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This article is about the energy corporation. For other uses, see BP (disambiguation).

                             BP




                    Public
                    (LSE: BP)
        Type
                    (NYSE: BP)


                    1908 (as the Anglo-Persian Oil
                    Company)
      Founded
                    1954 (as The British Petroleum
                    Company)


                         London, England, UK
    Headquarters


                    Worldwide
     Area served


                    Peter Sutherland
                    (Chairman)
     Key people
                    Tony Hayward
                    (CEO)
Byron Grote
                     (CFO)




                     Oil and Natural Gas, Alternative fuel
      Industry


                     BP petroleum and derived products
                     BP service stations
                     Air BP Aviation Fuels
                     Castrol motor oil
      Products
                     ARCO gas stations
                     am/pm convenience stores
                     Aral service stations


                     US$ 204.78 Billion (2008)
     Market cap


                     ▲ US$ 291.438 Billion (2007)
      Revenue


      Operating
                     ▼ US$ 32.352 Billion (2007)
       income


                     ▲ US$ 20.845 Billion (2007)
     Net income


                     ▲ US$ 236.076 Billion (2007)
     Total assets


                     ▲ US$ 93.690 Billion (2007)
     Total equity


                     96,200 (2008)[1]
     Employees


                     http://www.bp.com/
       Website


BP plc, also known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global energy company, a
multinational oil company (quot;oil majorquot;) with headquarters in London. The company is among
the largest private sector energy corporations in the world, and one of the six quot;supermajorsquot;
(vertically integrated private sector oil exploration, natural gas, and petroleum product marketing
companies).[2] The Company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the
FTSE 100 Index.

Contents
       1 History
           o 1.1 Activity in 1909 - 1979
           o 1.2 1980s and 1990s
           o 1.3 Recent years
       2 Governance
       3 Financial data
       4 Corporate controversies
           o 4.1 August 2006 Prudhoe Bay Shutdown
           o 4.2 October 2007 Prudhoe Bay spill
           o 4.3 November 2008 BP Supports USA over UK
       5 Environmental record
           o 5.1 Texas City Refinery disaster
           o 5.2 Corporate Challenges
       6 Contributions to political campaigns
       7 BP retail brands
           o 7.1 ampm
           o 7.2 ARCO
           o 7.3 BP Travel Centre
           o 7.4 BP Connect
           o 7.5 BP Express
           o 7.6 BP Shop
           o 7.7 BP 2go
           o 7.8 Air BP and BP Shipping
       8 Advertisement
       9 Bibliography
       10 See also
       11 Notes
       12 External links



[edit] History
[edit] Activity in 1909 - 1979

In May 1901, William Knox D'Arcy was granted a concession by the Shah of Iran to search for
oil which he discovered in May 1908.[3] This was the first commercially significant find in the
Middle East. On 14 April 1909, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) was incorporated to
exploit this.[3] In 1935, it became the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC).[3]
After World War II, AIOC and the Iranian government initially resisted nationalist pressure to
revise AIOC's concession terms still further in Iran's favour. But in March 1951, the pro-western
Prime Minister Ali Razmara was assassinated.[4] The Majlis of Iran (parliament) elected a
nationalist, [Mohammed Mossadeq]], as prime minister. In April, the Majlis nationalized the oil
industry by unanimous vote.[5] The British government contested the nationalization at the
International Court of Justice at The Hague, but its complaint was dismissed.[5]




Chart of the major energy companies dubbed quot;Big Oilquot; sorted by latest published revenue

The British government decided that the only way to regain its control of Iranian oil (which it
regarded as a vital national interest), was to remove Mossadegh from office and replace his
government with a pro-British prime minister and parliament. Its problem was that it lacked the
means to do so without American support. But it was clear the U.S. government would never
support a coup d'état designed only to protect Britain's commercial interests. So the British
played on America's then paranoia about the Communist threat by producing bogus evidence that
Mossadeq was scheming to bring Iran into the Soviet sphere of influence. In early 1953,
incoming U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) to overthrow the Iranian government.[5] The CIA conspiracy, involving the Shah and the
Iranian military, became known by its codename, Operation Ajax.[5]
Classic logo. In use from 1989-2002. It can still be seen at some older BP petrol stations.

On 19 August 1953, Mossadeq was forced from office by a CIA-orchestrated military coup.[5] He
was replaced by pro-Western general Fazlollah Zahedi.[6] The Shah, who had left the country
briefly to await the outcome of the coup, returned to Iran. He abolished the democratic
Constitution and assumed autocratic powers. The AIOC became the British Petroleum Company
in 1954, and resumed operations in Iran and tried to return to its old position.[5] However quot;public
opinion was so opposed that the new government could not permit it.quot; Instead an international
consortium under the nationalized name (National Iranian Oil Company) was created, the Anglo-
Iranian Oil Company being just one member and holding 40% of the shares. The consortium
agreed to share profits on a 50-50 basis with Iran, quot;but not to open its books to Iranian auditors
or to allow Iranians onto its board of directors.quot;[7] AIOC, as a part of the Anglo-American coup
d'état deal, it was not allowed to monopolize Iranian oil as before. It was limited to a 40% share
in a new international consortium. For the rest, 40% went to the five major American companies
and 20% went to Royal Dutch Shell and Compagnie Française des Pétroles, now Total S.A..[8]

BP continued to operate in Iran until the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The new regime of
Ayatollah Khomeini confiscated all of BP's assets in Iran without compensation, finally closing
BP's 70-year presence in Iran. However, due to its huge investments outside Iran, especially in
the North Sea and Alaska, the company's status as an oil major survived its Iranian disaster.[9]

In 1959 the company expanded beyond the Middle East to Alaska[10] and in 1965 it was the first
company to strike oil in the North Sea.[11]

In 1978 BP acquired Standard Oil of Ohio or Sohio, a breakoff of the former Standard Oil that
had been broken up after anti-trust litigation.[12]

[edit] 1980s and 1990s
A British BP Shop Petrol Station.

