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Anthro 101:  Human Biological Evolution Lecture 10: Primate Ecology Office Drop-in Hours AHS 308 Tutoring Lab Hours AHS 232 T 5:30 - 6:30 M & T 1 - 4 Th 11:15 - 12:15, 1:15 - 3:15 Student ID required F 12 - 1:30 by appointment
Attendance survey ,[object Object],[object Object]
Zoo Project - any questions? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why do primates live in groups? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Behavioral Ecology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1. Why do primates live in groups? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Major benefits of group life ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Large cats prey on primates lion leopard jaguar cheetah tiger
Large primates can defend themselves against big cats, but many small ones can’t
Raptors prey on primates Martial eagle Harpy eagle Hawk eagle
Crocodiles can take primates
A variety of snakes prey on primates python
Primates prey on other primates Chimps hunt red colobus monkeys Baboons prey on vervets
Humans and domestic dogs kill primates Hunter with gorilla head Dog with langur infant
Predation is rarely observed, but can sometimes be inferred leopard paw print drag marks baboon jaw & hair
Indirect evidence of predation  ,[object Object],[object Object],Juvenile, scalp wound Oryx, back wound
For diurnal primates, sociality is an effective anti-predator strategy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Detection : In larger groups, there are more eyes to watch out for predators
Dilution : In groups, any particular individual less likely to be caught by predator ,[object Object],risk = 1/2 risk = 1/12                            
Defense : Many strategies for diurnal primates  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Two or more species may associate to reduce predator risk:  Interspecific Associations - 3D’s Ground predators Eagles Diana monkey Red colobus
Nocturnal primates use different strategies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sociality also has costs  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2. Natural selection shapes social organization to balance the costs & benefits of group living ,[object Object]
Solitary  (but differentiated social relationships) ,[object Object],[object Object],Orangutan Loris
Monogamous (territorial pairs + offspring) Titi monkeys Gibbons
One-male, Multi-female groups (polygyny) Mountain gorillas Black and white colobus
One-female, two-male groups (Polyandry) Pygmy marmoset marmoset Callitrichids
Multi-male, multi-female groups Ring-tailed lemurs Savanna baboons
Communities (fission-fusion social organization) Spider monkeys Chimpanzees
Socioecology : Competition for food is particularly important for females ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Food, competition, and social behavior are thought to be linked  Dominance  Relationships Competitive Regime Distribution of food Value of  Alliances Female  Relationships Dispersal Patterns
The distribution of food affects they type of competition ,[object Object],[object Object]
The distribution of food affects the nature of competition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Contest competition can produce dominance relationships ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Food, competition, and social behavior are thought to be linked  Dominance Hierarchy Contest  Competition Distribution of food Value of  Alliances Female  Relationships Dispersal Patterns
If dominance rank affects access to resources,  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
If females come to rely on alliances… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Alliances can also affect structure of dominance relationships ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Monkey B Monkey A Monkey A’
Food, competition, and social behavior are thought to be linked  Dominance  Hierarchy Contest  Competition Distribution of food Alliances Valuable Close Bonds Female  Philopatry Eg: baboons & capuchins
If dominance does not affect access to resources, then…  Unstable hierarchy Scramble Distribution of food Eg: gorillas & langur monkeys Weak bonds Male/female dispersal No alliances
What about males? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What about males? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Lavc f10 lecture 10 primate ecology

  • 1. Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution Lecture 10: Primate Ecology Office Drop-in Hours AHS 308 Tutoring Lab Hours AHS 232 T 5:30 - 6:30 M & T 1 - 4 Th 11:15 - 12:15, 1:15 - 3:15 Student ID required F 12 - 1:30 by appointment
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. Large cats prey on primates lion leopard jaguar cheetah tiger
  • 9. Large primates can defend themselves against big cats, but many small ones can’t
  • 10. Raptors prey on primates Martial eagle Harpy eagle Hawk eagle
  • 12. A variety of snakes prey on primates python
  • 13. Primates prey on other primates Chimps hunt red colobus monkeys Baboons prey on vervets
  • 14. Humans and domestic dogs kill primates Hunter with gorilla head Dog with langur infant
  • 15. Predation is rarely observed, but can sometimes be inferred leopard paw print drag marks baboon jaw & hair
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. Detection : In larger groups, there are more eyes to watch out for predators
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. Two or more species may associate to reduce predator risk: Interspecific Associations - 3D’s Ground predators Eagles Diana monkey Red colobus
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26. Monogamous (territorial pairs + offspring) Titi monkeys Gibbons
  • 27. One-male, Multi-female groups (polygyny) Mountain gorillas Black and white colobus
  • 28. One-female, two-male groups (Polyandry) Pygmy marmoset marmoset Callitrichids
  • 29. Multi-male, multi-female groups Ring-tailed lemurs Savanna baboons
  • 30. Communities (fission-fusion social organization) Spider monkeys Chimpanzees
  • 31.
  • 32. Food, competition, and social behavior are thought to be linked Dominance Relationships Competitive Regime Distribution of food Value of Alliances Female Relationships Dispersal Patterns
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36. Food, competition, and social behavior are thought to be linked Dominance Hierarchy Contest Competition Distribution of food Value of Alliances Female Relationships Dispersal Patterns
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40. Food, competition, and social behavior are thought to be linked Dominance Hierarchy Contest Competition Distribution of food Alliances Valuable Close Bonds Female Philopatry Eg: baboons & capuchins
  • 41. If dominance does not affect access to resources, then… Unstable hierarchy Scramble Distribution of food Eg: gorillas & langur monkeys Weak bonds Male/female dispersal No alliances
  • 42.
  • 43.

Editor's Notes

  1. Crowned hawk eagle - 80% diet monkey