This document provides details about a construction project assignment conducted by a group of 8 students. It summarizes information from their site visits to 3 construction sites, including site details, construction stages, and responsibilities of group members. The document covers various aspects of construction processes from site preparation such as marking, excavation and drainage, to superstructure elements like beams, columns, slabs, and roofing. Safety measures at the sites and uses of common construction machinery are also discussed. Plans and diagrams supplement the text to illustrate concepts.

1. 1
Building Construction 1 [ARC 1523]
Assignment 1: Experiencing Construction
Semester 2 Year 2015
MEMBERS
Lee Yih 0318340
Liew Yu Xian 0319173
Low En Huey 0317889
Lovie Tey Yiqing 0318155
Loh Wei Shuen 0317896
Khor Hao Xiang 0318065
Tan Jo Lynn 0318518
Yeoh Xiang An 0322691

2. 2
CONTENT PAGE
No. Section Pages
1.0 Introduction and Group members detail
1.1 Introduction to site 3
2.0 Site and Safety (LTYQ*) 5
2.1 Plants and Machinery (LYX*) 7
3.0 External Work (YXA*) 9
4.0 Foundation (LY*) 13
4.1 Foundation type and construction process 15
5.0 Superstructure
5.1 Beam and Column (KHX*) 16
5.2 Slab (KHX*) 19
5.3 Wall (LWS*) 20
5.4 Staircase (LWS*) 25
6.0 Doors and Windows (TJL*) 26
7.0 Roof (LEH*) 32
8.0 Summary 36
8.1 References 37
(LTYQ*) Lovie Tey Yi Qing
(LYX*) Liew Yu Xian
(YXA*) Yeoh Xiang An
(LY*) Lee Yih
(KHX*) Khor Hao Xiang
(LWS*) Loh Wei Shuen
(TJL*) Tan Jo Lynn
(LEH*) Low En Huey

3. 3
Introduction to Project
The main objective of this project is to introduce basic principles and procedures of construction process through real-life project. In a group of 8, we are to select an ongoing construction
site which visibly demonstrates most of the subject topics covered in the syllabus. The selected sites should be medium rise or low rise buildings with the maximum height of four storey.
Our group had chosen three different site to study as these three sites have different ongoing status
Site 1 - Kota Damansara
This project is one of the project under Ou Yang Architect. This project is mainly built and
serve as a private residence which is located at Kota Damansara. This private residence
is three storey high and is counted as medium-rise buildings. When we had our site visit,
the construction was having its mid-work stage which is the brickwork stage.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Site 2 - SS14
This construction site is another project under Ou Yang Architect which eventually serve
as a private residence. This construction is located at SS14, Subang Jaya. This private
residence is two storey high. This project was handled by two different contractor due to
miscommunication. However, the first one left and now the project is under the second
contractor. When the site visit was conducted, the construction was at it’s late stage which
is the roofing.

4. 4
Site 3 - Bandar Seri Coalfields
This project is one of the project under KLK Land Sdn. Bhd. Bandar Seri Coalfields is a township which
will contain both residential areas and commercial hubs, promising to be self-sufficient. The construction
site that we had visited will be serving as shop lots up to three storey high. It is counted as medium rise
buildings. There are different areas with different ongoing stages. The person in charge, Mr. Alex,
showed us around and explained everything to us, from the basic of a construction which is the site
safety, superstructure, to beam and columns, brickworks, up to roofing and etc.

5. 2.0 SITE AND SAFETY ( Lovie Tey ( 0318155 )
Bandar Seri Coalfileds, Sungai Buloh Site
The construction industry plays a big role in the development process of Malaysia where
successful development would contribute towards the economic growth generating additional
demands for construction activities.
However, it has also contributed towards the safety issues where statistics showed that this
industry has earned reputation of being a highly hazardous industry due to its fatality rates. Hence,
we can say that safety at construction site is very important as it protects the employees as well as
those who are passing and visiting the place.
The current practice of safety in Malaysia is having a safety signboard as well as project sign
board right outside the border of the construction site. Before anyone enter the construction site,
these are the safety precautions they must follow.
Foot protection
must be worn
where appropriate
Safety helmet must
be worn
where appropriate
Hand gloves must
be worn
where appropriate
Wear eye
protection where
appropriate
Use ear protection
where
appropriate
Unauthorised entry
to this site
is strictly
prohibited.
All visitors must
register at
guard house
Construction work
in progress.
Image 2.0.0
Image 2.0.1
5

