is characterized by excellent water separation. On the other hand,
added turbine oil is characterized by its excellent oxidation stability, de properties, rust
prevention and water separation.
MachineOil Machine oils are widely used among lubricating oils and are characterized by that they
contain no additives. Generally used as lubricating oil for bearing rotating friction
parts of various machines. One of the features is that the varies depending on the type
of crude oil. Lubricants are classified into normal grade lubricants.
CylinderOil Cylinder oil is mainly used for cylinders and valves of steam engines. Cylinder oil has a
high viscosity and is used as an oil for parts with high temperatures and loads.
Gear Oil Gear oils are mainly used in various gears as lubricants for reducing friction and
cooling of reduction gears such as general machinery and rolling mills. There is a type
with an extreme pressure agent added and a type with no additive. Extreme pressure
agent added type is added with abrasion resistance and seizure resistance. On the
other hand, the characteristics of the extreme pressure agent free type are excellent in
oxidation stability, water separation, defoaming and rust prevention.
Bearing Oil As the name implies. bearing oil is used for lubricating the bearings of machines. Has
|rust prevention properties that prevent rust.
CompressorOil Compressor oil is used for lubrication of compressor cylinders and bearings. Types a
divided into reciprocating type and screw type. It is characterized by extremely low
carbon generation and excellent oxidation stability and rust prevention. The screw
type is also characterized by excellent oxidation stability, rust prevention and water
separation
SlidingSurface
Oil
Sliding surface oil is commonly used to lubricate sliding guideways on machine tool
the types of sliding surface oil are classified into those that are dedicated to guideway
and those that are also used as hydraulic oil. It features excellent resistance t vibration
phenomena generated on the sliding surface. rust prevention, and oxidation stability.
Refrigerator
MachineOil
Refrigerator oil is mainly used for lubrication of refrigerators. When mineral oil-based
lubricating oil is cooled, the minimum temperature at which it flows is low. So, it is
characterized by good stability to refrigerants such as ammonia. Refrigerator oils are
divided into mineral oils and synthetic oils such as alkylbenzenes.
HydraulicOil The hydraulic oil is based on turbine oil and contains additives. It is used as hydraulic
oil for hydraulic media and hydraulic pumps. Generally, hydraulic oils are
characterized by low viscosity. It is also characterized by excellent oxidation stability,
water separation, defoaming, and rust prevention. In addition, there are types that
exhibit viscosity. temperature characteristics. wear resistance. fire resistance. etc., so
20. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 20 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
they can be used properly depending on the type of hydraulic pump and operating
conditions. The types of hydraulic oils include general hydraulic oils of the R & O type.
low pour point oils with high viscosity index. wear resistant fluids, and flame-retardant
oils
3) Oilinginto mouth decided;
Omit.Please,lookatthe instructionmanual.
4) At the timingdecided.
It isimportantto share when"whennecessary",butforthatpurpose itisnecessarytoset
the oilingcycle.
Normally,itshouldbe setitbyreferringtothe instructionmanual,butif itisnot listedinthe
instructionmanual,itshouldbe reasonablydecidedthe standardand thendecidedbytrial
and error.In that case,I thinkitis bettertoset itwhile checkingthe conditionof the oil film
of the lubricatingoil.Inthiscase,settingalittle shorterthanthe possible cycle andgradually
lengtheningthiscycle willpreventthe riskof "outof oil".
Of course,timelyoilingnotonlyinvolvesdecidingthe cycle andsupplyingthe lubricatingoil
at that time,but"it isnecessarytoreliablyperformoilingandinspectionatthe beginningof
everyday."
Andit isrequiredtoimplementthe "scientificexperience".
5) Just quantity decided.
Suitable amountof lubricantsupplyisrequired. Becausetoomuchor toolittle oil quantity
can cause poorlubrication.
๏ท If too much: This maycause oil leakage,ordependingonthe lubricationmethod,the
deteriorationof oil mayleadtoa decrease inviscosityandcause poorlubrication.
๏ท If too little:Anoil filmwill notbe formedonthe frictionsurface,causing"galling"or
"burning".
The appropriate amountof lubricationisdetermined accordingtothe slidingparts,rotating
parts of the equipment,movementconditionsandlubricationmethod.
Determined!?โฆDeterminedinthe instructionmanual? โฆNo,Ihavenโtseensuchconvenient
descriptioninit.
Unfortunately, itisnecessarytodetermine byyourself eventhoughsuchdataisin the
instructionmanual.
CirculationlubricationandTotal losslubrication
The lubrication method variesgreatly depending on whethercirculation is to reduce
friction or wearor lubrication forcooling.
In thecase of "Total loss type"lubrication,it is sufficientto supply the amountof
supply necessary foroptimallubrication activity,and in the case of the "Circulation
type",it is sufficientto supply the amountof lubrication based on thecooling effect.
21. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 21 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
Nowinhere I describe the case of "Total losslubrication".
How to decide the suitablequantity? โฆThe formulaforthe amountof lubricationisshown
belowforreference.The calculationformuladiffersdependingonthe type of lubrication
point,souse the appropriate calculationformula.However,Itisimpossible toaccurately
obtainthe requiredamountof lubricationwithusingthe calculationformula.
Thisis because of dependingonvariousconditionssuchasbearingmaterial,surface
roughness,rotationspeed,load,operatingconditions,ambienttemperature,andtype of
lubricatingoil,seal condition,new machine,ormachine used.
Thenfinallyyouneedtodecide itbasedonscientificexperience (tryandinvestigationand
record)
The "ManagementGuideforLubrication"publishedbythe JapanManagementAssociationis
definedasfollows.
"If you give the necessary oil film between the two sliding surfacesfirst,then you can
replenish the amountof leakagefromtheshaftend to obtain good lubrication
performance."
It recommendsto"determinetherequired amountof lubrication in advanceusing a
calculation formula and determinethe amountof lubrication with referenceto the amount
and experiencevaluesafter machinetrial operation".
