1. BP
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This article is about the energy corporation. For other uses, see BP (disambiguation).
BP
Public
(LSE: BP)
Type
(NYSE: BP)
1908 (as the Anglo-Persian Oil
Company)
Founded
1954 (as The British Petroleum
Company)
London, England, UK
Headquarters
Worldwide
Area served
Peter Sutherland
(Chairman)
Key people
Tony Hayward
(CEO)
2. Byron Grote
(CFO)
Oil and Natural Gas, Alternative fuel
Industry
BP petroleum and derived products
BP service stations
Air BP Aviation Fuels
Castrol motor oil
Products
ARCO gas stations
am/pm convenience stores
Aral service stations
US$ 204.78 Billion (2008)
Market cap
▲ US$ 291.438 Billion (2007)
Revenue
Operating
▼ US$ 32.352 Billion (2007)
income
▲ US$ 20.845 Billion (2007)
Net income
▲ US$ 236.076 Billion (2007)
Total assets
▲ US$ 93.690 Billion (2007)
Total equity
96,200 (2008)[1]
Employees
http://www.bp.com/
Website
BP plc, also known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global energy company, a
multinational oil company (quot;oil majorquot;) with headquarters in London. The company is among
the largest private sector energy corporations in the world, and one of the six quot;supermajorsquot;
(vertically integrated private sector oil exploration, natural gas, and petroleum product marketing
3. companies).[2] The Company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the
FTSE 100 Index.
Contents
1 History
o 1.1 Activity in 1909 - 1979
o 1.2 1980s and 1990s
o 1.3 Recent years
2 Governance
3 Financial data
4 Corporate controversies
o 4.1 August 2006 Prudhoe Bay Shutdown
o 4.2 October 2007 Prudhoe Bay spill
o 4.3 November 2008 BP Supports USA over UK
5 Environmental record
o 5.1 Texas City Refinery disaster
o 5.2 Corporate Challenges
6 Contributions to political campaigns
7 BP retail brands
o 7.1 ampm
o 7.2 ARCO
o 7.3 BP Travel Centre
o 7.4 BP Connect
o 7.5 BP Express
o 7.6 BP Shop
o 7.7 BP 2go
o 7.8 Air BP and BP Shipping
8 Advertisement
9 Bibliography
10 See also
11 Notes
12 External links
[edit] History
[edit] Activity in 1909 - 1979
In May 1901, William Knox D'Arcy was granted a concession by the Shah of Iran to search for
oil which he discovered in May 1908.[3] This was the first commercially significant find in the
Middle East. On 14 April 1909, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) was incorporated to
exploit this.[3] In 1935, it became the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC).[3]
4. After World War II, AIOC and the Iranian government initially resisted nationalist pressure to
revise AIOC's concession terms still further in Iran's favour. But in March 1951, the pro-western
Prime Minister Ali Razmara was assassinated.[4] The Majlis of Iran (parliament) elected a
nationalist, [Mohammed Mossadeq]], as prime minister. In April, the Majlis nationalized the oil
industry by unanimous vote.[5] The British government contested the nationalization at the
International Court of Justice at The Hague, but its complaint was dismissed.[5]
Chart of the major energy companies dubbed quot;Big Oilquot; sorted by latest published revenue
The British government decided that the only way to regain its control of Iranian oil (which it
regarded as a vital national interest), was to remove Mossadegh from office and replace his
government with a pro-British prime minister and parliament. Its problem was that it lacked the
means to do so without American support. But it was clear the U.S. government would never
support a coup d'état designed only to protect Britain's commercial interests. So the British
played on America's then paranoia about the Communist threat by producing bogus evidence that
Mossadeq was scheming to bring Iran into the Soviet sphere of influence. In early 1953,
incoming U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) to overthrow the Iranian government.[5] The CIA conspiracy, involving the Shah and the
Iranian military, became known by its codename, Operation Ajax.[5]