Sir Peter Walters was BP's chairman from 1981 to 1990.[13] This was the era of the Thatcher
government's privatisation strategy. The British government sold its entire holding in BP in
several tranches between 1979 and 1987.[14] The sale process was marked by an attempt by the
Kuwait Investment Office, the investment arm of the Kuwait government, to acquire control of
BP.[15] This was ultimately blocked by the strong opposition of the British government. In 1987,
British Petroleum negotiated the acquisition of Britoil[16] and those shares of Standard Oil of
Ohio (Sohio) through CEO Charlie Spahr not already owned.[12]

Walters was replaced by Robert Horton in 1989. Horton carried out a major corporate
downsizing exercise removing various tiers of management within the BP Head Office.[17]

Lord Browne of Madingley, who had been on the board as managing director since 1991, was
appointed group chief executive in 1995.[18] Browne was responsible for three major
acquisitions; Amoco, ARCO and Burmah-Castrol (see below).

[edit] Recent years

British Petroleum merged with Amoco (formerly Standard Oil of Indiana) in December 1998,[19]
becoming BPAmoco until 2000 when it was renamed BP and adopted the tagline quot;Beyond
Petroleum,quot; which remains in use today. It states that BP was never meant to be an abbreviation
of its tagline. Most Amoco gas stations in the United States have changed the look and name to
the BP brand. In many states, however, BP is selling Amoco branded gasoline, as it was rated the
#1 petroleum brand by consumers 16 years in a row (the name of the service station itself is still
BP) and Amoco has one of the highest brand loyalty for gasoline in the US with only Chevron
and Shell having such high rates as BP/Amoco. In May 2008, however, the Amoco name was
mostly phased out in favor of quot;BP Gasoline with Invigoratequot;, promoting BP's new additive. The
highest grade of BP gasoline available in the United States is still called Amoco Ultimate,
however. In 2000, British Petroleum acquired Arco (Atlantic Richfield Co.)[20] and Burmah
Castrol plc.[21]
Chief Scientist of BP, Steven Koonin (top right, with laptop), speaks about the energy scene in
the boardroom in 2005.

In April 2004, BP decided to move most of its petrochemical businesses into a separate entity
called Innovene within the BP Group. Their intention was to sell the new company possibly via
an Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the US, and in fact they filed their IPO plans for Innovene
with the New York Stock Exchange on 12 September 2005. However, on 7 October 2005, BP
announced that they had agreed to sell Innovene to INEOS, a privately held UK chemical
company for the sum of $9 billion, thereby scrapping their plans for the IPO.[22]

On 23 March 2005, an explosion occurred at BP's Texas City Refinery in Texas City, Texas. It is
the third largest refinery in the United States and one of the largest in the world, processing
433,000 barrels (68,800 m3) of crude oil per day and accounting for 3% of that nation's gasoline
supply. Over 100 were injured, and 15 were confirmed dead, including employees of the Fluor
Corporation as well as BP. BP has since accepted that its mismanagement contributed to the
accident. Level indicators failed, leading to overfilling of a heater, and light hydrocarbons spread
throughout the area. An unidentified ignition source set off the explosion. [23]

In 2005, BP announced it would be leaving the Colorado market.[24] Many locations were
rebranded as Conoco.[25]

According to some private BP-branded gasoline center operators in the Metro Atlanta area, BP
plans to leave the Southern market in the next few years. All corporate-owned BP stations,
typically known as quot;BP Connectquot; will be sold to local jobbers.[26]

In March 2006, a leak in one of BP's pipelines on the North Slope of Alaska caused a spill of oil
onto the tundra, leading BP to commit to replace over 16 miles (26 km) of federally regulated Oil
Transit Lines (OTLs). As of the end of 2007, one half of the pipeline had been replaced and all
16 miles (26 km) of pipeline are now tested regularly. [27]

BP has recently looked to grow its oil exploration activities in frontier areas like the former
Soviet Union for its future reserves.[28] In Russia, BP owns 50% of TNK-BP with the other half
owned by three Russian billionaires. TNK-BP accounts for a fifth of BP's global reserves, a
quarter of BP's production, and nearly a tenth of its global profits.[29]

On July 19, 2006, BP announced that it would close the last 12 out of 57 oil wells in Alaska,
mostly in Prudhoe Bay, that had been leaking. The wells were leaking insulating agent called
Arctic pack, consisting of crude oil and diesel fuel, between the wells and ice.[30]
On 12 January 2007, it was announced that Lord Browne would retire at the end of July 2007.[31]
The new Chief Executive will be the current head of exploration and production, Tony Hayward.
It had been expected that Lord Browne would retire in February 2008 when he reached the age
of 60, the standard retirement age at BP. Browne resigned abruptly from BP on 1 May 2007,
following the lifting of a legal injunction preventing Associated Newspapers from publishing
details about his private life. Hayward succeeded Browne with immediate effect.[32]

[edit] Governance
The Board Members are:[33]

        Peter Sutherland, KCMG - Chairman of BP, board of Goldman Sachs
        Sir Ian Prosser - Non-executive director
        Byron Grote - Chief Financial Officer
        Andy Inglis - Chief executive, Exploration and Production
        Antony Burgmans - Non-executive director, board of Mauritshuis, AEGON, Unilever
        Cynthia Carroll - Non-executive director, CEO of Anglo American, also board of De
        Beers
        Sir William Castell - Non-executive director chairman of The Prince’s Trust
        George David - Non-executive director
        Tony Hayward
        Ian Conn
        George David vice-chairman of the Peterson Institute for International Economics
        Erroll Davis, board of General Motors and Union Pacific.
        Douglas J Flint, CBE director HSBC
        Dr DeAnne Julius, director of Chatham House
        Sir Tom McKillop former chairman of The Royal Bank of Scotland

[edit] Financial data

           Financial data in millions of US$


   Year       2002    2003     2004     2005     2006


Sales       180 186 236 045 294 849 249 465 265 906


EBITDA      22 941 28 200 37 825 41 453 44 835


Net Results 6 845    10 267 15 961 22 341 22 000
Net Debt    20 273 20 193 21 607 16 202 16 202

       Source :'OpesC'

[edit] Corporate controversies
[edit] August 2006 Prudhoe Bay Shutdown




Solar panel made by BP Solar

In August, 2006, BP shut down oil operations in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, due to corrosion in
pipelines leading up to the Alaska Pipeline. BP had spilled over one million litres of oil in
Alaska's North Slope.[34] This corrosion is caused by sediment collecting in the bottom of the
pipe, protecting corrosive bacteria from chemicals sent through the pipeline to fight this bacteria.
There are estimates that about 5,000 barrels (790 m3) of oil were released from the pipeline. To
date 1,513 barrels (240.5 m3) of liquids, about 5,200 cubic yards (4,000 m3) of soiled snow and
328 cubic yards (251 m3) of soiled gravel have been recovered. After approval from the DOT,
only the eastern portion of the field was shut down, resulting in a reduction of 200,000 barrels
per day (32,000 m³/d) until work began to bring the eastern field to full production on October 2,
2006.[35] In May 2007, the company announced another partial field shutdown owing to leaks of
water at a separation plant. Their action was interpreted as another example of fallout from a
decision to cut maintenance of the pipeline and associated facilities. [36]