Nowcalculation formula.Itisforyour reference:
Supplypoint Formula
Anti friction
bearing
Q = 0,1
25,4 x bearing diameter x number of rows x Kโ
Plainbearing ๐ = 0,15
25.42 x rotating shaft diameter x bearing length x Kโ
Plane
lubrication
๐ = 0,01
25.42 x length x width x Kโ
Cylindrical
lubrication
surface
๐ = 0,15
25.42 x diameter x length x Kโ
Chain ๐ = 0,01
25.42 x length x width x Kโ
Ball bearing
way
๐ = 0,03
25.4 x length x row x Kโ
Gear ๐ = 0,3
25.42 x pitch diameter x tooth surface width x Kโ
Cam ๐ = 0,08
25.42 x contact circumference x width x Kโ
22. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 22 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
๐จ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ = ๐๐ข๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ค๐ = ๐๐๐๐, ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
๐ท๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ = ๐ฟ๐๐๐๐กโ ๐๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐ ๐ ๐ก๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐กโ
๐ธ = ๐ ๐๐๐ข๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ข๐๐ก
๐๐3
โ๐๐ข๐
๐ฒ = ๐ฟ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐ก ๐๐ข๐๐๐๐ (๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐โ)
๐ท๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐, ๐ฟ๐๐๐โ๐ก ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐กโ ๐ข๐๐๐ก ๐๐ ๐๐
The constant isdoubledforevery10 timesspeedincreaserate6
.
Again, the importantthingsare to gainthe scientificexperience anddecide the suitable
standardfor bothTimingand Supplyamount".
6) Onto frictionsurface certainly.
Omitโฆ
6 Graph, tables and formulas from the "Guide for Lubrication Management" published by Japan Management
Association":https://www.jma.or.jp/en/
23. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 23 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
IV. Whole life of machine & equipment
By the way,I wrote the word of "Whole life of machine &equipment"inbefore page andsaidthat
the regionof Machine & EquipmentManagementisfromthe planningof the facilityinstallationto
operation,maintenance,anddisposal.
Andwhenlookingatthe whole life fromTPM,the famousBustub Curve wouldbe helpful.
Please lookatnextpicture.
There are THREE failure periodswhichare Initial Failure Period,Accidental Failure PeriodandWear
Failure Period.And asyouunderstand,the failure rate tendstoincrease in"WearFailure Period"
Obviously,if the machinerunsfora longtime,internal partswill starttowearand fatigue.The period
whenfailuresincrease due tothe life of the machine iscalled"WearFailurePeriod".
Andbefore thisperiodcomes,we mustmake effortstoextendthe "AccidentalFailurePeriod"in
whichoperationisstable byexchangingthe expendable partsandmaintaining.
Whetherthe time forfailure due todeteriorationorwearof parts comesearlierorlaterdependson
howthe machine isused.
How to delaythisfailure periodisashowcase forthe technicianswhoperformmaintenance,so
periodicinspectionsare essential tasks.
24. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 24 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
And,mostimportantfactor islubricatingoil control.
I wouldwrite thistheme includingTribologyalittlemore innextdescription.
25. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 25 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
V. Teaching the company
I'm writingone case of a middle-classindustrial company.Andwiththroughthiscase,Iwrite my
methodof newsystemintroduction&stability.
Thiscompanywishedtoimprove (reduce)productioncostforrecoveringprofitandROE.But this
company(he) tookstrange direction.
His wisheswere torecoverthe profit. Andhe knew the necessityof salesexpansion,andwishedit.
Thenhe wishedthe costreductionof productionGemba.
He believedthe importance of QCD(Quality, CostandDelivery).
Quality?โฆYes,itisessential,butisverybasicconditionforabusiness.And,the qualityissuewas
coveredwithheavyqualityassurance tactics.Howeverof course itwasneversufficienttothe
survival of thiscompany.
Delivery?โฆHe coveredthisissuewithhavingheavyinventory,whichcausedthe excessand
obsolescencematerial andproductsanddispose losses.
Anotherone of concernwas hismarketposition. Hismarketposition(share) of relevantproducts
were fourthor lower.
Qualityisof course important.However,itisverynatural thingtomake businessnowadaysandeven
thoughit wasimproved,itmightnotbe affectedtothe future growth.
To keepthe customersorder,hismeasureswasthe quickresponse of delivery,basedonthe heavy
inventory.
A.Something strange.
WhenI joinedtothis company, I feltsomethingstrange:
1) His targetwas to recoverthe profit.Buthe desiredthe introductionof JIPM'sTPM
2) Notpossible tofeel the enthusiasminGemba.
3) Many Mudas in process.(Suchre-inspectionbyinspectors,excessorobsolete materials&
finishedgoods.)
4) I hadn't seenthe face of the presidentinthisplant.(There were somephotos.)
5) There isno middle andlong-termplan.
6) Strange annual profitplan.
7) Outsourcingpolicy.
I explainone byone.
26. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 26 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
1) His target was to recover the profit andsales expansion based on the cost
competitiveness.
But he desiredthe introductionof JIPM'sTPM.Why TPM? โฆHe had knownthe corporate problems
whichwere notonlythe productioncost,butalso the salesgrowth. Buthe wishedtointroduce
JIPM's TPM.
Therefore, whenImade asessionwiththe directors,theirrequirementwasjustthe TPM
introduction.TheybelievedthatwithintroducingJIPM'sTPM,itis possible toreduce cost.And
initiallyIimaginedthatmanylosseswhichwerelossesof material,labourandLT (leadtime) caused
machine troubles.Butโฆ
Whenlookingaroundthe factories,Icouldunderstandthe causesof highcostwhichwere mainlynot
causedmachine troubles.And, IsuggestedthatTPMintroduction andstabilityare goodthing.
However, the introductionof TPMisnot affecttocost reduction.But theyinsistedtothe
introductionstubbornly.
It was indeedstrange thingforme.And, Iwrote thatif desiringtrue costreduction,itwasnecessary
to resolve followingthings:
๏ท Reductionof material loss(inQualitycost.)
๏ท Reformof productionplan(JITconceptand eliminate excess&obsolescence)
Thenโฆ
๏ท The projectteam suggestedthe TPMintroductionconceptas"JITmachine condition".
But withjustabove items,itwasn'tpossible toresolvethe illnessof this companywhichwascycle of
HighPrice and No SalesGrowth(orSalesDecrease) causedof HighCostConstitution,Excess
Inventory(forkeepingcompetitiveness) alsopoorTQMthengain HighCost (because of Material loss
and qualitycostincrease).
Unfortunately, Ipromisedtohelpthiscompany,althoughitwas underthe effectof the drink.
Japanese sayingthat:"A samurai'sword is as good ashis bond".Then,Isuggestedthe introductionof
TQM afterthe introductionof TPMand suitable timing.
Now,withjustabove problemsandsolving,isitpossibletoreduce cost? โฆNo.It isnot sufficient.
2) Not possible tofeel the enthusiasminGemba.
There were some causesโฆOf course, one of cause wasthe initial stage andfailedtomove toactual
practice afterthe stage of planning. Butthe reason was notjustthis.