5. Classic logo. In use from 1989-2002. It can still be seen at some older BP petrol stations.
On 19 August 1953, Mossadeq was forced from office by a CIA-orchestrated military coup.[5] He
was replaced by pro-Western general Fazlollah Zahedi.[6] The Shah, who had left the country
briefly to await the outcome of the coup, returned to Iran. He abolished the democratic
Constitution and assumed autocratic powers. The AIOC became the British Petroleum Company
in 1954, and resumed operations in Iran and tried to return to its old position.[5] However quot;public
opinion was so opposed that the new government could not permit it.quot; Instead an international
consortium under the nationalized name (National Iranian Oil Company) was created, the Anglo-
Iranian Oil Company being just one member and holding 40% of the shares. The consortium
agreed to share profits on a 50-50 basis with Iran, quot;but not to open its books to Iranian auditors
or to allow Iranians onto its board of directors.quot;[7] AIOC, as a part of the Anglo-American coup
d'état deal, it was not allowed to monopolize Iranian oil as before. It was limited to a 40% share
in a new international consortium. For the rest, 40% went to the five major American companies
and 20% went to Royal Dutch Shell and Compagnie Française des Pétroles, now Total S.A..[8]
BP continued to operate in Iran until the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The new regime of
Ayatollah Khomeini confiscated all of BP's assets in Iran without compensation, finally closing
BP's 70-year presence in Iran. However, due to its huge investments outside Iran, especially in
the North Sea and Alaska, the company's status as an oil major survived its Iranian disaster.[9]
In 1959 the company expanded beyond the Middle East to Alaska[10] and in 1965 it was the first
company to strike oil in the North Sea.[11]
In 1978 BP acquired Standard Oil of Ohio or Sohio, a breakoff of the former Standard Oil that
had been broken up after anti-trust litigation.[12]
[edit] 1980s and 1990s
6. A British BP Shop Petrol Station.
Sir Peter Walters was BP's chairman from 1981 to 1990.[13] This was the era of the Thatcher
government's privatisation strategy. The British government sold its entire holding in BP in
several tranches between 1979 and 1987.[14] The sale process was marked by an attempt by the
Kuwait Investment Office, the investment arm of the Kuwait government, to acquire control of
BP.[15] This was ultimately blocked by the strong opposition of the British government. In 1987,
British Petroleum negotiated the acquisition of Britoil[16] and those shares of Standard Oil of
Ohio (Sohio) through CEO Charlie Spahr not already owned.[12]
Walters was replaced by Robert Horton in 1989. Horton carried out a major corporate
downsizing exercise removing various tiers of management within the BP Head Office.[17]
Lord Browne of Madingley, who had been on the board as managing director since 1991, was
appointed group chief executive in 1995.[18] Browne was responsible for three major
acquisitions; Amoco, ARCO and Burmah-Castrol (see below).
[edit] Recent years
British Petroleum merged with Amoco (formerly Standard Oil of Indiana) in December 1998,[19]
becoming BPAmoco until 2000 when it was renamed BP and adopted the tagline quot;Beyond
Petroleum,quot; which remains in use today. It states that BP was never meant to be an abbreviation
of its tagline. Most Amoco gas stations in the United States have changed the look and name to
the BP brand. In many states, however, BP is selling Amoco branded gasoline, as it was rated the
#1 petroleum brand by consumers 16 years in a row (the name of the service station itself is still
BP) and Amoco has one of the highest brand loyalty for gasoline in the US with only Chevron
and Shell having such high rates as BP/Amoco. In May 2008, however, the Amoco name was
mostly phased out in favor of quot;BP Gasoline with Invigoratequot;, promoting BP's new additive. The
highest grade of BP gasoline available in the United States is still called Amoco Ultimate,
however. In 2000, British Petroleum acquired Arco (Atlantic Richfield Co.)[20] and Burmah
Castrol plc.[21]
7. Chief Scientist of BP, Steven Koonin (top right, with laptop), speaks about the energy scene in
the boardroom in 2005.