[edit] October 2007 Prudhoe Bay spill

On 16 October 2007 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation officials reported a
toxic spill of methanol at the Prudhoe Bay oil field managed by BP PLC. Nearly 2,000 gallons of
mostly methanol, mixed with some crude oil and water, spilled onto a frozen tundra pond as well
as a gravel pad from a pipeline. Methanol, which is poisonous to plants and animals, is used to
clear ice from the insides of the Arctic-based pipelines.[37]

[edit] November 2008 BP Supports USA over UK

BP has dumped its plans to build out wind farms and other renewable projects in Britain for
projects in the United States. The US government incentives for clean energy projects provide
convenient tax shelter for oil and gas revenues, something BP is looking for with an estimated $8
billion earmarked for the initiative. Lower economies of scale made the UK wind sector far less
attractive than that of the US.

[edit] Environmental record
Spring 2009, BP Energy is to start construction of a wind farm in Wyoming County in NE
Pennsylvania. Part of this project (the power lines) will destroy a Hang Gliding and Paragliding
soaring site. This site is one of only a handful suitable sites left in the Northeast US. BP Energy
has been unwilling to consider an alternative route for these power lines with one pole located in
the center of the launch slot.

In 2005 BP was considering testing carbon sequestration in one of its North Sea oil fields, by
pumping carbon dioxide into them (and thereby also increasing yields).[38] In 2004, BP began
marketing low-sulfur diesel fuel for industrial use. BP intends to create a network of hydrogen
fueling stations in the state of California. BP Solar is a leading producer of solar panels since its
purchase of Lucas Energy Systems in 1980 and Solarex (as part of its acquisition of Amoco) in
2000. BP Solar had a 20% world market share in photovoltaic panels in 2004 when it had a
capacity to produce 90 MW/year of panels. It has over 30 years experience operating in over 160
countries with manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Spain, India and Australia and has more than
2000 employees worldwide.

BP was named by Mother Jones Magazine as one of the quot;ten worst corporationsquot; in both 2001
and 2005 based on its environmental and human rights records.[39][40] In 1991 BP was cited as the
most polluting company in the US based on EPA toxic release data. Since branding itself an
environmentally sound corporation in 1997, BP has been charged with burning polluted gases at
its Ohio refinery (for which it was fined $1.7 million), and in July 2000 BP paid a $10 million
fine to the EPA for its management of its US refineries.[41] According to PIRG research, between
January 1997 and March 1998, BP was responsible for 104 oil spills.[42] BP patented the Dracone
Barge to aid in oil spill clean-ups across the world. [43]




A Gulf gasoline station in Louisville, KY using the previous BP prototype. BP purchased all
Gulf stations in the southeastern United States in the 1980's after Chevron, Inc. was forced to
divest the stations by the United States Justice Department.

BP/Amoco was a member of the Global Climate Coalition an industry organization established
to promote global warming skepticism but withdrew in 1997, saying quot;the time to consider the
policy dimensions of climate change is not when the link between greenhouse gases and climate
change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken
seriously by the society of which we are part. We in BP have reached that point.quot;.[44]

In March 2002 Lord Browne of Madingley declared in a speech that global warming was real
and that urgent action was needed, saying that quot;Companies composed of highly skilled and
trained people can't live in denial of mounting evidence gathered by hundreds of the most
reputable scientists in the world.quot;[45]

British Petroleum changed its name to BP in 2000, and introduced a new corporate slogan:
“Beyond Petroleum.” It replaced its “Green Shield” logo with the helios symbol, a green and
yellow sunflower pattern similar to the emblem of the Green Party of Canada. These changes
were intended to highlight the company’s interest in alternative and environmentally friendly
fuels. When, in July 2006, BP admitted, only after journalists became aware of the spill, that it
was facing criminal charges for allowing 270,000 gallons of crude oil to spread into the Alaskan
tundra, critics pointed to the relative lack of press coverage about the spill as evidence that BP
had successfully quot;greenwashedquot; its image while maintaining environmentally unsound
practices.[46][47]

[edit] Texas City Refinery disaster

       Main article: Texas City Refinery (BP)

One of BP's largest refineries in the USA exploded in 2005 causing 15 deaths. The fall-out from
the accident continues to cloud BP's corporate image because of the mismanagement at the plant.
There have been several investigations of the disaster, the most recent being that from the U.S.
Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. It was preceded by the Baker report and BP's
own internal investigation.[48]

A large column filled with gasoline overflowed to form a vapor cloud, which ignited. The
explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant. The incident
came as the culmination of a series of less serious accidents at the refinery, and the engineering
problems were not addressed by the management. Maintenance and safety at the plant had been
cut as a cost-saving measure, the responsibility ultimately resting with executives in London.[48]

[edit] Corporate Challenges

However, BP's image has been tarnished somewhat by its involvement with the controversial
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, criticized for human rights abuses, environmental and safety
concerns.[49]

BP has also been criticized for the increase in fuel prices in the UK. On 25 April 2005 Lord
Browne stated in an interview with the BBC that he fully expected petrol prices to stay above £1
per litre.[50]
In July 2006, a group of Colombian farmers won a multi million pound settlement from BP after
the British oil and gas company was accused of benefiting from a regime of terror carried out by
Colombian government paramilitaries to protect a 450-mile (720 km) pipeline. [51]




BP quot;Heliosquot; fueling station in Los Angeles

As of 11 February 2007 BP announced that they would spend $8 billion over ten years to
research alternative methods of fuel, including natural gas, hydrogen, solar, and wind. A $500
million grant to the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, to create an quot;Energy Biosciences
Institutequot;[52] has recently come under attack, over concerns about the global impacts of the
research and privatization of public universities.[53]

In March 2007, BP unveiled its Helios fuel station on Olympic Boulevard in Los Angeles.[54]
The station has radical architecture for a fuel station, and is a quot;living labquot; for green
technologies.[55] However, although there are solar panels on the roof, as of July 2007 they are
not yet operational.[56]