By the way,are employeesjustthe tool of gettingprofit? โฆItiscorrectif we were inthe age of the is
โModern Times7
โ by SirCharlesChaplin.Thiswasacceptedasthe voice of managementside.And,a
companyisimportanttool for justearningcostof living. Butitisalsocorrect, eventoday.
Thisis acceptedasthe voice of employeeside.But Inthe generationof Millennial andAI,the
employee'smindforworkischanging.
7 Modern Times: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Times_(film)
27. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 27 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
Thenit isnot possible toconsidercorporate managementwithout"employeeengagement".
3) Many Mudas in process. (Suchre-inspectionby inspectors, excessor
obsolete materials &finishedgoods.)
I listedupthis"Many Mudas inprocess". Andalthoughthere isa difference of degree,itis,
unfortunately,quite natural thinginthe world.
Unfortunately, thiscompanymistookthe directiontoresolve the highcostconstitution.AndโฆThis
mistake wasjusthiscompany'sresponsibility? โฆYes. Itwasthe responsibilityof topmanagement,
particularlythe president.A companydirectedbyincompetentpresidentruins.
But a salvationforthiscompanywasthe managementteamwhonegotiatedthe directiontothis
president.Theyhadnormal mind.
4) I hadn't seenthe face of this president.
Accordingto the directorshe doesn'treside andcome tothisplantnormally.Andhe doesn'tattend
the makingof middle &long-termplanandannual profitplan, andjustgivingprofittargetand
authorization.
Middle & long-termplanare notmade annually.Butitisrequiredtoreview andthe correction.But
he doesn'tattendto thisimportantevent.
A directortoldme:โOur companydoesn'tgive the importance to suchmiddle &long-termplanโ.
Because,nowadaysitisthe age of speedandthe businessenvironmentischangingsorapidly.
Therefore, itisnomeaningstobotherto make suchplan.
I was surprisedbythe director'scomment.Thiscompanyismiddle classscale companywithnumber
of employeesandsalesamount.Buteventhoughitisa middle-classscale company,thiscompany
hadn't understoodthe meaningandimportance of Middle & Long-termplans.
5) Middle & Long-Termplans.
Long term strategy.
In Factory Management-2,Ihaveintroduced thecaseof my previouscompany,SUMITOMO
Wiring Systems.Thelong-termstrategy (plan) was Strategy of Vision "12".
And the contentswere:"We madethe strategy of vision "12" at the year2008 that is to
realize the goal until 2012 and the goalis: (1) Consolidated sales:6,000 million (usdollar.)
per year. (2) Global marketshare:25%.
Afterthis SUMITOMOmadenext long-termstrategy "Vision- IIto improveQCDDM (Quality,
Cost,Delivery, Developmentand Management).
And now,He madelong term plan (strategy) "22V-Reduction25".(Iomitthe detail contents).
28. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 28 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
ThereforeโฆIwasstunnedbyhiswords.
Annual management plan (Profit plan)
The importantjobrole of presidentistomake a corporate managementplanswhichare middle&
long-termplanandannual profit(management) plan.
Andhe mustexplainhiswill toall employees(andforinstance bank) withpapersandwords.Itis
quite importanteventtoappeal hisstrongwill andrequiringthe all employeeโs cooperation.
He escapesfromhismostimportantjobrole whichisto take hisspearheadingtomake suchplanning
and appeal.
Making or reviewing&correctingMiddle & Long-termplanisimportantfornot onlya bigand
mediumscale companies,butalsoforsmall scale companies.Itisquite true thatthe business
environment&conditionischangingrapidly.Itisneverexaggeratedtosaythatit isnot possible to
predictone yearlater, muchmore notpossible topredict3 years,5 yearslater.For instance, inthe
past there wasworldwide trouble whichisLehmanBrosBankruptcyat 2008. Latelythere were
Brexit,deserterof climate change andUS-Chinatrade friction.Andnow COVID-19isattacking
worldwide economy.We knowverywell that"Noone knowswhatthe future holds".Butstill making
long& middle termplanisimportantfora company.
These are the compassof company'sfuture growth.Andannual corporate managementplanwhich
ismade withcurrentmarketsituation,reviewedmiddle& long-termplanisconcrete strategy.And,
aftermakingthisannual managementplan,the presidentneedstoexplaintoall employees(and
sometimesrelevantbank) withhisownwordsdirectly.
The timingof directspeechbypresidentisthe beginningof workof the New Yearalsoin the
companynewsletter.Mypreviouscompanyhasmanyblanchesandplantsinthe world. Therefore,
the directspeechismade withvideomessage. Anyway, the jobrole of president isimportant.
In thiscompany,the presidentneglectssuchimportantplanning andalsothe event.
Thus,in suchsituation,itisunderstandablethatsolow motivationof employees. Moreover, this
companyfailedthe initialTPMintroductionactivityandlosthalf year.Butnotonlythisthing,but
alsothe lack of president'sjobrole affectedtothe employeeโs moral.
Then, I lecturedtothe directors.
Please make long & middle term plan.
It isquite true that the changingbusinessenvironmentisrapid. And,of course,ithappensthe
difference andsometimesbigdifferences. However,the occurrence of difference isimportant.
The plan isthe scenarioof gainingprofitandexpandingbusiness.
Is the importantthingtoreviewwhythe difference occurred? โฆThenitispossibletoimprove the
skill of makingplanwithforecast.
29. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 29 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
6) Strange annual profit planโฆ
B. Cost reduction for this company.
I describedthe highcostconstitutionof thiscompanyandalsothe bad cycle.Andit(TPM
introduction) wasnotsufficient forhisdesire.
Again,hisdesire was
1) Cost reductioninproductionprocess.
2) Improvementof corporate constitution8
.
3) TPM introduction(butasthe meansof above propositions)
Why he wishedsuchthings.Asyourememberthe presidentwishedtorecoverthe profitandROE.
Andhe discussedwithhisfriendconsultant.Thenhe decidedtointroduce JIPM'sTPM.He believed
that itis possible toreduce costwithJIPM'sTPM. Now we needto have doubtsabout2 things.
Firstly, please lookatnextfamiliarfigure.Itisgoodand I like thisJIPM'sfigure whichshowsthe 16
kindsof lossesinproductionGembaanduse itquite often.
