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PostgreSQL on EXT3/4, XFS,
BTRFS and ZFS
comparing modern (Linux) file systems
Tomas Vondra <tomas@2ndquadrant.com>
Linux file systems
● plenty of choices, with different
– goals, features, tuning options
– maturity level, reliability
– ext3/4, XFS
– traditional, design from the 90s
– improving over time, reasonably “modern”
● BTRFS, ZFS
– next-generation, new architecture / design
● other (not included in this talk)
– log-organized file systems, distributed, clustered, ...
EXT3, EXT4, XFS
EXT3, EXT4, XFS - history
● ext3 (2001) / ext4 (2008)
– evolution of original Linux filesystem (ext, ext2, ...)
– continuous improvements / fixes
● XFS (2002)
– originally from SGI Irix 5.3 (1994)
– 2000 released under GPL
– 2002 merged into 2.5.36
● both are
– reliable journaling file systems
– proven by time on many deployments
EXT3, EXT4, XFS - features
● traditional design with journal
● not handling
– multiple devices
– volume management
– snapshots
– ...
● need additional layers for those things
– hardware RAID
– software RAID (dm)
– LVM / LVM2
EXT3, EXT4, XFS - evolution
● conceived in times of rotational storage
– mostly work with SSD
– stop-gap for future storage (NVRAM, ...)
● evolution, not a revolution (mostly)
– fixing bugs (some real, some imaginary)
– adding features (e.g. TRIM, barriers, ...)
– scalability improvements (metadata, ...)
– be careful when reading old articles / benchmarks
– be vary of anecdotal evidence (without context)
– synthetic benchmarks are misleading
EXT3, EXT4, XFS - sources
● Linux Filesystems: Where did they come from?
(Dave Chinner @ linux.conf.au 2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMcVdZk7wV8
● Ted Ts'o on the ext4 Filesystem
(Ted Ts'o, NYLUG, 2013)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mYDFr5T4tY
● XFS: There and Back … and There Again?
(Dave Chinner @ Vault 2015)
https://lwn.net/Articles/638546/
● XFS: Recent and Future Adventures in Filesystem Scalability
(Dave Chinner, linux.conf.au 2012)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FegjLbCnoBw
● XFS: the filesystem of the future?
(Jonathan Corbet, Dave Chinner, LWN, 2012)
http://lwn.net/Articles/476263/
BTRFS, ZFS
BTRFS, ZFS - goals
● ideas
– integrate the layers
– design for commodity hardware (expect failures)
– design for huge data volumes
● so that we get …
– flexible management
– built-in snapshotting
– compression, deduplication
– checksums
– ...
BTRFS, ZFS - history
● BTRFS
– merged in 2009, but considered “experimental”
– on-disk format “stable” (1.0)
– some claim it’s “stable” but I doubt that …
– (What are the criteria for filesystem to be “stable”?)
● ZFS
– originally from Solaris, but got Oracled :-(
– today a bit fragmented development
– available on other BSD systems (FreeBSD)
– “ZFS on Linux” project (CDDL vs. GPL)
Tuning options
Generic tuning options
● TRIM (discard)
– enable / disable TRIM on SSDs
– impacts garbage collection / wear leveling
● write barriers
– prevent disk from optimizing order of writes
– still may loose data, but no filesystem corruption
– write cache + battery => disable barriers
● SSD alignment
– alignment on SSDs matter (pages, blocks, …)
– not dedicated tuning options (can use stripe unit / width)
BTRFS tuning options
● nodatacow (BTRFS)
– disable copy on write
– still can do snapshots (will do necessary COW)
– disables checksums (needs full COW)
● zfs_arc_max
– limit the size of ARC cache
– should be released automatically, but ...
BTRFS tuning options
● recordsize=8kB
– match the fs page with PostgreSQL page
● ashift=13 (8kB)
– align the writes to SSD pages
● primarycache=metadata
– prevent double buffering (shared buffers)
http://open-zfs.org/wiki/Performance_tuning
file systems
● ext3 (default)
● default
● ext4
● default
● discard, nobarrier, stripe-width
● xfs
● default
● LVM
● LVM + snapshot
● discard, nobarrier
● discard, nobarrier, agcount, sunit/swidth
● btrfs
● default
● nodatacow
● nodiscard (+fstrim)
● zfs
● default
● recordsize=8k, ashift=13, primarycache=metadata (open-zfs)
● recordsize=8k, ashift=13, max_arc_size=5GB (custom)
benchmarks
pgbench (TPC-B)
● transactional benchmark
– small queries (access by PK, ...)
