About Topic Sentences,Paragraph Unity,Coherence

2. BAHRIA UNIVERSITY LAHORE CAMPUS
(CIVIC CENTER JOHAR TOWN LAHORE)
GROUP:
 FARAZ QURESHI
 AYESHA MAQSOOD
 SAFI-ULLA SHAHID
 USMAN ISMAIL
 AFNAN AMIR
CLASS:
BS(CS)1
SUBJECT:
ISLAMIYAT
INCHARGE:
MISS SAVERA
SABIR

3. TOPIC SENTENCE
 A sentence that expresses the main idea of the paragraph in
which it occurs.
 Most of the time, it is the 1st sentence of a paragraph.

4. IMPORTANCE OF TOPIC
SENTENCE
 Helps you stay focused on the topic of your paragraph
 Helps readers to know what your paragraph will be about
 State the topic
 Include or summarize ideas

5. PARTS OF TOPIC SENTENCE
 Topic
 Controlling idea
e.g:
 A healthy diet (topic) includes fruits and vegetables. (Controlling idea)
 My favorite things to do at the beach (topic) are fishing and surfing.
(idea)

6. HINTS FOR GOOD TOPIC
SENTENCE
 State your main idea clearly.
 Draw the reader in.
 An effective way to do this is to drop them straight into the action.
 Describe a character.
 Use detail.
 Keep it short and sweet.
 Give a reasonable opinion. The body of your paragraph is meant to
prove your topic sentence.
 Don't mention something you don't intend on examining further.

7. EXAMPLES WITH STRONGEST
TOPIC SENTENCE
 Driving on the highway in heavy traffic is stressful for many motorists.
 Having a child taught me the importance of being patient.
 Food is an essential part of Italian culture.

8. PARAGRAPH
 A paragraph is the basic unit of composition
 Consists of a group of related sentences that develop one main idea
 A group of sentences with one topic
 Consists of more than one sentence

9. INTRODUCTORY SENTENCE OF
PARAGRAPH
First sentence should engages the reader. Think of your first sentence as a
hook that draws your reader in.
 E.g.:
 The pentagon has twice as many bathrooms as are necessary. The
famous government building was constructed in the 1940s………..
 A duck’s quack doesn’t echo. Some people might find a deep and
mysterious meaning in this fact ……..

10. Paragraph Unity
 Unity in a paragraph means that the entire paragraph should focus on one
single idea.
 Importance
 writing flows smoothly and that readers do not become confused.
 Each paragraph should focus on one main idea, with all of its sentences
working to illustrate, clarify, explain, or support that main idea.
 if more than one idea in a paragraph or an essay, but all are focused on
one overall main idea

11. Examples
Paragraph with Unity.
 "An attempt to address this issue by encouraging captive breeding
programs has also met with difficulties. Firstly, despite modern technology
and research, many species are still reluctant to breed in artificial
surroundings. Secondly, captive populations are finite units, and careful
management of breeding stock is necessary to prevent weakening the
genetic base. This level of dedication and expertise, however, requires a
great deal of money--something most of us cannot access and relevant
institutions are reduced to begging for."

12. Paragraph Lacking Unity:
 "Zombies are becoming an important part of popular culture, perhaps as a
way of coping with some of the common fears in modern North American
culture. Films like Shaun of the Dead and Fido blend comedy with aspects
of horror and romance, but still focus on zombies. Simon Pegg has gone on
to do other films and is a popular and talented comedic actor. Hollywood
is taking advantage of resurgence of interest by remaking several old horror
films as well. Television shows like “The Walking Dead” are popular with a
wide demographic. Cable channels like AMC and HBO are making more
and more quality television programs that deal with difficult and
controversial topics in a way that is both entertaining and enlightening.”

13.  Ideas are organized logically
• general > particular
• statement > example
• problem > solution
• question> answer
• argument > counter-argument
Coherence means establishing a relationship between the
ideas presented in a paragraph.

14. Words and Phrases That Indicate Specific
Relationships
 additional idea - also, moreover, again, further, furthermore, in addition,
likewise, too, first, initially, second, third, next, finally, last, another,
other, then
 Comparison - likewise, similarly, in a like manner, in comparison, so it is
 contrast - however, nevertheless, still unlike, in contrast, conversely, on the
contrary, on the other hand, whereas
 cause-effect relationship - therefore, thus, hence, then, consequently,
accordingly, in conclusion, as a result
 example or specific meaning - for example, for instance, to illustrate, for
one thing, frequently, in general, in particular, namely, usually,
specifically
 summary - to sum up, to summarize, in short, to conclude, in conclusion, on
the whole, in brief.

15. 1. it summarizes the piece of writing
2. it shows you proved the point you set out to make
3. it gives the reader a sense of completion
4. it leaves the reader remembering your main point
What does the conclusion do?

16.  Explaining the significance or consequences of your findings
 Your last sentence should be well-written:
End with a little bit of irony.
Make an appeal to emotions.
 Don't lead the reader astray with new material