8 El Sistema de la Excelencia (Espaรฑol):https://www.amazon.com/dp/1521901864
The System of Excellence (English):https://www.amazon.com/dp/1973409771
Factory Management I: Espaรฑol:https://archive.org/details/GestinDeFFbrica1
English:
https://archive.org/details/FactoryManagement1TheCorporateConstitutionAndManagementFramework
Factory Management II: Espaรฑol:
https://archive.org/details/GestinDeFFbrica2ElDespliegueYElControlDeLaPoloticaCorporativa1.5
English:https://archive.org/details/FactoryManagement2PolicyDeploymentControl
Factory Management: III:Espaรฑol:
https://archive.org/details/GestinDeFFbrica3LaDeclaracicnDeLaPolPticaYLaVision/mode/2up
English:https://archive.org/details/FactoryManagement3PolicyStatementAndVision
30. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 30 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
Thisfigure showsthe Mudas in3 parts.These are Mudas of Machine,Mudas of labourand Mudas of
Energyand Material.
A. One isthat is itpossible toreduce productioncostwitheliminationof Mudainmachine
process?
B. Anotherone isthat isit possible toimprove profitwithabove costreduction?
7) Outsourcing policy.
That day the directorvisitedmyhotel withthe salesdepartmentdirector andinvite me todrinkin
the hotel bar.
ThenI guessedhistacticthat there mustbe somethingconsultation andIwhisperedinmymindthat
I'm not goingto fall forhistrick andinvitedthemtotake coffee inalounge andtoldthem:โI'm
sorry I cannotdrinktonightbecause of myhealthregulation โanditistrue thatI stop drinkingevery
3 days.Andthisday wasthe dayof regulation.
In thisway,we sat downina sofaof lounge andorderedcoffees.
Then,the directorbeganthe talking.Itwas indeedtheywereinsevertroubleabout:Project
continuation,Salesexpansion,Prospectof profitrecoveryโฆ
โ Sensei,howcanwe do? โthe directoraskme.
โ Howcan youdo? โ thenI answeredโ Idon'tknow andit isnot my matter.The contract of my
consultingjob isjustTPMintroductionanditsstability โIresponded justalittle maliciously.
โ Please listenandpleaseaccepttochange the contract โbegthe directorโ.Asyousaidour
contract is justTPMintroduction.Butunfortunately,asyoutoldusjustintroductionof JIPM'sTPM is
not enoughtorecoverthe profitmoreoverexpansionof salesamount.
โ You suggestedustointroduce TQMto resolve the qualityissue andthe stabilityof TPM.
โcontinuedthe directorโ.Butstill itis notsufficientforouraim. We are in trouble.Itisvery
serious.
โ If there isno increase of sales,asyousaid, no increase of labourefficiencyandmachine cost
reduction. Andif dismissexcessivelabours,the projectmightbe collapsedandwe cannot expectan
establishmentof anyproject โhe ended.
โ You couldrecognize thatjustTPM, eventhoughJIPM's, introductiondoesn'taffectsufficientlyto
your aimโIsaidโ.To recoverprofit, itisimportantandessential toeliminateMudainprocess.
โ However,youneedtounderstandthatthere are 2 casesthat Muda reductionrelatestocost
reductionanddoesn'trelatestoit โandI detailedboth of onesโ.The case of material scrap
reductionanddefectreductionaffectcostreduction.
โ But eventhoughlabourandmachine efficiencyare increased,there are notrelatedtocost
reduction. And โIcontinuedโ,if Iwishtocontribute tocost reductionwiththese,itisrequiredto
reduce labourandmachine capacitywhichmeansthe dismissal anddeal of some machines.
โ By the way,how was the meetingwithyourpresident? โIasked.
31. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 31 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
The conclusionof thismeetingwasasnext:(Fromthe descriptionof TPM-109
)
๏ท Conclusion by chairperson (Director):
- Continuation of thisproject.
- No dismissal of Gemba employees.(No leakthis discussion contentsregarding the partof
remarkof dismissalto any personsincluding projectmembers.)
- "JIT Machinecondition"conceptis supported.Butโฆ
- No excess machinesaresold.
- Sales (including price and quality) strategy isdiscussed urgently.
๏ท The presidentmentioned a compromisewhich the dismissalimplementation is given the
grace period of 6 months.
- During the 6 months,salesincreaseshould beresulted.
- The scale of sales increase should bemore than theincome amountby dismissal.
- The sales amountincreaseactivity should beimplemented as companywideactivity.
Anyway,the dismissalwasgiventhe grace period.
Thistop decisionwasn'topenedtomanagerclassandemployeesincludingprojectteamand
committee.
โ It isimpossibletoexpandsalesamountwithin6months.Itis indeed an"impossible mission"
โsaidthe directorโ.Thus,there isnowaywithoutdismissalof excessivelabourcapacity โandhe
continuedโฆ
โ But if we do,it isthe meaningof failure of the projectagain.And our one of aim whichisto
introduce TPMalsowill notsucceed.โandthenthe directorbeggedโSensei we needyourhelp.
Are there methodstoresolve these difficultmissions whichare Profitrecovery,Nodismissal for
continuationof projectandSalesgrowth?
โ Before mysuggestion,pleaseletme know something โandIdetailedโ. Whenlookingaround
your warehouse Isawmanyexcessfinishedgoodsandgoodsof work-in-progresswhichhave the
name tags of othercompany. What are these? โ AndI askedanotherquestionwithoutwaitingfor
the answerโ Anotherquestioniswhyyouhave somanysurplusmachinesincludingforklifts?
โ We have surplusmachinesasyoupointedout โthe directordetailedโ. The cause of these
surplusisthe outsourcingpolicy.About3yearsago, we tookthe strategyof outsourcingbecause of
the cost reductionstrategyandalsothe countermeasure of internal overload.
โ Initially โthe directorexplainedโ,we producedourall productsinour internal productionline.
But inthe policyof costreductionwithusingsubcontract,some processeswere transferredtothe
subcontract.In fact โthe directorrecognizedโ,the use of subcontractissuccessful andwe could
reduce the cost. Also,we could resolvethe problemsof internal overload.
Thenone of the subdirectorspointedout: โ Andwe had begunthe outsourcingof finishedgoods
also.The inventoriesof finishedgoodsare fromthe outsourcing.
I showna surprise expressiononmyface listeningthat,andIquestioned: โAtpresentthe overload
issue isresolvedbecauseof salesreduction,evenif producingall internally,isnโtit? โฆAnd,one more
9 TPM-10 - Employee engagement and oil control:
https://archive.org/details/tpm10employeeengagementoilcontrol
TPM-10 - Compromiso del trabajador y control de la lubricaciรณn:
https://archive.org/details/tpm10elcompromisodeltrabajadoryelcontroldelalubricacion
32. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 32 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
thing.Isthe labourcost fixedcostorvariable expenses(cost) foryourcompany? Of course, fixed
cost, am I right?โIasked.
โ Of course, fixedcostwithoutthe expenseof overtimework โansweredthe director.