BP Canada has been asked by leading environmental organizations to stop its proposed quot;Mist
Mountainquot; Coalbed Methane Project in the Southern Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. The
proposed 500 km² project is directly adjacent to the Waterton-Glacier International Peace
Park.[57]

[edit] Contributions to political campaigns
According to the Center for Responsive Politics, BP is the United States' hundredth largest donor
to political campaigns, having contributed more than US$5 million since 1990, 72% and 28% of
which went to Republican and Democratic recipients, respectively. BP has lobbied to gain
exemptions from U.S. corporate law reforms.[58] Additionally, BP paid the Podesta Group, a
Washington, D.C.-based lobbying firm, $160,000 in the first half of 2007 to manage its
congressional and government relations.[59]

In February 2002 BP's chief executive, Lord Browne of Madingley, renounced the practice of
corporate campaign contributions, noting: quot;That's why we've decided, as a global policy, that
from now on we will make no political contributions from corporate funds anywhere in the
world.quot;[60]
[edit] BP retail brands




BP gasoline station in Zanesville, Ohio using previous BP prototype.

[edit] ampm

       Main article: ampm

ampm is a convenience store chain with branches located in several U.S. states including
Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, recently in Illinois, Indiana, Georgia and
Florida, and in several countries worldwide such as Japan. In the western US, the stores are
usually attached to an ARCO gas station; elsewhere, the stores are attached to BP gas stations.
BP Connect stations in the US are transitioning to the ampm brand.

[edit] ARCO

ARCO is BP's retail brand on the US West Coast in the seven Western States of California,
Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, Arizona, and Utah. BP acquired ARCO (formerly the
AtlanticRichfieldCompany) in 1998. ARCO is a popular quot;cash onlyquot; retailer, selling products
refined from Alaska North Slope crude at plants at Cherry Point (WA), Los Angeles (CA) and at
other contract locations on the West Coast.

[edit] BP Travel Centre

BP Travel Centers are large scale destination sites located in Australia which on top of offering
the same features of a BP Connect site with fuel and a Wild Bean Cafe, also feature major food-
retail tenants such as McDonalds, KFC, Nando's and recently Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, with a
large seating capacity foodcourt. There are also facilities for long-haul truck drivers including
lounge, showers and washing machines all in the same building. There are 4 travel centers
located in South East Queensland, Australia. Two on the Pacific Highway (Coomera and
Stapylton) and two on the Bruce Highway (Caboolture). A fifth travel center was opened in 2007
at Chinderah in northern New South Wales.

[edit] BP Connect

BP Connect is BP's flagship retail brand name with BP Connect Service stations being operated
around the UK, Europe, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
and other parts of the world. BP Connect sites feature the Wild Bean Cafe which offers cafe style
coffee made by the staff and a selection of hot food as well as freshly baked muffins and
sandwiches. The food offered in Wild Bean Cafe varies from each site. BP Connect sites usually
offer table and chair seating and often an Internet kiosk. In the US, the BP Connect concept is
gradually being transitioned to the ampm brand and concept.

[edit] BP Express

BP Express was the flagship BP brand prior to the introduction of BP Connect in 2000. There are
still some BP Express sites operating around the world but most have been either upgraded to
Connect or changed to an alternative brand. BP Express offers a bakery service but doesn't have
the selection of food offered in the Wild Bean Cafe and usually coffee is only available through a
self service machine.

[edit] BP Shop




A BP Petrol prices sign outside a BP Shop garage in the United Kingdom (prices in UK pence
per litre).

BP Shop is commonly used on smaller sites mainly independently owned sites. Products vary in
each BP Shop but usually a selection of convenience store style food and automotive products.

[edit] BP 2go

BP 2go is a franchise brand used for independently operated sites in New Zealand and is
currently being rolled out throughout Australia (Although not all BP 2go stores are franchises in
Australia). BP 2go sites mainly operate in towns and outer suburbs in New Zealand. BP 2go
offers similar bakery food to BP Connect but in a pre-packaged form. Some BP Express sites
around New Zealand and Australia that were considered too small to be upgraded to BP Connect
were given the option to change to BP 2go others were downgraded to BP Shop. Staff at some
BP 2go sites wear a different style of uniform to the rest of the BP branded sites, however in
company owned and operated 2go sites in Australia the same uniform is worn across all sites.

[edit] Air BP and BP Shipping

Air BP is the aviation fuel arm, BP Marine the marine fuels and lubricants arm and BP Shipping
is the Shipping arm within the BP group

[edit] Advertisement
The recent BP advertising campaign has been criticized by many as a superficial and
stereotypical representation of the common man. Often the ads showcase a series of quot;man-on-
the-streetquot; type questionnaires in which obviously paid actors answer certain questions
pertaining to BP. However, the music composed by BP for the purpose of the ads has been
praised and lauded.

BP was also recently awarded a satirical prize, the quot;Emerald Paintbrushquot; award, by Greenpeace
UK. The quot;Emerald Paintbrushquot; award was given to BP in order to highlight its alleged
greenwashing campaign. Critics point out that while BP advertises its relatively minimal
investment in alternative energy sources, the majority of its investments continue to go into fossil
fuels.

[edit] Bibliography
       The history of the British Petroleum Company
          o Vol. I:R.W.Ferrier, The Developing Years 1901-1932, Cambridge University
              Press, 1982
          o Vol. II: James H. Bamberg, The Anglo-Iranian Years, 1928-1954, Cambridge
              University Press, 1994
          o Vol. III: James H. Bamberg, British Petroleum and Global Oil, 1951-1975: The
              Challenge of Nationalism, Cambridge University Press, 2000

For the early history of BP in Iran and Iraq see

Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Brysac. Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East. W.W.
Norton (2008)ISBN 978-0-393-06199-4