● modes
– read-only
– read-write
● scales
– small (~200MB)
– medium (~50% RAM)
– large (~200% RAM)
TPC-DS
● warehouse, analytical
– large amounts of data
– queries processing a lot of data
● complex queries
– aggregations
– joins
– CTEs
– …
● successor to TPC-H
– more elaborate / realistic
System
● PostgreSQL 9.4.1
● Gentoo with kernel 3.17
● CPU: Intel i5-2500k
– 4 cores @ 3.3 GHz (3.7GHz)
– 6MB cache
– 2011-2013
● 8GB RAM (DDR3 1333)
● SSD Intel S3500 100GB (SATA)
pgbench read-only
btrfs
btrfs-nodatacow
btrfs-nodiscard-fstrim
ext3
ext4
ext4-discard-nobarrier-stripe
xfs
xfs-discard-lvm-snapshot
xfs-discard-nobarrier
xfs-lvm
xfs-tuned-agcount-su-sw
zfs
zfs-tuned
zfs-tuned-2
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
pgbench / small (150MB) / read-only
transactions per second
btrfs
btrfs-nodatacow
btrfs-nodiscard-fstrim
ext3
ext4
ext4-discard-nobarrier-stripe
xfs
xfs-discard-lvm-snapshot
xfs-discard-nobarrier
xfs-lvm
xfs-tuned-agcount-su-sw
zfs
zfs-tuned
zfs-tuned-2
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
pgbench / medium (50% RAM) / read-only
transactions per second
btrfs
btrfs-nodatacow
btrfs-nodiscard-fstrim
ext3
ext4
ext4-discard-lvm-snapshot
ext4-discard-nobarrier-stripe
xfs
xfs-discard-lvm-snapshot
xfs-discard-nobarrier
xfs-lvm
xfs-tuned-agcount-su-sw
zfs
zfs-tuned
zfs-tuned-2
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
pgbench / large (200% RAM) / read-only
transactions per second
pgbench read-write
btrfs
btrfs-nodatacow
btrfs-nodiscard-fstrim
ext3
ext4
ext4-discard-nobarrier-stripe
xfs
xfs-discard-lvm-snapshot
xfs-discard-nobarrier
xfs-lvm
xfs-tuned-agcount-su-sw
zfs
zfs-tuned
zfs-tuned-2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
pgbench / small (150MB) / read-write
transactions per second
btrfs
btrfs-nodatacow
btrfs-nodiscard-fstrim
ext3
ext4
ext4-discard-nobarrier-stripe
xfs
xfs-discard-lvm-snapshot
xfs-discard-nobarrier
xfs-lvm
xfs-tuned-agcount-su-sw
zfs
zfs-tuned
zfs-tuned-2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
pgbench / medium (50% RAM) / read-write
transactions per second
btrfs
btrfs-nodatacow
btrfs-nodiscard-fstrim
ext3
ext4
ext4-discard-lvm-snapshot
ext4-discard-nobarrier-stripe
xfs
xfs-discard-lvm-snapshot
xfs-discard-nobarrier
xfs-lvm
xfs-tuned-agcount-su-sw
zfs
zfs-tuned
zfs-tuned-2
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
pgbench / large (200% RAM) / read-write
transactions per second
performance variability
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
EXT / XFS conclusions
EXT4
●
good “default” choice
●
disable barriers (with protected write cache)
●
tune alignment to match the SSD
●
very “smooth” results
XFS
●
does not outperform ext4 (in this test)
●
not much worse, if properly tuned
● disable write barriers, tune alignment to SSD
●
more anomalies than ext4 (sudden performance drops, ...)
BTRFS & ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
PostgreSQL on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
TPC-DS
mkfs / mount options
● ext4, xfs
– mkfs.ext4 ­E stripe­width=256 /dev/sda1
– mkfs.xfs ­d su=512k,sw=1 ­l su=512k ­f /dev/sda1
– mount: defaults,noatime,discard,nobarrier
● btrfs
– mkfs.btrfs ­l 8192 ­L pgdata /dev/sda1
– mount: defaults,noatime,ssd,discard,nobarrier 
[compress=lzo]
● zfs
– zpool create pgpool /dev/sda1
– zfs create pgpool/pgdata
– zfs set recordsize=8k pgpool/pgdata
– zfs set atime=off pgpool/pgdata
ext4 xfs btrfs btrfs (lzo) zfs zfs (lz4)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
TPC-DS load duration
on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
data indexes
duration[seconds]
ext4 xfs btrfs btrfs lzo zfs zfs (lz4)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
TPC-DS query performance
EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
duration[seconds]
ext4 xfs btrfs btrfs lzo zfs zfs (lz4)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
TPC-DS space used
on EXT4, XFS, BTRFS and ZFS
size[GB]
TPC-DS summary
● EXT4, XFS, BTRFS
– about the same performance
● compression is nice
– uncompressed: 60GB
– compressed: ~30GB
● mostly storage capacity, queries not faster
● ZFS much slower :-(

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