โ It isindeedyourcompanyisverystrange โIshown myfrustrationโ.Youdesire toreduce cost,
but as the resultcreate bigMuda causedof the cost reductionactivity. Isaiditisstrange.But I need
to paraphrase to "stupid".
โ Your outsourcingpolicymade bigmistake whichdoesn'trealize costreduction,butcausesbig
Muda. Your cost reductionwayiswrong!
The subdirectorshownasurprise expressionandthenhe asked: โ ButSensei.We couldrealize the
certaincost reduction.Andif stoppingthe outsourcingpolicy,we cannotrealize the price
competitiveness. We buyandsell some productswithusingthe subcontracts โthe subdirector
recognized.
โ OK.I explainone by one.Andthe meaningof one byone isthe case of outsourcingof production
processesandoutsourcingof finishedgoods(like astradingcompany) โIdetailed.
โ Firstly,pleaseimplementimmediateactiontostopoutsourcingof productionprocesses. These
productionprocessescanbe producedinternally,aren'tthese? โ andthe I askedagainโ Youhave
workersandmachines,haven'tyou? โฆOf course, productionsupportdepartmentssuchHR,
Accounting,Productionengineers,Maintenance engineers,Quality,Warehouse etc.alsoare included
inthe workers.
โ Now โIexplainedโ,whatis"Cost"?โฆA cost iscalculatedas next:โAndIwrite below downon
the whiteboardatthe time I speak:โCost= Fixed cost+ Variablecostโ andI detailed eachone.
โ Fixedcost:Labourcost (DirectandIndirect),Headoffice,Depreciationof machine &equipment,
land& building,paymentof patentandinterestandetc.
โ Variable cost:Material,transportationcost,outsourcingcostandothercost variable relatedto
salesamount.
โ Subcontractalsoproducesyourproductsor work-in-progresswithusingfixedcostandvariable
cost. Nowyou understand, Ithink โandItray to explainโฆ
โ There are big Muda inthisproduction. These are duplicate fixedcost โandIdetailedโ:
Outsourcingfixedcostplusinternalfixedcost. Andunfortunately, youcannoteliminatethe internal
fixedcostwhichislabours (directandindirect) andexcessmachines.Also,thereare some variable
cost Mudas. For instance, transportationMudaโฆ
โ I confirmyou.Youcannot dismissexcesslabourswhichare directproductionworkersandalso
supportingstaffs(office workers,supervisors,material handlers.) And,youcannotdeal withexcess
machines,because of the will of yourpresident. โThenIaskedโ How canyou eliminate these
duplicate Fixedcosts?โฆThe answeris to stopto use subcontractfor supplementsome processes.
One of the subdirectorsanswered: โ Sir,if we stopto use outsourcing,the product'scostisincrease.
And,we cannot have the necessarycostcompetitiveness. Itisquite clearthatthe cost of subcontract
ischeaperthan our internal production.
33. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 33 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
โOKโItriedto explainโMr.Subdirector,pleaseconsiderthe next:Isittrue that the cost
submittedbysubcontractischeaperthaninternal productioncost? โIaskedfigurativelyโ.You
compare the internal costwhichiscalculatedwiththe hourlyrate and standardhoursand Variable
cost.
ThenI written downonthe whiteboardmeantime Ipointedout again:โCost= Variablecost+ Hourly
Rate x SH (Standard Hourof the product) โ
โ And,the hourlyrate isconstitutedof the fixedcostsuchlabourcost,machine depreciationand
headoffice expenses โIdetailed โ.Thisinternal costisina sense provisional cost.Anditisessential
to see andcalculate as companywide situation.
โ Onthe otherhandโIfacedโ,buyingfromsubcontractisthe external purchase costandis
variable cost.And basically, the calculation methodisdifferent.If youuse anoutsourcingcompany
justbecause the internal costisapparentlyhigh,youwill notbe able tosecure enoughprofittocover
the internal fixedcostโฆ
โ Thismeansthat profitsthatwouldhave beengainedif done internallycouldnotbe obtained,and
it isdifficulttomake asufficientprofitinthisstate โIconcluded.
The subdirectorshownanexpressionof surpriseanddoubtandthenI triedto explaininabetter
way:โ Mr. subdirectorstill you seemtobe notto understandwell. OK.Let'sconsideritfromthe
pointof viewof Muda. โ AndI detailedโ youpaytosubcontractthe moneyof subcontract'sFixed
cost (suchlabourand machine) andVariable cost(Material,transportation cost) โฆ
โ If you couldproduce same productswith"0 Fixedcost",donโtyouthinkitischeapestdoyou?
โฆVariable costmightbe same evenif usingsubcontractor internal processโฆ
โ Andif youcouldproduce withno cost of subcontract Fixedcost(eventhoughthe fixedcostof
subcontractis cheaperthaninternal fixedcostwhichisunneglectable),itcanbe calculatedas
"profitโโIcontinuedโฆ
โ You reviewthe outsourcingpolicyimmediatelyandreturnthe productionprocessof outsourcing.
Above iswe lookedatfromthe pointof view of Muda (duplicate fixedcostwhichare internal and,in
the subcontract) ...
โ You have workers(productionandindirect) andmachines(depreciation)andexpense thesecosts.
And,these internal fixedcosts are notused. SoโIconcludedโ,youhave excesslabourcapacityand
alsomachines.
โ I thinkIcouldunderstandthe duplicate fixedcost.Butโฆโthe subdirectorcontinuedtryingto
explaindeeply despite his doubtsinhisassertion.
โ Let'slookat from the pointof view of marginal profit. Ibelieveyoucould understand"Marginal
profitand Break-even point".
โ Marginal profitโฆNowlet'slookat fromdifferentview pointwhichisthe Marginal Profit. Asyou
know โ I thoughtthatthey knowโ Marginal profitsare calculatedasnext:โAndIwrittendownin
the whiteboardagainโ
๏ท Marginalprofit=Sales amount - Variablecost(expense)
And,
๏ท Profit= Marginalprofit - Fixed cost
34. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 34 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
Then,
๏ท Marginalprofit - Profit= Fixed cost.
โ InJapan marginal profitiscalledasLimitprofit.Whyso called? โIaskedfigurativelyโโฆEven
thoughat worst case,itmust be requiredtocoverand obtainthe fixedcostinthe sales.And,the
case of Profit= 0 isthe case of Marginalprofit= Fixed cost
โ But itis notthe worst case โI recognizeโ.There isacase to acceptto receive ordereven though
it isnot possible tocoverall fixedcost.Youroutsourcingcase ispossibletocalculate asnext:
๏ท Marginalprofit= Salesamount - variablecost (outsourcing)
โ It seemstobe smallerthaninternal production.But actually, yoursituationis:
๏ท Profit= Salesamount - variable cost- internal Fixed cost.