6. Other than the safety signboard, the other must in a construction site is the project signboard. The project
signboard helps to explain what is being built, renovate as well as explains danger to public. From this
project signboard. it had clearly identified what the project is. The main construction for this project was to
build 101 units of double and triple storey shophouse at Bandar Seri Coalfields, Mukim Ijok, Kuala Selangor,
Selangor.
Besides that, the project signboard had stated that this project is under KLKepong Country Homes Sdn. Bud
which is located at Suite 1A-1, Level 1, Menara KLK, No 1, Jalan PJU 7/6, Mutiara Damansara, 47810
Petaling Jaya.
On the other hand, it had states that the architect of this project is CH&I Architecture Sdn Bhd, while the
structure engineer is under Save Consulting Engineers Sdn. Bhd.
Other than that, the main engineer for the construction site is Kemasepakat Sdn. Bhd. As for the mechanical
and electrical engineer, this project is under Syeera Consult Sdn. Bhd. Not forgetting the quantity surveyor,
which is under the MQS consult. The main contractor for this project is TCS Construction Sdn Bhd. These
project signboards are very important as we can get all the information for the construction project which is
going on.
Other than knowing the project and safety signboard, the construction site workers must have sufficient
knowledge for site safety as well. In Malaysia, the government had launched a program called the CIDB
Green Card. It is an integrated program that involves the registration and accreditation of Construction
Personnel to enhance safety levels at construction work sites.
All the construction site workers must register for the CIDB Green Card to ensure that the workers are
aware of the importance of a safe and healthy working place. It is also needed to provide a basic
knowledge on safety and health at the construction site. It is used to inform the construction workers of
the legal requirements in relation to safety and health. Those who are registered to CIDB Green Card are
automatically covered by a special insurance scheme that insures the Construction Personnel against
death and accidents
Image 2.0.2
Image 2.0.3
Image 2.0.4
6

7. 2.1 PLANTS & MACHINERY ( Liew Yu Xian 0319173 )
SS 14 Residential Site
Plants and machinery are equipment that use in construction industry. There are light and heavy equipment depends on the size of construction
site. Heavy equipment such as backhoe, crane, bulldozer and etc. Light equipment such as hoist, wheel barrow and jack hammer.
Mobile crane is either a cable-
controlled crane mounted on
crawlers or rubber-tired carriers or a
hydraulic-powered crane with a
telescoping boom mounted on
truck-type carriers. They are
designed to easily transport to a
site.
A mobile crane is mainly used for
lifting heavy things and transporting
then to other place. It is commonly
use for loading and unloading load
and also movement of materials in
construction site.
Hoist is a device used for lifting or
lowering a load. It can be manually
operated, electrically or
pneumatically driven. It’s lifting
media can be chain, fiber or wire
rope.
Hoist has a similar function to
crane. It is use for indoor
construction to lift or lower a load.
Hoist is attached to beam or
hanging on a hook that fix into a
temporary ceiling
Vibratory Plate Compactor is a
machine to compress and
strengthen the base layer
underneath concrete.
It is use to strengthen or tighten the
base layer before applying concrete
or ciment floor.
A plate compactor usually
connected to a power generator at
the site to gain electric power to
function.
Roller Compactor is a machine that
use to compact soil, gravel, concrete or
asphalt in the construction of road and
foundations. The drums of the
compactor achieves higher compaction
density due to the less surface area.
Roller compactor use the weight of the
vehicle itself to compress the surface
being rolled. Compare to plate
compactor, roller compactor commonly
use in larger construction site or area.
Image 2.1.0
Diagram 2.1.0
Diagram 2.1.1
Image 2.1.1
Diagram 2.1.2
Image 2.1.2
Image 2.1.3
7