In April 2004, BP decided to move most of its petrochemical businesses into a separate entity
called Innovene within the BP Group. Their intention was to sell the new company possibly via
an Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the US, and in fact they filed their IPO plans for Innovene
with the New York Stock Exchange on 12 September 2005. However, on 7 October 2005, BP
announced that they had agreed to sell Innovene to INEOS, a privately held UK chemical
company for the sum of $9 billion, thereby scrapping their plans for the IPO.[22]
On 23 March 2005, an explosion occurred at BP's Texas City Refinery in Texas City, Texas. It is
the third largest refinery in the United States and one of the largest in the world, processing
433,000 barrels (68,800 m3) of crude oil per day and accounting for 3% of that nation's gasoline
supply. Over 100 were injured, and 15 were confirmed dead, including employees of the Fluor
Corporation as well as BP. BP has since accepted that its mismanagement contributed to the
accident. Level indicators failed, leading to overfilling of a heater, and light hydrocarbons spread
throughout the area. An unidentified ignition source set off the explosion. [23]
In 2005, BP announced it would be leaving the Colorado market.[24] Many locations were
rebranded as Conoco.[25]
According to some private BP-branded gasoline center operators in the Metro Atlanta area, BP
plans to leave the Southern market in the next few years. All corporate-owned BP stations,
typically known as quot;BP Connectquot; will be sold to local jobbers.[26]
In March 2006, a leak in one of BP's pipelines on the North Slope of Alaska caused a spill of oil
onto the tundra, leading BP to commit to replace over 16 miles (26 km) of federally regulated Oil
Transit Lines (OTLs). As of the end of 2007, one half of the pipeline had been replaced and all
16 miles (26 km) of pipeline are now tested regularly. [27]
BP has recently looked to grow its oil exploration activities in frontier areas like the former
Soviet Union for its future reserves.[28] In Russia, BP owns 50% of TNK-BP with the other half
owned by three Russian billionaires. TNK-BP accounts for a fifth of BP's global reserves, a
quarter of BP's production, and nearly a tenth of its global profits.[29]
On July 19, 2006, BP announced that it would close the last 12 out of 57 oil wells in Alaska,
mostly in Prudhoe Bay, that had been leaking. The wells were leaking insulating agent called
Arctic pack, consisting of crude oil and diesel fuel, between the wells and ice.[30]
8. On 12 January 2007, it was announced that Lord Browne would retire at the end of July 2007.[31]
The new Chief Executive will be the current head of exploration and production, Tony Hayward.
It had been expected that Lord Browne would retire in February 2008 when he reached the age
of 60, the standard retirement age at BP. Browne resigned abruptly from BP on 1 May 2007,
following the lifting of a legal injunction preventing Associated Newspapers from publishing
details about his private life. Hayward succeeded Browne with immediate effect.[32]
[edit] Governance
The Board Members are:[33]
Peter Sutherland, KCMG - Chairman of BP, board of Goldman Sachs
Sir Ian Prosser - Non-executive director
Byron Grote - Chief Financial Officer
Andy Inglis - Chief executive, Exploration and Production
Antony Burgmans - Non-executive director, board of Mauritshuis, AEGON, Unilever
Cynthia Carroll - Non-executive director, CEO of Anglo American, also board of De
Beers
Sir William Castell - Non-executive director chairman of The Prince’s Trust
George David - Non-executive director
Tony Hayward
Ian Conn
George David vice-chairman of the Peterson Institute for International Economics
Erroll Davis, board of General Motors and Union Pacific.
Douglas J Flint, CBE director HSBC
Dr DeAnne Julius, director of Chatham House
Sir Tom McKillop former chairman of The Royal Bank of Scotland
[edit] Financial data
Financial data in millions of US$
Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Sales 180 186 236 045 294 849 249 465 265 906
EBITDA 22 941 28 200 37 825 41 453 44 835
Net Results 6 845 10 267 15 961 22 341 22 000
9. Net Debt 20 273 20 193 21 607 16 202 16 202
Source :'OpesC'
[edit] Corporate controversies
[edit] August 2006 Prudhoe Bay Shutdown
Solar panel made by BP Solar
In August, 2006, BP shut down oil operations in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, due to corrosion in
pipelines leading up to the Alaska Pipeline. BP had spilled over one million litres of oil in
Alaska's North Slope.[34] This corrosion is caused by sediment collecting in the bottom of the
pipe, protecting corrosive bacteria from chemicals sent through the pipeline to fight this bacteria.
There are estimates that about 5,000 barrels (790 m3) of oil were released from the pipeline. To
date 1,513 barrels (240.5 m3) of liquids, about 5,200 cubic yards (4,000 m3) of soiled snow and
328 cubic yards (251 m3) of soiled gravel have been recovered. After approval from the DOT,
only the eastern portion of the field was shut down, resulting in a reduction of 200,000 barrels
per day (32,000 m³/d) until work began to bring the eastern field to full production on October 2,
2006.[35] In May 2007, the company announced another partial field shutdown owing to leaks of
water at a separation plant. Their action was interpreted as another example of fallout from a
decision to cut maintenance of the pipeline and associated facilities. [36]
[edit] October 2007 Prudhoe Bay spill
On 16 October 2007 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation officials reported a
toxic spill of methanol at the Prudhoe Bay oil field managed by BP PLC. Nearly 2,000 gallons of
mostly methanol, mixed with some crude oil and water, spilled onto a frozen tundra pond as well
as a gravel pad from a pipeline. Methanol, which is poisonous to plants and animals, is used to
clear ice from the insides of the Arctic-based pipelines.[37]
[edit] November 2008 BP Supports USA over UK
BP has dumped its plans to build out wind farms and other renewable projects in Britain for
projects in the United States. The US government incentives for clean energy projects provide
convenient tax shelter for oil and gas revenues, something BP is looking for with an estimated $8
10. billion earmarked for the initiative. Lower economies of scale made the UK wind sector far less
attractive than that of the US.