[edit] See also
       2006 Alaskan oil spill
       Oil fields operated by BP
       Shell-Mex and BP
       Shilling Guides, a series of guide booklets on the counties of Great Britain
       BP Solar
       Hemel Hempstead, BP's IT&S Division
[edit] Notes
  1. ^ quot;Company Profile for BP PLC (BP)quot;.
      http://zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=BP&page=quotesearch. Retrieved on 2008-10-10.
  2. ^ It's about time oil started defending itself
  3. ^ a b c Australian Dictionary of Biography
  4. ^ Yousof Mazandi, United Press, and Edwin Muller, Government by Assassination (Reader's
      Digest September 1951)
  5. ^ a b c d e f John Foster Dulles & Operation Ajax
  6. ^ New York Times article, 1953
  7. ^ Kinzer, All the Shah's Men, (2003), p.195-6
  8. ^ Background to Confrontation
  9. ^ As Sir Peter Walters, Chairman 1981 - 1990, stated, quot;To be in the oil industry is to be involved
      in politics at the highest levelquot; (Cadman Lecture, 31 October 1989 (BP 109206))
  10. ^ Natural Gas and Alaska's Future: The Facts page 22
  11. ^ BP dossier
  12. ^ a b Sohio timeline
  13. ^ TNK appoints Sir Peter Walters
  14. ^ Privitisation
  15. ^ Kuwait has 10% of BP
  16. ^ Britain drops a barrier to BP bid
  17. ^ Organising for performance: how BP did it
  18. ^ Royal Academy of Engineering
  19. ^ BP and Amoco in oil mega-merger
  20. ^ BP strikes it rich in America
  21. ^ BP Amoco to buy Burmah Castrol
  22. ^ BP sells chemical unit for £5bn
  23. ^ Errors led to BP refinery blast
  24. ^ BP puts 100 gas stations up for sale in Colorado.(British Petroleum Company PLC)
  25. ^ Gas station signs of change
  26. ^ BP to Sell Most Company-Owned, Company-Operated Convenience Stores to Franchisees
  27. ^ Oil Gushes into Arctic Ocean from BP Pipeline
  28. ^ quot;Penny Shares Online: BP(BP.)quot;. 2006-07-10.
      http://www.pennysharesonline.com/company/B/BP-BP..asp. Retrieved on 2006-07-10.
  29. ^ quot;BP Set to Leave Russia Gas Projectquot; by Guy Chazan and Gregory White, Wall Street Journal,
      2007-06-22 p. A3.
  30. ^ Mark Tran (2006-07-19). quot;BP shuts leaking Alaskan wellsquot;. quot;Guardian Unlimitedquot;.
      http://money.guardian.co.uk/businessnews/article/0,,1824145,00.html.
  31. ^ BP CEO set to retire
  32. ^ BP's Browne quits over lie
  33. ^ BP: The Board
  34. ^ Alaska Oil Spill Fuels Concerns Over Arctic Wildlife, Future Drilling
  35. ^ quot;Alaska Updatequot;. BP. 2 October 2006. http://usresponse.bp.com/go/doc/1249/132386/.
  36. ^ BP accused of 'draconian' cost cuts prior to Alaskan pipeline spill
  37. ^ Methanol and crude spill from Prudhoe Bay pipeline
  38. ^ Seabed supplies a cure for global warming crisis
  39. ^ Ten Worst Corporations of 2000
  40. ^ The 10 Worst Corporations of 2005
  41. ^ bp: Beyond Petroleum?
  42. ^ SaveTheArctic.com
43. ^ GB patent application 1435945, quot;Oil Clean-Up Methodquot;, published 1976-05-12
   44. ^ quot;Global Climate Coalitionquot;. Sourcewatch.
       http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Climate_Coalition.
   45. ^ How green is BP?
   46. ^ George Monbiot: Behind the spin, the oil giants are more dangerous than ever | Comment is
       free | The Guardian
   47. ^ Edinburgh Evening News
   48. ^ a b Baker Panel Report
   49. ^ The Baku Ceyhan Pipeline: BP's Time Bomb
   50. ^ UK petrol could top £1 a litre
   51. ^ BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers
   52. ^ Energy Biosciences Institute - Main Home
   53. ^ Stop BP-Berkeley
   54. ^ About the station | The greencurve
   55. ^ 'Green' BP Station Still Pumps Gas : NPR
   56. ^ BP unveils green gas station : Business News : Redding Record Searchlight
   57. ^ Citizens concerned about project
   58. ^ quot;BPquot;. The Center For Responsive Politics.
       http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.asp?ID=D000000091&Name=BP.
   59. ^ quot;BPquot;. The Center for Responsive Politics.
       http://opensecrets.org/lobbyists/clientsum.asp?year=2007&txtname=BP.
   60. ^ BP stops paying political parties


[edit] External links
       BP Company Website
       BP Youtube Channel
       BP's Corporate History
       BP Solar
       BP Whiting Refinery Information
       Company Details
       BP Accident Investigation Report
       Baker Panel Report
       Herald Tribune report on sudden resignation of Lord Browne
       Statistical Review of World Energy


       Companies portal

  v•d•e
                          FTSE 100 companies of the United Kingdom
As of 19 January 2009.

3i · Admiral Group · Alliance Trust · AMEC · Amlin · Anglo American · Antofagasta ·
Associated British Foods · AstraZeneca · Autonomy Corporation · Aviva · BAE Systems · BG
Group · BHP Billiton · BP · BT Group · Balfour Beatty · Barclays · British Airways · British
American Tobacco · British Land Company · British Sky Broadcasting Group · Bunzl · Cable &
Wireless · Cadbury · Cairn Energy · Capita Group · Carnival · Centrica · Cobham · Compass
Group · Diageo · Drax Group · Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation · Experian · FirstGroup ·
Friends Provident · G4S · GlaxoSmithKline · HSBC · Hammerson · Home Retail Group · ICAP ·
Imperial Tobacco · Inmarsat · InterContinental Hotels Group · International Power · Invensys ·
Johnson Matthey · Kazakhmys · Kingfisher · Land Securities Group · Legal & General · Liberty
International · Lloyds Banking Group · London Stock Exchange Group · Man Group · Marks &
Spencer · Wm Morrison Supermarkets · National Grid · Next · Old Mutual · Pearson · Pennon
Group · Prudential · RSA Insurance Group · Randgold Resources · Reckitt Benckiser · Reed
Elsevier · Rexam · Rio Tinto Group · Rolls-Royce Group · Royal Bank of Scotland Group ·
Royal Dutch Shell · SABMiller · Sage Group · J Sainsbury · Schroders · Scottish and Southern
Energy · Serco Group · Severn Trent · Shire · Smith & Nephew · Smiths Group · Standard
Chartered Bank · Standard Life · Tate & Lyle · Tesco · Thomas Cook Group · Thomson Reuters ·
TUI Travel · Tullow Oil · Unilever · United Utilities · Vedanta Resources · Vodafone · WPP
Group · Whitbread · Wolseley · Xstrata
  v•d•e
                                     Nectar loyalty card
                            AA · American Express · Beefeater · BP · Brewers Fayre · Dollond
                            & Aitchison · EDF Energy · Ford · Gala Bingo · Hertz · TalkTalk ·
                 Members:
                            Sainsbury's · Sainsbury's Bank · Table Table · Thomson · Thomson
                            Local
                            Barclaycard · Magnet · Threshers · Vodafone · Debenhams
        Former members:
  Redemption partner: Argos · The Carphone Warehouse · ebookers
Retrieved from quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPquot;
Categories: Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange | Companies listed on the New
York Stock Exchange | BP | Companies established in 1908 | Multinational companies | Oil and
gas companies of the United Kingdom | Chemical companies of the United Kingdom |
Automotive companies of the United Kingdom | Nectar loyalty card | Automotive fuel brands |
British brands | Companies based in London | Companies based in Houston, Texas | Economy of
Alaska | Greenwashing | Orphan initialisms | Oil pipeline companies
Hidden category: Portal:Companies/Total