8. Portable electric generator is a small device that
convert mechanical energy to electrical energy for
use in construction site. It’s the main power source for
a construction site.
Generate power for various minor machinery that
used in construction site.
Concrete Mixer (portable) is a device that use to mix
concrete at the construction site that allow workers
have enough time to use the concrete before it’s
harden.
It is use to combine cement, aggregates and water to
form concrete that is needed for construction at the
construction site itself.
It has a revolving drum that concrete mix is done in it.
Single Wheel Barrow is a small hand-propelled
vehicle. It’s design to distribute the weight of load
between the wheel and the operator so that it can be
used by one person to carry load at the construction
site.
Use to carry construction waste. Carrying numbers of
bricks from truck to inside of the construction site and
also mixed concrete. Sometimes workers also use it
as a container to hand-mix concrete in it.
Jack Hammer is a portable pneumatic
hammer or drill. It is a electro-mechanical
tool that combines a hammer directly with a
chisel. Jack hammer can be powered by
compressed air and also electric motors.
Jack hammer is used in minor demolish at
site when there’s false constructed part or
area.
Jack hammer connected to either
compressed air or electric motor to function.
User need to apply strong force on it to make
it work efficiently.
Image 2.1.4
Image 2.1.5
Image 2.1.6
Image 2.1.7
Image 2.1.8
8

9. Marking
1. Plotting the site & site clearing
2. Boundaries of the land has to be identified
3. Plotted land (where construction will be initiated)
4. Trees & bushes within the boundaries have to be removed
5. The roots of the tree has to be removed completely (Pay Special Attention*)
Setting out
1. Marking the excavation site (pegging in the ground)
2. Mark the floor for the erection of the walls
3.0 EXTERNAL WORK ( Yeoh Xiang An 0322691 )
Bandar Seri Coalfileds, Sungai Buloh Site
Site Accommodation - Site Office
- Site office usually a portable cabin which is function and water proof
- To accommodate the intricate demands of daily works
- The roof is covered with solar reflective materials on profiled galvanised
steel
- To prevent over heating
- The site use timber frame as the main structure of building
Marking the boundaries requires a few step:
3-4-5 Methods
- Use the Pythagoras theorem (acquire the right angle of the boundaries)
- First horizontal line = Front line
- Ending point of the front line & the second line has to be 5 meters. ( to make sure front line & 2nd line
is right angled to each other)
- The theory of Pythagoras theorem ( easy to form a rectangle)
Front line
2nd
line
Measured 4 meters (total) 3 meters ( From Setting Point)
Lining out
- Determines the positions of the corners & the distance
- Mark the positions of foundations
- Mark the footings & the walls (including the thickness) by pegging in the ground
Image 3.0.0
9
Setting out lines and
marking the ground
Diagram 3.0.0

10. Sewerage works
- A sewer can be defined as a means of conveying waste, soil or rainwater
below the ground that has been collected from the drains and conveying it to
the final disposal point. The functions of sewerage system are to protecting
the community from flood, restoring clean rivers and fertile waters, creating
life environment and with enhanced amenity.
- Basically, there are two types of sewerage systems in Malaysia. The
premises sewerage systems are either connected to a public sewage
treatment plant or have an individual septic tank. At the residential
construction site, all the houses have sewage pipelines that are directly
linked to a sewage treatment plant through a network of underground sewer
pipes.
- It provides the construction & completion of the sewerage system complete
with sewerage pipes including joint, concrete bed & encasing, formwork,
excavation & backfilling ; manholes & inspection chamber including &
connection to main sewar line & make good all works concerned all to the
approval of local authority
Manhole
- the top opening to an underground utility vault
- used to house an access point for making connections
- performing maintenance on underground
- buried public utility and other services
10
Direct Marking
- Houses many marked directly on the flat ground
- Uneven ground may have to be flatten first
- Mark the location & measurement of the foundation (using the plumb bob & dig the trenches)
Uneven Ground
- 2 horizontal points is used (points have to be extended upwards using plumb bob)
- When setting a boundary, 3-4-5 method is used
Pegging off the foundation depth
Diagram 3.0.1
Diagram 3.0.2