[edit] Environmental record
Spring 2009, BP Energy is to start construction of a wind farm in Wyoming County in NE
Pennsylvania. Part of this project (the power lines) will destroy a Hang Gliding and Paragliding
soaring site. This site is one of only a handful suitable sites left in the Northeast US. BP Energy
has been unwilling to consider an alternative route for these power lines with one pole located in
the center of the launch slot.
In 2005 BP was considering testing carbon sequestration in one of its North Sea oil fields, by
pumping carbon dioxide into them (and thereby also increasing yields).[38] In 2004, BP began
marketing low-sulfur diesel fuel for industrial use. BP intends to create a network of hydrogen
fueling stations in the state of California. BP Solar is a leading producer of solar panels since its
purchase of Lucas Energy Systems in 1980 and Solarex (as part of its acquisition of Amoco) in
2000. BP Solar had a 20% world market share in photovoltaic panels in 2004 when it had a
capacity to produce 90 MW/year of panels. It has over 30 years experience operating in over 160
countries with manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Spain, India and Australia and has more than
2000 employees worldwide.
BP was named by Mother Jones Magazine as one of the quot;ten worst corporationsquot; in both 2001
and 2005 based on its environmental and human rights records.[39][40] In 1991 BP was cited as the
most polluting company in the US based on EPA toxic release data. Since branding itself an
environmentally sound corporation in 1997, BP has been charged with burning polluted gases at
its Ohio refinery (for which it was fined $1.7 million), and in July 2000 BP paid a $10 million
fine to the EPA for its management of its US refineries.[41] According to PIRG research, between
January 1997 and March 1998, BP was responsible for 104 oil spills.[42] BP patented the Dracone
Barge to aid in oil spill clean-ups across the world. [43]
A Gulf gasoline station in Louisville, KY using the previous BP prototype. BP purchased all
Gulf stations in the southeastern United States in the 1980's after Chevron, Inc. was forced to
divest the stations by the United States Justice Department.
BP/Amoco was a member of the Global Climate Coalition an industry organization established
to promote global warming skepticism but withdrew in 1997, saying quot;the time to consider the
policy dimensions of climate change is not when the link between greenhouse gases and climate
11. change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken
seriously by the society of which we are part. We in BP have reached that point.quot;.[44]
In March 2002 Lord Browne of Madingley declared in a speech that global warming was real
and that urgent action was needed, saying that quot;Companies composed of highly skilled and
trained people can't live in denial of mounting evidence gathered by hundreds of the most
reputable scientists in the world.quot;[45]
British Petroleum changed its name to BP in 2000, and introduced a new corporate slogan:
“Beyond Petroleum.” It replaced its “Green Shield” logo with the helios symbol, a green and
yellow sunflower pattern similar to the emblem of the Green Party of Canada. These changes
were intended to highlight the company’s interest in alternative and environmentally friendly
fuels. When, in July 2006, BP admitted, only after journalists became aware of the spill, that it
was facing criminal charges for allowing 270,000 gallons of crude oil to spread into the Alaskan
tundra, critics pointed to the relative lack of press coverage about the spill as evidence that BP
had successfully quot;greenwashedquot; its image while maintaining environmentally unsound
practices.[46][47]
[edit] Texas City Refinery disaster
Main article: Texas City Refinery (BP)
One of BP's largest refineries in the USA exploded in 2005 causing 15 deaths. The fall-out from
the accident continues to cloud BP's corporate image because of the mismanagement at the plant.
There have been several investigations of the disaster, the most recent being that from the U.S.
Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. It was preceded by the Baker report and BP's
own internal investigation.[48]
A large column filled with gasoline overflowed to form a vapor cloud, which ignited. The
explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant. The incident
came as the culmination of a series of less serious accidents at the refinery, and the engineering
problems were not addressed by the management. Maintenance and safety at the plant had been
cut as a cost-saving measure, the responsibility ultimately resting with executives in London.[48]
[edit] Corporate Challenges
However, BP's image has been tarnished somewhat by its involvement with the controversial
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, criticized for human rights abuses, environmental and safety
concerns.[49]
BP has also been criticized for the increase in fuel prices in the UK. On 25 April 2005 Lord
Browne stated in an interview with the BBC that he fully expected petrol prices to stay above £1
per litre.[50]
12. In July 2006, a group of Colombian farmers won a multi million pound settlement from BP after
the British oil and gas company was accused of benefiting from a regime of terror carried out by
Colombian government paramilitaries to protect a 450-mile (720 km) pipeline. [51]
BP quot;Heliosquot; fueling station in Los Angeles
As of 11 February 2007 BP announced that they would spend $8 billion over ten years to
research alternative methods of fuel, including natural gas, hydrogen, solar, and wind. A $500
million grant to the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, to create an quot;Energy Biosciences
Institutequot;[52] has recently come under attack, over concerns about the global impacts of the
research and privatization of public universities.[53]
In March 2007, BP unveiled its Helios fuel station on Olympic Boulevard in Los Angeles.[54]
The station has radical architecture for a fuel station, and is a quot;living labquot; for green
technologies.[55] However, although there are solar panels on the roof, as of July 2007 they are
not yet operational.[56]
BP Canada has been asked by leading environmental organizations to stop its proposed quot;Mist
Mountainquot; Coalbed Methane Project in the Southern Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. The
proposed 500 km² project is directly adjacent to the Waterton-Glacier International Peace
Park.[57]
[edit] Contributions to political campaigns
According to the Center for Responsive Politics, BP is the United States' hundredth largest donor
to political campaigns, having contributed more than US$5 million since 1990, 72% and 28% of
which went to Republican and Democratic recipients, respectively. BP has lobbied to gain
exemptions from U.S. corporate law reforms.[58] Additionally, BP paid the Podesta Group, a
Washington, D.C.-based lobbying firm, $160,000 in the first half of 2007 to manage its
congressional and government relations.[59]
In February 2002 BP's chief executive, Lord Browne of Madingley, renounced the practice of
corporate campaign contributions, noting: quot;That's why we've decided, as a global policy, that
from now on we will make no political contributions from corporate funds anywhere in the
world.quot;[60]
13. [edit] BP retail brands
BP gasoline station in Zanesville, Ohio using previous BP prototype.
[edit] ampm
Main article: ampm
ampm is a convenience store chain with branches located in several U.S. states including
Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, recently in Illinois, Indiana, Georgia and
Florida, and in several countries worldwide such as Japan. In the western US, the stores are
usually attached to an ARCO gas station; elsewhere, the stores are attached to BP gas stations.
BP Connect stations in the US are transitioning to the ampm brand.
[edit] ARCO
ARCO is BP's retail brand on the US West Coast in the seven Western States of California,
Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, Arizona, and Utah. BP acquired ARCO (formerly the
AtlanticRichfieldCompany) in 1998. ARCO is a popular quot;cash onlyquot; retailer, selling products
refined from Alaska North Slope crude at plants at Cherry Point (WA), Los Angeles (CA) and at
other contract locations on the West Coast.
[edit] BP Travel Centre
BP Travel Centers are large scale destination sites located in Australia which on top of offering
the same features of a BP Connect site with fuel and a Wild Bean Cafe, also feature major food-
retail tenants such as McDonalds, KFC, Nando's and recently Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, with a
large seating capacity foodcourt. There are also facilities for long-haul truck drivers including
lounge, showers and washing machines all in the same building. There are 4 travel centers
located in South East Queensland, Australia. Two on the Pacific Highway (Coomera and
Stapylton) and two on the Bruce Highway (Caboolture). A fifth travel center was opened in 2007
at Chinderah in northern New South Wales.
[edit] BP Connect
BP Connect is BP's flagship retail brand name with BP Connect Service stations being operated
around the UK, Europe, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
14. and other parts of the world. BP Connect sites feature the Wild Bean Cafe which offers cafe style
coffee made by the staff and a selection of hot food as well as freshly baked muffins and
sandwiches. The food offered in Wild Bean Cafe varies from each site. BP Connect sites usually
offer table and chair seating and often an Internet kiosk. In the US, the BP Connect concept is
gradually being transitioned to the ampm brand and concept.