โ And,yourinternal Fixedcostwhichare excesslabours,excessmachinessupportstaffs&land&
buildingetc.(allocatedtothe products) are veryexpensive โIcontinuesโฆ
โ These expensive internal fixedcosts canneverbe 0, evenif these are notusedfor the products.
No,it ispossible to0 amount.If you couldreduce indismissal anddeal machinesandshrinkcompany
scale.But notpossible,isnโtit?
The Subdirectordoubted fora while andthen,he askedme:โ AndSensei,whatisyoursuggestion?
โ I conformyouagain โandI repeatedagainโ.Youcannotdismissexcessdirectlabour(production
processworker),indirectlabour(office staffsandGembasuchsupervisor.) andreduce Headoffice
expensesanddepreciationof machine &equipment&buildingandrentexpenses(These costs are
allocatedtothe hourlyrate).
โ Your decisionwasnot sellingortreatexcessmachines,wasnโtit? โฆAlso, youmightnotpossible to
make downsizingyourcompanyscale whichmeaningistodownsize yourheadofficeandlands,
mightnot you? โIaskedfigurativelyโฆ
โ Inshort, youcannot treatanythinginternally,canyou? โฆThen,the answerisjustone.Undo the
processeswhichyoutransferredtosubcontractandthe productswhichyou can make ininternal
productionline.
โ I understandyoursaying โthe directorsaidโ.I've learnedTOC(Theoryof Constraint).TOC
teachesthatthe secretmeasurestogainprofitis the maximizingThroughput. Sensei,yoursayingis
TOC, isn'tit?
I triedto showa compromisedface but,inmyheart,I feltitcouldbe acceptable togaintheir
understandingwithanyidea.Throughputof TOCis almostsame toMarginal profit โWell,yes โI
said.
TOC and Throughput
You knowthe wordof TOC and Throughput.Thisstudysaysone importantpointwhichisthe
relationof "time conceptwithprofit". Forus(inthe conceptof TPS or factory management)
it isquite natural thing.
For instance,gaining$100 profit,one istobe needed10days fromgettingorderand
productionplan,purchase materialsproductionanddeliveryandgettingcash,andanother
35. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 35 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
one isto be neededone month(30days),whichisbetterforacompany? โฆThe cash flow is
verymuch different.
In the thoughtof cash flow whichisbetterinternal productionoroutsourcing? โฆOf course,
internal productionisbetter.
The case of outsourcingnecessityisjustnext3:
a. To supplementthe functionbeinginsufficientinternally.
b. Needequipmentandtechnologynotavailable inthe company.
c. To cover fluctuationsindemand.Demandfluctuatesgreatlyandfixedresources
cannot be kept
Throughput
In somewhere,Ihave writtenthis:โA scholarissucha personwhowrite andpresentvery
natural thingin Gembaas if new discoveryโ.
TOC advocate to maximize Marginal profit.And,accordingtoa book, Throughputis
explainedasnext.
๐โ๐๐๐ข๐โ๐๐ข๐ก = ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐ก โ ๐๐๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ถ๐๐ ๐ก
In the partial optimization,onlythe productionefficiencyof acertainprocessisimproved,
and as a result,the productioncapacityof the entire factoryor the overall profitmaynotbe
achieved.Therefore,overalloptimizationisrealizedbyaimingatmaximizingthe throughput.
"True variable costs"are onlyvariable costssuchas raw materialsandtransportationcosts,
and do notinclude so-calledfactorycostssuchas depreciationcosts,utilitiescosts,and
labourcosts includedincosting.And,profitabilityisdeterminedbasedonthe throughputper
unittime inthe constraintprocess.
Why issuch obviousnessinthe limelight? โฆThe jobof a scholaristo identifythe truth.And
thisadvocate scholardidgood job. However, itistoousual inGemba. Therefore, Iwrote the
reportof Making streamof production10
.Whywasitnecessarytouse such new words
(Throughput) ratherthanthe oldword Marginal Profit?
Now,againMarginal Profit...
โ I thinkyouunderstandMarginal profit โ Itriedto explainโ.Forgettingyourbetter
understanding,Igive youanotherone of explainwithusing"Break-evenpoint".Ibelieve youknowit.
Yes?โI askedtothem.
โ Yes, we knowitโthe directorconfirmed.
10 Makingthe stream of production lectures by Sensei Koichi Kimura:
ยซENGLISHยป https://archive.org/details/makingstreamofproduction13_202001/mode/2up
ยซSPANISHยป https://archive.org/details/establecerlacorrientedeproduccion13_202001
36. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 36 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
โ But whydonโtyouuse it before continuingoutsourcingpolicy? โIaskedandalsoansweredto
myselfโ Let'slookatitand I example the break-evenpointchart.
Break-evenpoint
Whenyoumake a profitplan,the break-evenpointchartshowsthe relationshipthat"how
much salesyoumake will generatealotof profits.And,if youdon'tmake at leastthismuch
salesyouwill be inthe red."
โ Atthismomentintime I have no exactfiguresof yoursalesandconstructionof cost. Therefore,
please acceptthatmy explanationisjustimage comparison
Then,I removedall mypreviousannotationsonthe whiteboardof the meetingroomand,Istart to
draw the belowfigure aboutthe Break-evenpoint.
Fig- 1: Break-even point
โ Fig-1showsyourcompany'ssituationof Break-evenpoint,salesprospectsinyourshare inthe
market,andthe relationof Fixedcost,Variable cost,SalesamountandProfit. Easy? โIasked
figurativelyโโฆYes,of course easyforyou.In Fig-1I assume to be profitable.ExactlyIdonโtknow.
ThenI draw the line oV [Variable cost:Outsourcing] showedinthe above Fig-2.AndIexposedthe
nextlectureโฆ
37. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 37 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
Fig- 2: Break-even point with the case of Outsourcing
Again:
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก = ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐ก โ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ก
And,the Outsourcingpaymentis Variable cost.And,this,oVismuchhigherthanthe Variable
cost (iV) of Internal manufacturing.
Then, oV > iV.
And,V isthe functionof Salesamount. Therefore y= Vx.
Then, above Variable cost:outsourcinghasbiggerangle thanVariablecostInternal
manufacturing.
The importantpointsare THREE.