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Bp

  • 1. BP From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the energy corporation. For other uses, see BP (disambiguation). BP Public (LSE: BP) Type (NYSE: BP) 1908 (as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company) Founded 1954 (as The British Petroleum Company) London, England, UK Headquarters Worldwide Area served Peter Sutherland (Chairman) Key people Tony Hayward (CEO)
  • 2. Byron Grote (CFO) Oil and Natural Gas, Alternative fuel Industry BP petroleum and derived products BP service stations Air BP Aviation Fuels Castrol motor oil Products ARCO gas stations am/pm convenience stores Aral service stations US$ 204.78 Billion (2008) Market cap ▲ US$ 291.438 Billion (2007) Revenue Operating ▼ US$ 32.352 Billion (2007) income ▲ US$ 20.845 Billion (2007) Net income ▲ US$ 236.076 Billion (2007) Total assets ▲ US$ 93.690 Billion (2007) Total equity 96,200 (2008)[1] Employees http://www.bp.com/ Website BP plc, also known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global energy company, a multinational oil company (quot;oil majorquot;) with headquarters in London. The company is among the largest private sector energy corporations in the world, and one of the six quot;supermajorsquot; (vertically integrated private sector oil exploration, natural gas, and petroleum product marketing
  • 3. companies).[2] The Company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. Contents 1 History o 1.1 Activity in 1909 - 1979 o 1.2 1980s and 1990s o 1.3 Recent years 2 Governance 3 Financial data 4 Corporate controversies o 4.1 August 2006 Prudhoe Bay Shutdown o 4.2 October 2007 Prudhoe Bay spill o 4.3 November 2008 BP Supports USA over UK 5 Environmental record o 5.1 Texas City Refinery disaster o 5.2 Corporate Challenges 6 Contributions to political campaigns 7 BP retail brands o 7.1 ampm o 7.2 ARCO o 7.3 BP Travel Centre o 7.4 BP Connect o 7.5 BP Express o 7.6 BP Shop o 7.7 BP 2go o 7.8 Air BP and BP Shipping 8 Advertisement 9 Bibliography 10 See also 11 Notes 12 External links [edit] History [edit] Activity in 1909 - 1979 In May 1901, William Knox D'Arcy was granted a concession by the Shah of Iran to search for oil which he discovered in May 1908.[3] This was the first commercially significant find in the Middle East. On 14 April 1909, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) was incorporated to exploit this.[3] In 1935, it became the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC).[3]
  • 4. After World War II, AIOC and the Iranian government initially resisted nationalist pressure to revise AIOC's concession terms still further in Iran's favour. But in March 1951, the pro-western Prime Minister Ali Razmara was assassinated.[4] The Majlis of Iran (parliament) elected a nationalist, [Mohammed Mossadeq]], as prime minister. In April, the Majlis nationalized the oil industry by unanimous vote.[5] The British government contested the nationalization at the International Court of Justice at The Hague, but its complaint was dismissed.[5] Chart of the major energy companies dubbed quot;Big Oilquot; sorted by latest published revenue The British government decided that the only way to regain its control of Iranian oil (which it regarded as a vital national interest), was to remove Mossadegh from office and replace his government with a pro-British prime minister and parliament. Its problem was that it lacked the means to do so without American support. But it was clear the U.S. government would never support a coup d'état designed only to protect Britain's commercial interests. So the British played on America's then paranoia about the Communist threat by producing bogus evidence that Mossadeq was scheming to bring Iran into the Soviet sphere of influence. In early 1953, incoming U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to overthrow the Iranian government.[5] The CIA conspiracy, involving the Shah and the Iranian military, became known by its codename, Operation Ajax.[5]
  • 5. Classic logo. In use from 1989-2002. It can still be seen at some older BP petrol stations. On 19 August 1953, Mossadeq was forced from office by a CIA-orchestrated military coup.[5] He was replaced by pro-Western general Fazlollah Zahedi.[6] The Shah, who had left the country briefly to await the outcome of the coup, returned to Iran. He abolished the democratic Constitution and assumed autocratic powers. The AIOC became the British Petroleum Company in 1954, and resumed operations in Iran and tried to return to its old position.[5] However quot;public opinion was so opposed that the new government could not permit it.quot; Instead an international consortium under the nationalized name (National Iranian Oil Company) was created, the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company being just one member and holding 40% of the shares. The consortium agreed to share profits on a 50-50 basis with Iran, quot;but not to open its books to Iranian auditors or to allow Iranians onto its board of directors.quot;[7] AIOC, as a part of the Anglo-American coup d'état deal, it was not allowed to monopolize Iranian oil as before. It was limited to a 40% share in a new international consortium. For the rest, 40% went to the five major American companies and 20% went to Royal Dutch Shell and Compagnie Française des Pétroles, now Total S.A..[8] BP continued to operate in Iran until the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The new regime of Ayatollah Khomeini confiscated all of BP's assets in Iran without compensation, finally closing BP's 70-year presence in Iran. However, due to its huge investments outside Iran, especially in the North Sea and Alaska, the company's status as an oil major survived its Iranian disaster.[9] In 1959 the company expanded beyond the Middle East to Alaska[10] and in 1965 it was the first company to strike oil in the North Sea.[11] In 1978 BP acquired Standard Oil of Ohio or Sohio, a breakoff of the former Standard Oil that had been broken up after anti-trust litigation.[12] [edit] 1980s and 1990s
