6. Major Malnutrition Problems in Bangladesh:
1. Protein –energy malnutrition – kwashiorkor and marasmas
2. Vitamin A deficiency- night blindness, xeropthalmia and
total blindness.
3. Iron defiency – anaemia
4. Iodine deficiency – goiter
5. Khesari dhal intoxication – neurolathyrism
7. Factors of malnutrition problems in
Bangladesh:
Malnutrition is truly a man-made disease. The ecological
factors related to malnutrition are as follows-
1. socio-economic factors:
a) Capital family income is very low
b)Lack of knowledge regarding food values
c) Bottle fed baby
d)Young and malnourished mother
e) Inadequate sanitary environment etc.
8. 2. Conditioning influences :
Infectious disease are an important conditioning factor responsible
for malnutrition, diarrhoea ,measles, whooping cough, malaria,
tuberculosis-all contribute to malnutrition.
3. Socio –cultural factors:
a. religious trend- Hindus do not eat beef, and muslims .some
orthodox, Hindus and Janis do not eat meat, fish, eggs and certain
vegetables like onion.
4. Shortage of food:
a. less food production due to-
- natural disaster e.g., flood ,storm
b. destruction of food due to lack of proper storage
9. Protein energy malnutrition
There are several classification of PEM. Some of the
classification are as follows-
1. Kwashiorkor
2. Marasmas
3. Pre-kwashiorkor
4. Nutritional dwarfing
10. kwashiorkor
Its essential feature is deficiency of protein with relatively
adequate energy intake.
Clinical features:
Oedema
Anorexia
Diarrhoea
Liver may be palpable
Moon face
Hair pale and thinned
11.
12. Marasmus
It is a clinical syndrome and a form of under nutrition
characterized by failure to gain weight due to
inadequate caloric intake.
Clinical features:
Old person’s face
No edema
Growth retardation
Sever muscle wasting
13.
14. Prevention
1. Prevention of protein energy malnutrition by few
measures : GCBI-FFF
G = Growth monitoring
O = Oral rehydration therapy
B = Breast feedings
I = Universal child immunization.
F = Female education
F = Food supplementation
F = Family planning
2. Parents should be advised to consult with the doctor
concerned if any problems arises.
Management is divided into 3 phases. Following clinical evaluation, the first phase involves resuscitation, resolution of infection and reversal of abnormal metabolism. This may involve treatment and does require prevention of hypoglycaemia, hypothermia, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, specific deficiencies, heart failure, shock, in fact, any stress whatsoever. Intravenous fluids pose a major risk of iatrogenic stress so are avoided if possible. Oral ReSoMal is the recommended treatment for dehydration. Compared with the standard WHO ORS, it contains less sodium but more potassium and magnesium, zinc and copper, all likely to be grossly deficient in the malnourished child with acute diarrhoea. Frequent breastfeeding is encouraged and F-75 is the recommended other feed as its relatively low protein, fat and sodium contents and osmolarity provide minimal stress. Every effort is made to ensure the child receives exactly maintenance energy intake at this stage. F-75 contains extra minerals and vitamins but further supplements of Vitamin A and folic acid are also recommended. Iron is contraindicated because of its potential toxicity and aggravation of infection..
Usually within one week, the second, or rehabilitation phase, is heralded by increased appetite and improvement of major abnormalities including loss of oedema. The principles of management change to include feeding to appetite, stimulating emotional and physical development and preparing for home. At this stage, the feed is changed to F-100 which provides 100 kcal (420kJ) per 100ml, with 12% energy from protein and 53% from fat. Like F-75, it also provides extra minerals and vitamins but not iron. Apart from the mineral and vitamin mixes, these two feeds can be prepared from usually available ingredients or the feeds themselves are available commercially. It is recommended to continue folic acid and commencing supplementary iron when the child has successfully moved into the rehabilitation phase. During this phase, provided there are no setbacks, the child’s intake increases steadily and the frequency of feeding can be reduced. Weight gain is rapid. The child’s mother or closest carer now becomes the major player. She must be shown how to make home as conducive as possible to normal growth and development of her child. This includes teaching of nutrition and food preparation, best behaviour towards her child and the value of play for mental and physical development. She must be taught how to prevent recurrence.
When the child has reached 90% weight for length or height (SD Score of –1), he or she is ready for discharge home and the Follow-Up Phase commences. Ideally, the child is recalled or visited at intervals for up to 3 years to ensure that recurrence of malnutrition is prevented and that healthy physical and mental development is promoted, supported and achieved.
Tell mother about simple nutritional foods, like combination of Kitchri with different types of Pulses, Suji,