11. Drainage System
- Drainage is a piping system that usually installed under the ground to convey the
discharge sanitary fittings, rain water gutter to a suitable disposal place.
- Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC) is used as the material for the gutter at
the residential construction site. Half- round gutters are supplied in standard
effective lengths up to 6m with a diameter ranging from 75 to 150mm. A few
advantages of using the uPVC are it is easier jointing as gutter bolts are not
required and it is light to handle. Besides, it can prevent corrosion and also fewer
breakages.
- Subsoil drainage is applied at the construction site. Subsoil drainage is used to
avoid the passage of ground moisture to the interior of the building and also
damage to the fabric of the building. The purpose of subsoil drainage is to lower the
water table to a level so that it will not rise to within 0.25m of the lowest floor of a
building. Next, subsoil drainage can increase the stability of the ground, lowering
the humidity of the site and improving its horticultural properties.
Scaffolding
- when scaffolds are not erected or used properly, fall hazards can occur.
- about 2.3 million construction workers frequently work on scaffolds
- protecting these workers from scaffold-related accidents would prevent an
estimated 4500 injuries and 50 fatalities each year
Image 3.0.1 Image 3.0.2
11
Bedding
- The bedding directly underneath the pipe is required only to bring the trench
bottom up to grade. It should not be so thick or soft that the pipe will settle &
lose grade. The sole purpose of the bedding of the bedding is to provide a
firm, stable & uniform support of the pipe.
foundation
- a foundations is required only when the native trench bottoms does not
provide a firm working platform for placement of the pipe bedding materia
Underground installation
hauncing
- This area is the most important in terms of limiting the vertical deflection of the
flexible pipe. Pipe support is obtained in the haunch zone by compacting soil in
both directions away from the pipe to the undisturbed trench walls.
initial
backfill
- Compaction here will given little additional side support to the pipe, but
required maintain stability.
final
backfill
- Compaction may be required for reasons other than support of the PVC pipe
since this zone is very significant in supporting the above grounf surfaces.

12. Soil collapse
- When the excavated material is not places for enough away from the edge of
the excavation.
- The recommended minimum distance for location of excavation soil (spoil)
from the edge of the excavation is equal to or greater than the excavation depth
- Another one is when common in clay-type soils, when excavation walls are
too steep, or when moisture content increase rapidly.
Environmental
- The earthworks should not disfigure but rather blend into the environmental.
- Transportation & minimize disruption of the local environment.
- Consider natural & waste resources in the area, such as are produced from
the pits & quarries & other machinery used on the site.
12
Hoarding / fencing
- temporary fencing surround the construction site
- installed to protect the peripheral space around the construction site
- to reduce the risk of injured as it restrict unauthorise public to enter
- its impervious claddings can withstand forces of heavy sharp or dangerous objects
- hoarding or fences minimum height 2.4m & high security fences at least 3m
- the hoarding is important for the security safety to prevent stealing of building materials from
site.
Image 3.0.3
Image 3.0.3

13. Bandar Seri Coalfileds, Sungai Buloh Site
Foundations are to ensure the structural loads are transmitted to the earth without any
unacceptable movement during the construction period and throughout the entire life of
the building itself.
3. Structural Loading: It’s a construction for reinforced concrete buildings -
3-storey shop lots (3579 sq ft)
Construction load (material)
Dead load
(structure)
Live load (people,
furniture)
3-storey shop lots
Types of foundation used: Deep foundation (piling):
Columns inserted in the ground to transmit the structural loads to a lower level of
subsoil.
Load from superstructure
End bearing pile
Weak soil
Strong strata
4.0 FOUNDATION ( Lee Yih 0318340 )
Determining the foundation type based on:
1. Soil Conditions: The site is consists of a cut and fill land. Hence, soil in a fill condition
will consolidate over time causing the foundation above no longer properly supported.
Existing
ground:
slope
Cut condition
Fill condition
Existing ground:
flat ground
Raft
foundation
Driven pile
foundation
2. Time factors: Total construction for this site takes 18 months to complete,
whereas foundation takes 3 monthsDiagram 4.0.0
Diagram 4.0.1
Diagram 4.0.2
Diagram 4.0.3
13

14. Why is it used?
The site has soft soils overlying a strong strata, causing the soil bearing capacity be
insufficient for the 3-storey shops’ structures to withstand. The noise an vibrations
produced through such kind of foundations can be accepted by the locals because it has
very little residents staying nearby. The transportation of long piles are eased up due to the
provided wide road.
Driven Pile
A relatively long, slender column installed by impact hammering into the earth, which can
provide resist force. It can be physically prior to during installation because it has a
predetermined shape and size. For this Bandar Seri Coalfields site, location of driven piles
are below certain major columns of the building. It is determined by the engineer’s survey
pax after surveying the soil conditions and other factors.
Precast concrete pile (square-shaped)
Length: 17m
Size 450mm x 450 mm
Types of pile used
Wire brush
Tension member
On this site, ‘4 pile cap’ arrangement is used with the combination of 4 piles
under one reinforced concrete cap as this way is more economical.
450mm
450mm
Pile spacing 150mm
150mm
1000mm
Column
Pile cap
4 piles
Image 4.0.0
Diagram 4.0.4
Diagram 4.0.5
Diagram 4.0.6
Image 4.0.1
Image 4.0.2
14