  • 6. A British BP Shop Petrol Station. Sir Peter Walters was BP's chairman from 1981 to 1990.[13] This was the era of the Thatcher government's privatisation strategy. The British government sold its entire holding in BP in several tranches between 1979 and 1987.[14] The sale process was marked by an attempt by the Kuwait Investment Office, the investment arm of the Kuwait government, to acquire control of BP.[15] This was ultimately blocked by the strong opposition of the British government. In 1987, British Petroleum negotiated the acquisition of Britoil[16] and those shares of Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio) through CEO Charlie Spahr not already owned.[12] Walters was replaced by Robert Horton in 1989. Horton carried out a major corporate downsizing exercise removing various tiers of management within the BP Head Office.[17] Lord Browne of Madingley, who had been on the board as managing director since 1991, was appointed group chief executive in 1995.[18] Browne was responsible for three major acquisitions; Amoco, ARCO and Burmah-Castrol (see below). [edit] Recent years British Petroleum merged with Amoco (formerly Standard Oil of Indiana) in December 1998,[19] becoming BPAmoco until 2000 when it was renamed BP and adopted the tagline quot;Beyond Petroleum,quot; which remains in use today. It states that BP was never meant to be an abbreviation of its tagline. Most Amoco gas stations in the United States have changed the look and name to the BP brand. In many states, however, BP is selling Amoco branded gasoline, as it was rated the #1 petroleum brand by consumers 16 years in a row (the name of the service station itself is still BP) and Amoco has one of the highest brand loyalty for gasoline in the US with only Chevron and Shell having such high rates as BP/Amoco. In May 2008, however, the Amoco name was mostly phased out in favor of quot;BP Gasoline with Invigoratequot;, promoting BP's new additive. The highest grade of BP gasoline available in the United States is still called Amoco Ultimate, however. In 2000, British Petroleum acquired Arco (Atlantic Richfield Co.)[20] and Burmah Castrol plc.[21]
  • 7. Chief Scientist of BP, Steven Koonin (top right, with laptop), speaks about the energy scene in the boardroom in 2005. In April 2004, BP decided to move most of its petrochemical businesses into a separate entity called Innovene within the BP Group. Their intention was to sell the new company possibly via an Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the US, and in fact they filed their IPO plans for Innovene with the New York Stock Exchange on 12 September 2005. However, on 7 October 2005, BP announced that they had agreed to sell Innovene to INEOS, a privately held UK chemical company for the sum of $9 billion, thereby scrapping their plans for the IPO.[22] On 23 March 2005, an explosion occurred at BP's Texas City Refinery in Texas City, Texas. It is the third largest refinery in the United States and one of the largest in the world, processing 433,000 barrels (68,800 m3) of crude oil per day and accounting for 3% of that nation's gasoline supply. Over 100 were injured, and 15 were confirmed dead, including employees of the Fluor Corporation as well as BP. BP has since accepted that its mismanagement contributed to the accident. Level indicators failed, leading to overfilling of a heater, and light hydrocarbons spread throughout the area. An unidentified ignition source set off the explosion. [23] In 2005, BP announced it would be leaving the Colorado market.[24] Many locations were rebranded as Conoco.[25] According to some private BP-branded gasoline center operators in the Metro Atlanta area, BP plans to leave the Southern market in the next few years. All corporate-owned BP stations, typically known as quot;BP Connectquot; will be sold to local jobbers.[26] In March 2006, a leak in one of BP's pipelines on the North Slope of Alaska caused a spill of oil onto the tundra, leading BP to commit to replace over 16 miles (26 km) of federally regulated Oil Transit Lines (OTLs). As of the end of 2007, one half of the pipeline had been replaced and all 16 miles (26 km) of pipeline are now tested regularly. [27] BP has recently looked to grow its oil exploration activities in frontier areas like the former Soviet Union for its future reserves.[28] In Russia, BP owns 50% of TNK-BP with the other half owned by three Russian billionaires. TNK-BP accounts for a fifth of BP's global reserves, a quarter of BP's production, and nearly a tenth of its global profits.[29] On July 19, 2006, BP announced that it would close the last 12 out of 57 oil wells in Alaska, mostly in Prudhoe Bay, that had been leaking. The wells were leaking insulating agent called Arctic pack, consisting of crude oil and diesel fuel, between the wells and ice.[30]
  • 8. On 12 January 2007, it was announced that Lord Browne would retire at the end of July 2007.[31] The new Chief Executive will be the current head of exploration and production, Tony Hayward. It had been expected that Lord Browne would retire in February 2008 when he reached the age of 60, the standard retirement age at BP. Browne resigned abruptly from BP on 1 May 2007, following the lifting of a legal injunction preventing Associated Newspapers from publishing details about his private life. Hayward succeeded Browne with immediate effect.[32] [edit] Governance The Board Members are:[33] Peter Sutherland, KCMG - Chairman of BP, board of Goldman Sachs Sir Ian Prosser - Non-executive director Byron Grote - Chief Financial Officer Andy Inglis - Chief executive, Exploration and Production Antony Burgmans - Non-executive director, board of Mauritshuis, AEGON, Unilever Cynthia Carroll - Non-executive director, CEO of Anglo American, also board of De Beers Sir William Castell - Non-executive director chairman of The Prince’s Trust George David - Non-executive director Tony Hayward Ian Conn George David vice-chairman of the Peterson Institute for International Economics Erroll Davis, board of General Motors and Union Pacific. Douglas J Flint, CBE director HSBC Dr DeAnne Julius, director of Chatham House Sir Tom McKillop former chairman of The Royal Bank of Scotland [edit] Financial data Financial data in millions of US$ Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Sales 180 186 236 045 294 849 249 465 265 906 EBITDA 22 941 28 200 37 825 41 453 44 835 Net Results 6 845 10 267 15 961 22 341 22 000
  • 9. Net Debt 20 273 20 193 21 607 16 202 16 202 Source :'OpesC' [edit] Corporate controversies [edit] August 2006 Prudhoe Bay Shutdown Solar panel made by BP Solar In August, 2006, BP shut down oil operations in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, due to corrosion in pipelines leading up to the Alaska Pipeline. BP had spilled over one million litres of oil in Alaska's North Slope.[34] This corrosion is caused by sediment collecting in the bottom of the pipe, protecting corrosive bacteria from chemicals sent through the pipeline to fight this bacteria. There are estimates that about 5,000 barrels (790 m3) of oil were released from the pipeline. To date 1,513 barrels (240.5 m3) of liquids, about 5,200 cubic yards (4,000 m3) of soiled snow and 328 cubic yards (251 m3) of soiled gravel have been recovered. After approval from the DOT, only the eastern portion of the field was shut down, resulting in a reduction of 200,000 barrels per day (32,000 m³/d) until work began to bring the eastern field to full production on October 2, 2006.[35] In May 2007, the company announced another partial field shutdown owing to leaks of water at a separation plant. Their action was interpreted as another example of fallout from a decision to cut maintenance of the pipeline and associated facilities. [36] [edit] October 2007 Prudhoe Bay spill On 16 October 2007 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation officials reported a toxic spill of methanol at the Prudhoe Bay oil field managed by BP PLC. Nearly 2,000 gallons of mostly methanol, mixed with some crude oil and water, spilled onto a frozen tundra pond as well as a gravel pad from a pipeline. Methanol, which is poisonous to plants and animals, is used to clear ice from the insides of the Arctic-based pipelines.[37] [edit] November 2008 BP Supports USA over UK BP has dumped its plans to build out wind farms and other renewable projects in Britain for projects in the United States. The US government incentives for clean energy projects provide convenient tax shelter for oil and gas revenues, something BP is looking for with an estimated $8
