ICT lesson 1: History of Computer

1. INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY
ERWIN MARLON R. SARIO
INSTRUCTOR

2. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
COUNTING DEVICES
The Salamis Tablet
The oldest surviving
counting board
used by the
Babylonians circa
300 B.C. discovered
on the island of
Salamis in 1846.

3. The Roman Hand
Abacus or Roman
Counting Board 300
C.E. was the first
portable counting
board. It was thought
that early Christians
brought it to the east.

4. Chinese Abacus or Suan Pan
was first chronicled circa 1200
C.E. in China. The device was
made of wood and metal
reinforcement.

5. Schoty is a Russian
Abacus invented in the
17th Century and still
used today in some
parts.

6. A Quipu, or knot-record (also
called Khipu) 900 C.E., was a
method used by the Incas and
other ancient Andean cultures to
keep records and communicate
information.

7. The Soroban is an abacus
developed in Japan. It is derived
from the ancient Chinese
Suanpan, imported to Japan in
the 14th century. Like the
Suanpan, the Soroban is still
used today, despite the
proliferation of practical and
affordable pocket electronic
calculators.

8. Napier's bones is a
manually-operated
calculating device
created by John Napier
of Merchiston for
calculation of products
and quotients of
numbers.

9. Pascaline, also called Arithmetic
Machine, the first calculator or
adding machine to be
in any quantity and actually
used. The Pascaline was
designed and built by the
French mathematician-
philosopher Blaise Pascal
between 1642 and 1644.

10. The step reckoner (or stepped
reckoner) was a digital mechanical
calculator invented by the German
mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz around 1672 and completed
in 1694. The name comes from the
translation of the German term for
its operating mechanism,
Staffelwalze, meaning
'stepped drum'.

11. The Jacquard loom is a
power loom, invented by
Joseph Marie Jacquard, first
demonstrated in 1801, that
simplifies the process of
manufacturing textiles with
such complex patterns as
brocade, damask and
matelassé.

12. The Analytical Engine was
a proposed mechanical
general-purpose computer
designed by English
mathematician and
computer pioneer Charles
Babbage. It was first
described in 1837 as the
successor to Babbage's
difference engine, a design
for a mechanical computer.

13. The Tabulating Machine was
an electromechanical machine
designed to assist in
summarizing information and,
later, accounting. Invented by
Herman Hollerith, the
machine was developed to
help process data for the
1890 U.S. Census.

14. The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC), called Mark I by Harvard University’s staff, was a
general purpose electromechanical computer that was used
in the war effort during the last part of World War II.
The original concept was presented to IBM by Howard Aiken
in November 1937.

15. Colossus was the name of a set
of computers developed by
British codebreakers in 1943-
to help in the cryptanalysis of the
Lorenz cipher. Colossus used
thermionic valves (vacuum
to perform Boolean and
operations. Colossus is thus
regarded as the world's first
programmable, electronic, digital
computer, although it was
programmed by switches and
plugs and not by a stored
program.

16. THE AGE OF VACUUM TUBES: FIRST GENERATION
Alternatively referred to as
an electron tube or valve
and first developed by John
Ambrose Fleming in 1904.
The vacuum tube is a glass
tube that has its gas
removed, creating a
vacuum. Vacuum tubes
contain electrodes for
controlling electron flow
and were used in early
computers as a switch or an
amplifier.

17. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer) was the
world's first general-purpose
computer. ENIAC was designed
built for the United States Army to
calculate artillery firing tables. 1946

18. UNIVAC is the name of a line of electronic digital stored-
program computers starting with the products of the Eckert-
Mauchly Computer Corporation. Later the name was applied to
a division of the Remington Rand company and successor
organizations. UNIVAC is an acronym for UNIVersal Automatic
Computer. 1951

19. SECOND GENERATION: THE ERA OF TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor
device with at least three
terminals for connection to an
electric circuit. The vacuum-
tube triode, also called a
(thermionic) valve, was the
transistor's precursor,
introduced in 1907.

20. An integrated circuit or monolithic
integrated circuit (also referred to as an
IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of
electronic circuits on one small flat piece
(or "chip") of semiconductor material,
normally silicon. An IC can be made
much smaller than a discrete circuit
made from independent electronic
components - a modern chip may have
several billion transistors in an area the
size of a human fingernail.
THIRD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

21. A microprocessor is a computer processor which
incorporates the functions of a computer's central
processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit
(IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. The
microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven,
register based, programmable electronic device which
accepts digital or binary data as input, processes it
according to instructions stored in its memory, and
provides results as output. Microprocessors contain
both combinational logic and sequential digital logic.
Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols
represented in the binary numeral system.
FOURTH GENERATION: MICROPROCESSOR