[edit] BP Express
BP Express was the flagship BP brand prior to the introduction of BP Connect in 2000. There are
still some BP Express sites operating around the world but most have been either upgraded to
Connect or changed to an alternative brand. BP Express offers a bakery service but doesn't have
the selection of food offered in the Wild Bean Cafe and usually coffee is only available through a
self service machine.
[edit] BP Shop
A BP Petrol prices sign outside a BP Shop garage in the United Kingdom (prices in UK pence
per litre).
BP Shop is commonly used on smaller sites mainly independently owned sites. Products vary in
each BP Shop but usually a selection of convenience store style food and automotive products.
[edit] BP 2go
BP 2go is a franchise brand used for independently operated sites in New Zealand and is
currently being rolled out throughout Australia (Although not all BP 2go stores are franchises in
Australia). BP 2go sites mainly operate in towns and outer suburbs in New Zealand. BP 2go
offers similar bakery food to BP Connect but in a pre-packaged form. Some BP Express sites
around New Zealand and Australia that were considered too small to be upgraded to BP Connect
were given the option to change to BP 2go others were downgraded to BP Shop. Staff at some
15. BP 2go sites wear a different style of uniform to the rest of the BP branded sites, however in
company owned and operated 2go sites in Australia the same uniform is worn across all sites.
[edit] Air BP and BP Shipping
Air BP is the aviation fuel arm, BP Marine the marine fuels and lubricants arm and BP Shipping
is the Shipping arm within the BP group
[edit] Advertisement
The recent BP advertising campaign has been criticized by many as a superficial and
stereotypical representation of the common man. Often the ads showcase a series of quot;man-on-
the-streetquot; type questionnaires in which obviously paid actors answer certain questions
pertaining to BP. However, the music composed by BP for the purpose of the ads has been
praised and lauded.
BP was also recently awarded a satirical prize, the quot;Emerald Paintbrushquot; award, by Greenpeace
UK. The quot;Emerald Paintbrushquot; award was given to BP in order to highlight its alleged
greenwashing campaign. Critics point out that while BP advertises its relatively minimal
investment in alternative energy sources, the majority of its investments continue to go into fossil
fuels.
[edit] Bibliography
The history of the British Petroleum Company
o Vol. I:R.W.Ferrier, The Developing Years 1901-1932, Cambridge University
Press, 1982
o Vol. II: James H. Bamberg, The Anglo-Iranian Years, 1928-1954, Cambridge
University Press, 1994
o Vol. III: James H. Bamberg, British Petroleum and Global Oil, 1951-1975: The
Challenge of Nationalism, Cambridge University Press, 2000
For the early history of BP in Iran and Iraq see
Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Brysac. Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East. W.W.
Norton (2008)ISBN 978-0-393-06199-4
[edit] See also
2006 Alaskan oil spill
Oil fields operated by BP
Shell-Mex and BP
Shilling Guides, a series of guide booklets on the counties of Great Britain
BP Solar
Hemel Hempstead, BP's IT&S Division
16. [edit] Notes
1. ^ quot;Company Profile for BP PLC (BP)quot;.
http://zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=BP&page=quotesearch. Retrieved on 2008-10-10.
2. ^ It's about time oil started defending itself
3. ^ a b c Australian Dictionary of Biography
4. ^ Yousof Mazandi, United Press, and Edwin Muller, Government by Assassination (Reader's
Digest September 1951)
5. ^ a b c d e f John Foster Dulles & Operation Ajax
6. ^ New York Times article, 1953
7. ^ Kinzer, All the Shah's Men, (2003), p.195-6
8. ^ Background to Confrontation
9. ^ As Sir Peter Walters, Chairman 1981 - 1990, stated, quot;To be in the oil industry is to be involved
in politics at the highest levelquot; (Cadman Lecture, 31 October 1989 (BP 109206))
10. ^ Natural Gas and Alaska's Future: The Facts page 22
11. ^ BP dossier
12. ^ a b Sohio timeline
13. ^ TNK appoints Sir Peter Walters
14. ^ Privitisation
15. ^ Kuwait has 10% of BP
16. ^ Britain drops a barrier to BP bid
17. ^ Organising for performance: how BP did it
18. ^ Royal Academy of Engineering
19. ^ BP and Amoco in oil mega-merger
20. ^ BP strikes it rich in America
21. ^ BP Amoco to buy Burmah Castrol
22. ^ BP sells chemical unit for £5bn
23. ^ Errors led to BP refinery blast
24. ^ BP puts 100 gas stations up for sale in Colorado.(British Petroleum Company PLC)
25. ^ Gas station signs of change
26. ^ BP to Sell Most Company-Owned, Company-Operated Convenience Stores to Franchisees
27. ^ Oil Gushes into Arctic Ocean from BP Pipeline
28. ^ quot;Penny Shares Online: BP(BP.)quot;. 2006-07-10.
http://www.pennysharesonline.com/company/B/BP-BP..asp. Retrieved on 2006-07-10.