15. Installation of driven piles
1. Hammering of piles until it
reaches 17-18m deep using
the drop hammer of 3 tons
weight.
2. Excavation of soil around
each group of 4 piles.
3. Placement of steel
reinforced grids in the
excavated hole and steel
bars for columns.
4. Cover the grids and piles
with concrete.
5. Cover the top of concrete
with pile cap.
Piling rig
Drop hammer
Pile
4 piles per group
Pile cap
Diagram 4.0.7
15

16. Site
Beam
Beam is a horizontal member of structural element that is capable of withstanding
load primarily by resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of
the beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external
reactions to these loads is called a bending moment.
Types of beam: simply supported beam, fixed beam, cantilever beam,
continuous beam, over hanging beam.
Function: carries floor slab or roof slab, transfer loads to column or walls
Reinforced concrete beam
Steel reinforced bars (rebar) are incorporated into concrete. It provides
extra tensile strength. Beams are either single reinforced or double
reinforced. There are precast concrete and cast in situ concrete for the
making of beams.
5.1 BEAM & COLUMN ( Khor Hao Xiang 0318065 )
Beam
Installations (reinforced concrete beam - cast in-situ concrete beam)
1. Beam reinforcement is assembled on site. Rebar steel is added, as it is good at handling
tension force.
With rebar, when load apples, two forces are being balanced, the tension and compression
forces. Tension forces are lower as it is being stretched out, and compression forces at the
top because its being compressed.
2. Wooden formwork is prepared on site. Concrete is then poured into formwork
3. R.C beam is completed after pouring concrete into formwork and leave it for several days
Concrete beam is great at resisting
compression, and usually can only
resist about 1/10 of its compression
forces in tension.
Rebar
Concrete Beam
Concrete
Tension Bar
Top Bar
Bottom Bar
Stirrup
Bent Bar
Beam Reinforcement
Top Bar: Tension reinforcement subject
to upward bending of a negative
movement
Bottom Bar: Similar to top bar, postive
movement
Plywood Beam Sides
Runner
Soffit Support Joist
Crosshead
Brace
Wooden Formwork
StrutCleat
Image 5.1.0
Diagram 5.1.0
Diagram 5.1.1
Diagram 5.1.2
Diagram 5.1.3
16

17. Reinforced Cement Concrete Column
This is the most common column that can be seen around the
constructions today. It is the column that is seen on our site. It
composes concrete and reinforce steel bar(rebar). It works in a way
were reinforced steel is placed at where there is tensile force and let
concrete resist corrosion.
Advantages:
• It has a relatively high compressive strength
• It has better resistance to fire than steel;
• It has a long service life with low maintenance cost;
• In some types of structures, such as dams, piers, and footings, it is the most economical structural
material;
• It can be cast to take the shape required, making it widely used in precast structural components. It
yields rigid members with minimum apparent deflection.
Disadvantages
• The tensile strength of reinforced concrete is about one-tenth of its compressive strength.
• The main steps of using reinforced concrete are mixing, casting, and curing. All of this affect the
final strength.
• The cost of the forms used for casting RC is relatively higher.
• For multi-storied building the RCC column section for is larger than steel section as the
compressive strength is lower in the case of RCC.
• Shrinkage causes crack development and strength loss.
Column
Column in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element
that acts as a support of buildings, transmitting weight load from higher
platform towards foundation level. Columns are rigid structures that are
relatively slender. It is also known as a compression member of the
structural elements in building construction industry.
Types of column: Long column (slender), Short column, Intermediate
Column
Function: Supports building (beams and arch), Carry compressive loads
Diagram 5.1.4Image 5.1.1
Image 5.1.2
17