One is oV > iV.Because:
๐ถ๐๐ ๐ก = ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ก + ๐น๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ก
Major variable costismaterial.And, itissame evenif procuredbysubcontract or yourcompany.
And,thisVariable costof Outsourcing isincludedthe outsourcing'sFixedcost (eventhoughitis
cheaperthanyours).
Anotherpointisthe Break-evenpointmovestonew Break-evenpoint.
Because the angle of Variable costof Outsourcing islargerthanthe Variable costof Internal
manufacturing.
38. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 38 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
Andthe Break-evenpointmovedtonew Break-evenpointwhichislocatedoutof the pointof Sales
prospect.Then,asthe result,Itshouldbe occurredthe Loss inyour business.
I donโtknowthe exact figures.Butit isquite true that youroutsourcingpolicyharmsthe profitof
your company.
Finally,Ineedtopointoutone pointwhichisthe necessaryconsiderationaboutthe reductionof
Fixedcost,if youwishto continue the outsourcingpolicy.Iexplain itusingnextFig-3.
Fig- 3: Fixed cost by reestructuring
If you wish togain same profitinthe conditionof same Break-evenpoint,Salesprospectswith
keepingoutsourcing,itisnecessarytoreduce the Fixedcostinrestructuring.
In above drawing,itcan be re-drawinloweringthe line of Variable costof Outsourcingto the point
where tomeetthe line andSalesAmountinsame angle.
Thenthe zero pointof Variable of Outsourcingtobe zeroisthe necessaryFixedcostof After
Restructuring.
WhenmakingconversationwithmyJapanese friends(accountingmanagerexperience),such
companieswhomisunderstandthe use of outsourcingandbelieve the costreduction.
Again,outsourcingmustbe usedfornextcondition.
1. To supplementthe functionbeinginsufficientinternally.
2. Needequipmentandtechnologynotavailable inthe company.
3. To cover fluctuationsindemand.Demandfluctuatesgreatlyandfixedresourcescannotbe
kept
Fixedcostreduction:Torecoverandincrease profitorto judge the productionpolicy,the use of
Break-evenpointchartisveryuseful andanywayitis veryeasy. (There isone difficultywhichisto
decide &standardize the variable andfixedcosts.)
Afterlastshort lecture tothe directors,we continuedthe conversation.
39. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 39 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
โ Andto recoverandincrease profit,itisimportanttoreduce FixedcostandVariable cost.Isit quite
natural?โIaskedthe directors.
โ Yes,itis verynatural โtheyreplied.
โ Now,how to reduce FixedcostandVariable cost?โIaskedtothe group withoutexpectingany
answerbutdetailinginthiswayโฆ
โ Variable cost:Ibelieveyou are consideringandimplementingthe reductionactivityof variable
cost reductionsuch as: Scrap reductionanddefectreductioninproductionprocess,VA/VEactivityin
designengineering,procurementmethod,directsellingexpensesetc.
โ Onthe otherhand, howto reduce Fixedcost?โIansweredtomyselfโ,again, Fixedcostsare:
Labour cost (DirectandIndirect),Depreciationof machine &equipment,land&building,paymentof
patentand interestandetc.
โ I believe youare consideringthe reduction of productionexcessive capacityinproductionline
employees.โAndIdetailedโ,reductionof productionexcessivelabourcapacityiseasyasthe
activity.
โ Onthe otherhand, Indirectemployee suchmanager,supervisor,groupleader,material-handler,
warehouse workers,maintenance engineer,productionengineer,designengineerandoffice staff
(administrative departments) whoare Costallocated,moreoverOffice rentandutilities,PCsand
software leases,advertising,patentfee, depreciationof machine &equipmentandland&building
โItriedto endupโ.All of themalsomustbe neededtoreduce.
The conversation wastoowide a little andItriedto finishmylecture quickly.
โ If you wishtodo general costreduction,itisnecessarytomake another project. ThenI
recommendtotreatthe probleminfrontof you. In thisway, I neverdenytoreduce excesslabour
capacity.But the true purpose shouldbe torecoverthe profit.Yes? โIaskedfiguratively.
โ So,I recommendtodo Break-evenpointdiagnosis andtoreview the outsourcingpolicy
immediately.
โ We understandSensei โdirectorsagreedโ.Thenhow aboutthe requestof consultingexpansion
(expansionof consultingcontractfromjustTPM to wider.)?
โ Sorryplease letme consider โIansweredbutmythinkingwasthe wayof talk in Japanand, in
such situation,itmeansthe rejectionineuphemism.
C. Break-even point (BEP) investigation.
Basedon my suggestion,managementteamdiscussedthe implementationof investigationaboutthe
outsourcingproducts withBEP.And,theydecidedtodoit andreport to the president.
1) Regrettablething andEducationof BEP.
Thiswas strange,because some managersdidnโtknow the BEP.Itwasfatal because managersdonโt
knowBEP. It isneverthe situationforjustthiscompany,butunfortunatelyisgeneral.
40. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 40 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
In mypreviouscompanythere isthe training&educationcourse whenjoiningthe companyandI
alsogot the accountingeducationandBEP.
What the profit as a Gemba is:
๐๐๐๐๐๐ก = ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐ก โ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ (๐๐๐ ๐ก) โ ๐น๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ก
๐บ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐ = ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐ก โ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐
๏ท Genkai Rieki:Marginal Profit(socalledThroughputinTOC);
o Genkai:Limit.
o Rieki:Profit;
๏ท What the variable expensesinGembais:(Omitโฆ);
๏ท What the Fixedcostis:(Omitโฆ);
What the BEP diagram is:
To gain andincrease the profit,itisnecessarytoconsiderthe improvementof Variable cost
reduction,Fixedcostreductionandthe increase of Salesamount.
Whenmakinga profitplan,itis requiredtoconsiderthese 3pointswithBEPas quite natural thing.
I had seenthe profitrecoveryplanof thiscompany.But unfortunately, itwasanaction itemsand
likelywishlistwhichhadnoaccountingbackground.Such low-level profitrecoveryactionplanwas
submittedasthe companywide activityinthiscompany.
Anyway,the accountingdepartmentmade the lectureof BEPto all managers.
Sales
Amount
Variable
cost
Fixedcost
SalesAmount
Expenses
, Profit
Break-evenpoint Sales
prospects
Profit
Internal
ManufacturingFig-1
41. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 41 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
My previouscompanymakesthe new employeesโ educationasastandard whichmightnot
be a worldwidestandard.And,inthiseducation,accountingincludingBEPismade.
The projectleader(She isanaccountingstaff.) made the lecture tootherteammembersandGemba
supervisors.Atthattime the outsourcingproductswere usedasthe examplesof BEPwithactual
figures.
