2. Plan of thePlan of the
presentationpresentation
CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
GENERAL INTRODUCTIONGENERAL INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE OF VIRIONSTRUCTURE OF VIRION
PATHOGENESISPATHOGENESIS
DISEASESDISEASES
DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION & TREATMENTPREVENTION & TREATMENT
4. What is the DengueWhat is the Dengue
Virus?Virus?
ArbovirusArbovirus
Arthropod, Mosquito, bornArthropod, Mosquito, born
(Aedes aegypti)(Aedes aegypti)
It is a pathogen that causesIt is a pathogen that causes
Dengue fever (DF)Dengue fever (DF)
Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)
Can lead to Dengue shock syndrome (DSS)Can lead to Dengue shock syndrome (DSS)
Has four different serotypes (DEN-1,2,3,4)Has four different serotypes (DEN-1,2,3,4)
First reported epidemics in 1780 in Asia, Africa,First reported epidemics in 1780 in Asia, Africa,
and North Americaand North America
10. This is the process in which certainThis is the process in which certain
strains of dengue virus, complexes withstrains of dengue virus, complexes with
non-neutralizing antibodies can enter anon-neutralizing antibodies can enter a
greater portion APCs thus increasinggreater portion APCs thus increasing
virus production. This generally occursvirus production. This generally occurs
after a primary infection by a differentafter a primary infection by a different
strain and results in DHF or DSSstrain and results in DHF or DSS
ANTIGEN-DEPENDENT
ENHANCEMENT
11. Symptoms: DHFSymptoms: DHF
FeverFever
HeadacheHeadache
Muscle and joint painMuscle and joint pain
DehydrationDehydration
Nausea and/or Haematemesis (vomiting of blood)Nausea and/or Haematemesis (vomiting of blood)
Epistaxis (Bleeding from the nose, mouth, or gums)Epistaxis (Bleeding from the nose, mouth, or gums)
Haematuria (Blood in Urine)Haematuria (Blood in Urine)
Pain behind the eyesPain behind the eyes
Plasma leakagePlasma leakage
Respiratory distressRespiratory distress
Petechia (Skin rash) and/or Purpura (Lesions)Petechia (Skin rash) and/or Purpura (Lesions)
12. Diagnostic testsDiagnostic tests
Virus isolation by infection of mice usingVirus isolation by infection of mice using
infected mosquitoesinfected mosquitoes
Isolation in cultured mosquito cells andIsolation in cultured mosquito cells and
identification by indirect IFidentification by indirect IF
Detection of IgM antibodies in the blood byDetection of IgM antibodies in the blood by
PCR or Viral isolation (Serology)PCR or Viral isolation (Serology)
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoabsorbentELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent
assay)assay)
Haemagglutination inhibition testHaemagglutination inhibition test
13. PreventionPrevention
::
There is no specific treatmentThere is no specific treatment
Relieving symptoms andRelieving symptoms and
complicationscomplications::
Plasma volume replacementPlasma volume replacement
Sedatives for restless patientsSedatives for restless patients
Blood transfusion withBlood transfusion with
patients with significant bloodpatients with significant blood
lossloss
Aspirin should be avoidedAspirin should be avoided
All efforts of control are aimedAll efforts of control are aimed
against mosquitoesagainst mosquitoes
Elimination of breeding areasElimination of breeding areas
Actions to prevent mosquitoActions to prevent mosquito
bites (repellant, nets, andbites (repellant, nets, and
vapors)vapors)
Vaccinations are pendingVaccinations are pending
Problem is that theProblem is that the
vaccination needs to preventvaccination needs to prevent
all four serotypesall four serotypes
TreatmenTreatmen
t:t:
DHF
14. Morbidity and MortalityMorbidity and Mortality
More than 2.5 Billion people live in areasMore than 2.5 Billion people live in areas
that have a risk of infectionthat have a risk of infection
Over 100 million cases of DengueOver 100 million cases of Dengue
infection are reported each year globallyinfection are reported each year globally
500,000 cases pertain to DHF500,000 cases pertain to DHF
DHF has a 5% fatality rate for thoseDHF has a 5% fatality rate for those
infectedinfected
People at high risk are children and thePeople at high risk are children and the
elderlyelderly
Humans are initially infected through a mosquito vector
Initial interaction with cell occurs with the viruses ability to infect cell
Primary target, Phagocytes
Virus uses cell receptor molecule to enter cell
Cell receptor molecules include:
Glycosaminoglycan
Heparan Sulfate (Expressed in almost all cell types)
Virus replicates in target organs
Infects white blood cells and lymphatic tissues
Virus is released and circulates in blood
Alternate mosquito then bites host and receives virus