18. Installations
1. First of all, Architect will draw a grid line with
dimension to determine location of column.
X marks down the location of column
2. Column layout work is done by laying rope according
to grid shown then marks the location.
3. Column starter reinforcement installed. This is before
footing reinforcement are poured to be filled with
concrete
4. After footing is casted, column stubs and rebar
are installed. Stubs Are used to maintain column
alignment
5. Wooden formwork is chosen and casted on
site before concrete is poured. It will be installed
until concrete poured.
6. Complete
BattenWedge
Plywood
Lining
Reinforced cement concrete
column completed
Rebar is left protruding for wall
construction
Diagram 5.1.5
Diagram 5.1.6
Diagram 5.1.7
Diagram 5.1.8
Diagram 5.1.9
Diagram 5.1.10
18

19. Site
Slab
Slabs are structural element of the building industry. It is constructed to provide
useful and accessible flat surface. For instance, it is used to construct floors and
ceiling, while exterior is done by thinner slabs
Types of slab: steel slab, wood slab, reinforce concrete slab
5.2 SLAB ( Khor Hao Xiang 0318065 )
Two way slab:
This is the type of slab seen on site. Two way slabs are slabs that are supported on four sides
and the ratio of longer span to shorter span is less than 2. In two way slab, load will be carried
in both directions. So, main reinforcement is provided in both directions for two way slab
1. Beam reinforcement is assembled on site. Rebar steel is added, as it is good at handling
tension force.
Reinforce concrete slab
Steel reinforcement of the slab are between 10-15 inch. R.C Slab are flat and
broad in surface, with the top and bottom surface being parallel. Slabs are
supported by R.C beams and R.C column. There are two kinds of R.C slabs,
which is the one way slab and two way
Reinforce concrete slab
Installations (cast in-situ concrete slab)
1. Formwork is set up with atrut as support for floor beams
Slab formwork
2. Rebar is installed and later on cement concrete is poured into wooden framework
Diagram 5.2.0
Diagram 5.2.2
Diagram 5.2.1
Image 5.2.0
19

20. 20
5.3 WALL ( Loh Wei Shuen 0317896 )

21. 21

22. 22

23. 23

24. 24

25. 25
5.4 STAIRCASE ( Loh Wei Shuen 0317896 )

26. Door
A door is a solid barrier that is fixed to a frame in an opening in a wall to hinge, pivot or
slide open (or to close). The door opening, doorway, allows access and egress from
building and between rooms, compartments and corridors. As a component part of the
wall, the door and its frame are integral to the overall performance of the wall.
Primary functions:
Safe means of access and egress
Privacy
Requirements:
Security, prevention of unauthorised entry
Strength and stability
Resistance to weather
Durability and freedom from maintenance
Fire safety
Resistance to passage of heat and sound
Airtightness
Aesthetics
Door Terminology
Temporary door template,
used to ensure that the wall
opening is built to the correct
size to receive the door frame.
6.0 DOORS & WINDOWS ( Tan Jo Lynn 0318518 )
Kota Damansara Site
Image 6.0.0
Diagram 6.0.0
26

27. Lintel
A lintel can be a load bearing building component, a decorative architectural element, or
a combined ornamented structural item. It is often found over portals, doors, windows
and fire places. In worldwide architecture of different eras and many cultures, a lintel has
been and element of post and lintel construction. Many different building materials has
been used for lintels. A lintel is defined as a structural horizontal block that spans the
space or opening between 2 vertical supports.
Functions & Requirements
A lintel must be steady enough to support the weight of the heavy earth bag wall material
and the portion of the roof that is supported above the opening. Size lintels for the length
of span, weight of wall material and bond beam above, proportion of total roof weight
resting above the opening and live loads on roofs and walls.
Lintel for Hot and Humid Climates
Wood structure must be protected against insect attack and rot in hot and humid regions.
If cement or metal lintels are not available, encase wood in a generous layer of clay
plaster and provide good drip edge to keep it dry. Earth plaster reduces humidity, but
cement plaster attracts moisture instead and accelerates wood decay.
SS 14 Residential Site
Bricks
Flashing
Mesh
Plaster
Lintel
Bandar Seri Coalfileds, Sungai Buloh site
The purpose of the lintel over a window or a door is to support the weight of the wall,
floor and roof above the opening. Modern window and door frames are not normally
designed to carry such weight. The lintel acts as a support beam and transfers the load
of the wall to both side of the opening.
Lintel
Diagram 6.0.1
Image 6.0.1
Image 6.0.2
27