Andof course, theyfoundandunderstoodthatthe outsourcingpolicywaswrongandinternal
manufacturingwithcurrentlabourandmachine capacitywasmuch betterprofitable.Also,itwas
requiredthe salesamountincrease andthe efficiencyincrease (tosupportthe salesincrease).
Thentheyconfirmedthe directionwhichis"JITmachine condition"ismatchto the company's
concern.
Problem
Whendiscussingit,one difficultywas highlightedagain.Itwasthe issue of standardtime
accuracy. So, howto calculate the Fixedcostof BEP?
Again, Fixedcost:Labourcost (DirectandIndirect),Headoffice,Depreciationof machine &
equipment,land&building,paymentof patentandinterestandetc.
Andthese are allocatedwiththe standardtime asnext:
๐ฟ๐๐๐๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ก =
๐๐ข๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐๐ก๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ป ( ๐๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ป๐๐ข๐ ๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐)
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ฆโ
๐๐กโ๐๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ก =
๐ท๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ ๐ข๐๐๐ก ๐๐๐ ๐ก ๐ฅ ๐๐ป
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ฆโ
And,
๐ท๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ ๐ข๐๐๐ก ๐๐๐ ๐ก = ๐๐๐ก๐๐ ๐๐กโ๐๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ก ๐ฅ ๐ถ๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ข๐ก๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ก๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐
Anyway, one of seriousfactorwas the standardtime accuracy.
As I describedbefore,thiscompanyhasstandardtime systemandeach producthave the standard
time. However, the accuracyto actual time wasbad. Then,theyneededtoconfirmormodulate the
relevantproductsstandardtime.
But it wasquite clearthat undoingrelevantproductstointernal manufacturingismore profitable
withtentative figuresandBEP(Break-evenpoint)investigation.
Theyhad not solong-time grace (6months). Andtheyneededtoimplementfollowingitems:
42. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 42 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
1. Confirmationof standardtime;
2. Re-calculationof profitabilityinBEP;
3. Reportingtopresidentandgettinghisacceptance. (Standarddepartmental costwasnโt
changedand used);
4. Line formation(layout,laboursandmachines,QC&inspection,materialsupply,supervising,
material procurement);
5. Reportingtocustomerswiththe qualityassurance system;
6. Work training;
7. Machine maintenance;
8. Informationtocustomerandplanningof undoing.
2) Imperial conference
Afterthe confirmationof the profitplanof those outsourcingproducts,the resultswere reportedto
the president.Withthroughthe meeting,the planwhichwasthe undoingof the productsandparts
was acceptedbythe president.
3) Small project for re-setupof productionlines.
The Gemba wasexcitedandgot lively,becausesome employeeshadbeenhavingthe concernof
losingjobforthe outsourcingpolicyandpastoutsourcing.
Thenmanagementteamandprojectteamhad a meetinganddecidedtoimplementthe stepof 8.
EstablishDevelopment&Managementsystemof ProductsandEquipmentof Nakajima's12steps
whichthiscompany'sfavorite.
Again,thisstepisto seek Developmentofproductsthat are easy to produce and machinesthat are
easy to use.
Of course,these undone productswerenotnew products,butexperiencedandwell-known
products.But I daredto recommendtoimplementthisstepforatrainingforfuture.
Again 12 steps: NAKAJIMA12 STEPS
To re-introduce theseproducts,Irecommendedtouse the technique of "Initial Products
QualityControl"andthe committee activity.
I describedInitialProductsQualityControlinTPM-1as next(FromTPM-1):
R&D? โฆYes I will write the new productsdevelopmentin thearticle of Initial Products
QualityControland the Committee.
In theInitial ProductsQuality Control,I describethe committeeactivity which
includes Quality,Design engineering,Procurement,Productionengineering,Sales,
SubcontractControl,Human resources,Accounting & Financing,Production Control
and of course Maintenanceand Gemba forverticalstart-up to eliminate the lossesof
newproductsstartin Total PreventiveMaintenance.
And,the aim of thisactivityissame to JIPM's TPMand is: Developmentofproducts that are
easy to produce and machinesthat are easy to use.
43. Total Preventive Maintenance, volume XI - Koichi Kimura Page 43 of 43
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 /.
I teachthis inTQM forthe developmentof "Productdesign,Processdesign,Machine &
equipmentincludingtools,Materials,Material plan,Humanresources,Productionplan,Sales
plan":
๏ท Product design:Making qualityindesignwithconfirmingcustomer'sneeds,FMEA,
Functiondeployment,Fish-bone- diagram, Pastdefectanalysis&feedback.
๏ท Processdesign:Layout, Workdesign,Line formation,Line-balance,Workelement
analysis,Time study,Workingstandard,Material handling.
Machine & equipmentincludingtools(toseekbetterworkabilityandtroublefree):
Peripheral equipment(PC,Material supply),Chute,Andon&indicator,Maintenance
system,sensor,IoT,Recordingsystem(fordatagather),easyforSeiso,oil control,
easyfor setup,easyfortakeout,safetydevise,Poka-Yoke devise.
๏ท Material: Functiondeploymentanalysis,Procurementplan,Suppliercapacity,
Inventory,Warehousepreparation,
๏ท Human resources:Resource planning,Skilltraining& evaluation,PS(Preventive
Safety) deployment,
๏ท Production plan: Salesplan,Minimuminventory,Deliveryplan,
๏ท Salesplan: Salesamount(prospect),Visitingcustomer(Salesengineering),
Customer'sneeds,Suggestion,
As youcouldimagine,the activityof InitialProductsQualityControlisindeedcompanywide
activityisrequired.
Therefore, Iestablishacommittee,whenIleadit.Butit isalso a fact that itis requireda
certaincorporate capacity andthe history orexperience. Thus,itisnotpossible togain
sufficientresultfromthe firstandisrequired some certainexperience.
Unfortunately, thiscompanyisnotreachedtothisโcertainlevelโ.
Anyway,thiscompanydecidedtoreview the currentoutsourcingpolicyandundothe relevant
productsand work-in-progresstointernalproduction.Andthe productionGembawasexcitedafter
alongdays.
I will describe the activityof the project&committee andnew andtemporal projectof Initial
ProductsQualityControl (IPQC).
RegardingIPQC,(inmyteaching) itisthe range of TQM. Then I describe itinTPMveryshortlyand
give the deepdescriptioninTQM.
VI. Next Lecture
I write the continuationof bustubcurve and tribologyandcompletionof the maintheme (Control of
lubricatingoil).
Koichi Kimura CC4 โ March-2020.