29. ^ quot;BP Set to Leave Russia Gas Projectquot; by Guy Chazan and Gregory White, Wall Street Journal,
2007-06-22 p. A3.
30. ^ Mark Tran (2006-07-19). quot;BP shuts leaking Alaskan wellsquot;. quot;Guardian Unlimitedquot;.
http://money.guardian.co.uk/businessnews/article/0,,1824145,00.html.
31. ^ BP CEO set to retire
32. ^ BP's Browne quits over lie
33. ^ BP: The Board
34. ^ Alaska Oil Spill Fuels Concerns Over Arctic Wildlife, Future Drilling
35. ^ quot;Alaska Updatequot;. BP. 2 October 2006. http://usresponse.bp.com/go/doc/1249/132386/.
36. ^ BP accused of 'draconian' cost cuts prior to Alaskan pipeline spill
37. ^ Methanol and crude spill from Prudhoe Bay pipeline
38. ^ Seabed supplies a cure for global warming crisis
39. ^ Ten Worst Corporations of 2000
40. ^ The 10 Worst Corporations of 2005
41. ^ bp: Beyond Petroleum?
42. ^ SaveTheArctic.com
17. 43. ^ GB patent application 1435945, quot;Oil Clean-Up Methodquot;, published 1976-05-12
44. ^ quot;Global Climate Coalitionquot;. Sourcewatch.
http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Climate_Coalition.
45. ^ How green is BP?
46. ^ George Monbiot: Behind the spin, the oil giants are more dangerous than ever | Comment is
free | The Guardian
47. ^ Edinburgh Evening News
48. ^ a b Baker Panel Report
49. ^ The Baku Ceyhan Pipeline: BP's Time Bomb
50. ^ UK petrol could top £1 a litre
51. ^ BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers
52. ^ Energy Biosciences Institute - Main Home
53. ^ Stop BP-Berkeley
54. ^ About the station | The greencurve
55. ^ 'Green' BP Station Still Pumps Gas : NPR
56. ^ BP unveils green gas station : Business News : Redding Record Searchlight
57. ^ Citizens concerned about project
58. ^ quot;BPquot;. The Center For Responsive Politics.
http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.asp?ID=D000000091&Name=BP.
59. ^ quot;BPquot;. The Center for Responsive Politics.
http://opensecrets.org/lobbyists/clientsum.asp?year=2007&txtname=BP.
60. ^ BP stops paying political parties
[edit] External links
BP Company Website
BP Youtube Channel
BP's Corporate History
BP Solar
BP Whiting Refinery Information
Company Details
BP Accident Investigation Report
Baker Panel Report
Herald Tribune report on sudden resignation of Lord Browne
Statistical Review of World Energy
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As of 19 January 2009.
3i · Admiral Group · Alliance Trust · AMEC · Amlin · Anglo American · Antofagasta ·
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Group · BHP Billiton · BP · BT Group · Balfour Beatty · Barclays · British Airways · British
American Tobacco · British Land Company · British Sky Broadcasting Group · Bunzl · Cable &
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Group · Diageo · Drax Group · Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation · Experian · FirstGroup ·
Friends Provident · G4S · GlaxoSmithKline · HSBC · Hammerson · Home Retail Group · ICAP ·
Imperial Tobacco · Inmarsat · InterContinental Hotels Group · International Power · Invensys ·
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International · Lloyds Banking Group · London Stock Exchange Group · Man Group · Marks &
Spencer · Wm Morrison Supermarkets · National Grid · Next · Old Mutual · Pearson · Pennon
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Royal Dutch Shell · SABMiller · Sage Group · J Sainsbury · Schroders · Scottish and Southern
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Chartered Bank · Standard Life · Tate & Lyle · Tesco · Thomas Cook Group · Thomson Reuters ·
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