28. 1. Measurements
Rough opening must be measured to make sure it is
2 inch x 2 inch higher and wider than installed door.
2. Installation or pre-hung unit
Centre the pre-hung unit into the rough surface before
installation.
INSTALLATIONS
3. Nailing (sides)
At first, nail the hinge at the plave. Nail through the jamb
and shim. Then, move the lock side of frame and repeat
step 2 using a shim.
4. Nailing (Others)
Secure header with shims and nailed it through the
shims.
5. Adjustment and installation
Adjustments needed if gap between is unequal.
Diagram 6.0.2 Diagram 6.0.3 Diagram 6.0.4
Diagram 6.0.5 Diagram 6.0.6
28

29. SS 14 Residential Site
Windows
A window is an opening formed in a wall or roof primarily to admit daylight through some
transparent or translucent material. Windows also serve an important function in
providing controlled natural ventilation to buildings and make a major contribution to the
visual appearance of buildings. As the windows is part of the wall or roof envelope, it
should serve to exclude wind and rain, and acts as a barrier to excessive transfer of heat,
sound and spread of fire in much the same way that the surrounding wall or roof does.
Windows Terminology
Primary Function: Admit daylight and provide a view.
Additional Requirement:
- Safety and security
- Fire safety
- Provision of ventilation
- Resistance to passage of heat and sound
- Aesthetics
- Durability and freedom from maintenance
Head Jamb
Sash Lock
Top Rail
Interior Casting
Bottom Rail
Stile
Muntin
Pane
Stool
Apron
Exterior Sill
Lower Sash
Upper Sash
Side Jamp
Diagram 6.0.7
Image 6.0.3
29

30. 1. Rough opening
The width and height of the rough opening is
measured.
2. Measure the width of the frame from interior to the nail
fin. Transfer this measurement from the outside edge of the
rough opening sill and drawing a line along the rough
opening sill. Drain mat will be placed here.
3. Reassurance
Evenly place side jams on both sides. Carry out
checking from structure to installation to reassurance.
Installations
4. Bucking
Sealant is applied at any joint larger than the
standard shape and size.
5. Window installation
Place window still at the rough opening and nail it with a hammer.
6. Final installation
Fasten window and seal the corners of window with
sealant.
Diagram 6.0.8 Diagram 6.0.9 Diagram 6.0.10
Diagram 6.0.11 Diagram 6.0.12 Diagram 6.0.13
30

31. Control the flow of heat
and solar radiation
Protection from rain
Protection of human and
possession
7.0 ROOF (Low En Huey 0317889 )
Types of roof
(a) Pitch Roof (b) Flat Roof
A flat roof is generally defined as having a
pitch not greater than 15° to the horizontal.
A truly flat roof would not allow rainwater to
drain away so most flat roofs have a fall on
them so that the rainwater naturally flows to
collection points. Flat roofs require a
continuous membrane roofing material. It
can be structured or designed to serve as
outdoor space.
A pitched or sloping roof has a pitch of at
least 15° but often much more. The slope
roof affects the choice of roofing material,
requirements for underlayment and eave
flashing, and design wind loads. Pitch roofs
shed rainwater easily to eave gutters. The
space under a sloping roof may be usable.
A roof is an essential covering that is placed on houses and buildings.
For homes and buildings especially, a roof performs multiple functions, all
of which are tied into providing protection. The construction of roof
should also control the passage of moisture vapour, the infiltration of air,
the flow of heat and solar radiation. And depending on the type of
construction required by the building code, the roof structure and
assembly may have to resist the spread of fire.
SS 14 Residential Site
Bandar Seri Coalfileds, Sungai Buloh Site
Diagram 7.0.0
Diagram 7.0.1 Diagram 7.0.2
Image 7.0.0 Image 7.0.1
31

32. Materials
Heat Insulation
Roof Sheathing
Pitch roof layering
Diagram 7.0.3 Components of pitch roof
Roof tiles and batten
Framework
Plywood or Aluminium Sheet
Aluminium Foil
Clay tile
Lightweight steel
Image 7.0.2
Image 7.0.3
Image 7.0.4
Image 7.0.5
32

33. Pitch roof construction process (Site 2 : SS14)
1. Bricks are laid and constructed
as shown in the diagram. Roof
beam is added at the edge of the
bricks.
2. Steel trusses are installed to
provide support to the roof.
3. Roof sheathing such as
plywood or aluminium sheet is
added on top of the trusses. This
layer acts as a protection against
theft and insulation of water. .
4. Aluminium foil is added on top
of the roof sheathing as an
insulation layer of heat.
5. Lastly, batten is installed
horizontally to support the roof
tiles.
Diagram 7.0.4
Diagram 7.0.5
Diagram 7.0.6
Diagram 7.0.7
Diagram 7.0.8
33

34. Water Proofing layer
Heat Insulation
Beams and decking
Flat roof layering
Vapour barrier
Open joists
Ceiling
Diagram 7.0.9 Components of flat roof
Materials
Water Proofing
membrane
Lightweight steel
Rockwool
Aluminium Sheet
Image 7.0.6
Image 7.0.7
Image 7.0.8
Image 7.0.9
34

35. Flat roof construction process (Site 3: Bandar Seri Coalfields)
1. Steel trusses are constructed and
supported by wall.
3. Rockwool is added at this layer for
insulation of heat and sound.
2. Roof sheathing such as plywood or
aluminium sheet is applied at this layer
for protection and allow roof to support
load.
4. Roof covering are the last layer of
the flat roof.. This layer protects the
roof against harsh weather and it is
waterproof.
Picture on the left shows the
steel trusses was built on top of
the columns and beams for
support.
The steel trusses are often cut,
shaped and drilled in fabrication
shop according to design
specifications. The members
are bolted or welded together
as shown in Diagram 7.0.10.
Diagram 7.0.10
Image 7.0.10
Diagram 7.0.11 Diagram 7.0.12 Diagram 7.0.13 Diagram 7.0.14
35

36. 36
8.0 SUMMARY
Through out this project, we gain a lot of knowledge about the construction world. During our first
site visit, it’s like a strange world to us. Through out few site visiting, we learn the process of how
different building elements being constructed, how materials affect the structure and also
construction details that we are not familiar with. Then we finalize our observation and
understanding into sketches and diagram to further compile in our report.
Besides construction details and process, we also learn that in the construction field,
organization and proper project planning of work is also important through out the whole
process. The architect and contractor need to have a well communication and planning about
the whole project. One of our site have an issue that the contractor did not communicate well
with the architect and causes fault built structure and needed to demolish it. A well planning will
smoothen the progress and reduce unnecessary faulty structure.
Work after site visit is also influence our knowledge. We learn more details about different
elements and process when doing research. Research and report writing help us to understand
the details and process well by simplifying the information we get.
Overall, the construction process is a complicated process. Every single steps and procedure is
very important and have to be carry out with caution and specificity to ensure the final product is
save to present to the community and also meet the client’s requirement.

37. Books
• Ching, Francis D.K. 1991. Building Construction Illustrated. New York. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
• Simmon, H. Leslie, 2001. Construction: Principles, Materials and Method. 7th Edition. New York. John Willey & Sons.
• Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings, 3rd Edition
• Building Design and Construction Handbook, Sixth Edition
Links
• https://www.cidb.gov.my/cidbv4/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=672&Itemid=706&lang=en
• http://earthbagstructures.com/details/openings/openings.htm
• http://www.westrac.com.au/Industries/Pages/Heavy_Construction.aspx
• http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/construction-equipments
• http://construction-greatopportunity.blogspot.my/2012/03/beam-and-slab.html
• http://www.acivilengineer.com/2013/07/construction-process-of-rcc-column_27.html
• http://theconstructor.org/concrete/rcc-slab-casting-work-procedure/1656/
• http://safemanitoba.com/sites/default/files/uploads/guidelines/excavationwork.pdf
• http://malaysiaconstructionindustry.blogspot.my/2013/12/roof.html
• http://www.slideshare.net/arkam_slideshare/roof-1230907
• http://all-about-foundation-repair.blogspot.my/2010/09/what-is-cut-and-fill-and-how-it-affects.html
• http://www.piledrivers.org/benefits-of-driven-piles/
• http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/foundations/need-functions-of-pile-foundation/1785/
37
8.1 REFERENCES