  • 10. billion earmarked for the initiative. Lower economies of scale made the UK wind sector far less attractive than that of the US. [edit] Environmental record Spring 2009, BP Energy is to start construction of a wind farm in Wyoming County in NE Pennsylvania. Part of this project (the power lines) will destroy a Hang Gliding and Paragliding soaring site. This site is one of only a handful suitable sites left in the Northeast US. BP Energy has been unwilling to consider an alternative route for these power lines with one pole located in the center of the launch slot. In 2005 BP was considering testing carbon sequestration in one of its North Sea oil fields, by pumping carbon dioxide into them (and thereby also increasing yields).[38] In 2004, BP began marketing low-sulfur diesel fuel for industrial use. BP intends to create a network of hydrogen fueling stations in the state of California. BP Solar is a leading producer of solar panels since its purchase of Lucas Energy Systems in 1980 and Solarex (as part of its acquisition of Amoco) in 2000. BP Solar had a 20% world market share in photovoltaic panels in 2004 when it had a capacity to produce 90 MW/year of panels. It has over 30 years experience operating in over 160 countries with manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Spain, India and Australia and has more than 2000 employees worldwide. BP was named by Mother Jones Magazine as one of the quot;ten worst corporationsquot; in both 2001 and 2005 based on its environmental and human rights records.[39][40] In 1991 BP was cited as the most polluting company in the US based on EPA toxic release data. Since branding itself an environmentally sound corporation in 1997, BP has been charged with burning polluted gases at its Ohio refinery (for which it was fined $1.7 million), and in July 2000 BP paid a $10 million fine to the EPA for its management of its US refineries.[41] According to PIRG research, between January 1997 and March 1998, BP was responsible for 104 oil spills.[42] BP patented the Dracone Barge to aid in oil spill clean-ups across the world. [43] A Gulf gasoline station in Louisville, KY using the previous BP prototype. BP purchased all Gulf stations in the southeastern United States in the 1980's after Chevron, Inc. was forced to divest the stations by the United States Justice Department. BP/Amoco was a member of the Global Climate Coalition an industry organization established to promote global warming skepticism but withdrew in 1997, saying quot;the time to consider the policy dimensions of climate change is not when the link between greenhouse gases and climate
  • 11. change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken seriously by the society of which we are part. We in BP have reached that point.quot;.[44] In March 2002 Lord Browne of Madingley declared in a speech that global warming was real and that urgent action was needed, saying that quot;Companies composed of highly skilled and trained people can't live in denial of mounting evidence gathered by hundreds of the most reputable scientists in the world.quot;[45] British Petroleum changed its name to BP in 2000, and introduced a new corporate slogan: “Beyond Petroleum.” It replaced its “Green Shield” logo with the helios symbol, a green and yellow sunflower pattern similar to the emblem of the Green Party of Canada. These changes were intended to highlight the company’s interest in alternative and environmentally friendly fuels. When, in July 2006, BP admitted, only after journalists became aware of the spill, that it was facing criminal charges for allowing 270,000 gallons of crude oil to spread into the Alaskan tundra, critics pointed to the relative lack of press coverage about the spill as evidence that BP had successfully quot;greenwashedquot; its image while maintaining environmentally unsound practices.[46][47] [edit] Texas City Refinery disaster Main article: Texas City Refinery (BP) One of BP's largest refineries in the USA exploded in 2005 causing 15 deaths. The fall-out from the accident continues to cloud BP's corporate image because of the mismanagement at the plant. There have been several investigations of the disaster, the most recent being that from the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. It was preceded by the Baker report and BP's own internal investigation.[48] A large column filled with gasoline overflowed to form a vapor cloud, which ignited. The explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant. The incident came as the culmination of a series of less serious accidents at the refinery, and the engineering problems were not addressed by the management. Maintenance and safety at the plant had been cut as a cost-saving measure, the responsibility ultimately resting with executives in London.[48] [edit] Corporate Challenges However, BP's image has been tarnished somewhat by its involvement with the controversial Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, criticized for human rights abuses, environmental and safety concerns.[49] BP has also been criticized for the increase in fuel prices in the UK. On 25 April 2005 Lord Browne stated in an interview with the BBC that he fully expected petrol prices to stay above £1 per litre.[50]
  • 12. In July 2006, a group of Colombian farmers won a multi million pound settlement from BP after the British oil and gas company was accused of benefiting from a regime of terror carried out by Colombian government paramilitaries to protect a 450-mile (720 km) pipeline. [51] BP quot;Heliosquot; fueling station in Los Angeles As of 11 February 2007 BP announced that they would spend $8 billion over ten years to research alternative methods of fuel, including natural gas, hydrogen, solar, and wind. A $500 million grant to the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, to create an quot;Energy Biosciences Institutequot;[52] has recently come under attack, over concerns about the global impacts of the research and privatization of public universities.[53] In March 2007, BP unveiled its Helios fuel station on Olympic Boulevard in Los Angeles.[54] The station has radical architecture for a fuel station, and is a quot;living labquot; for green technologies.[55] However, although there are solar panels on the roof, as of July 2007 they are not yet operational.[56] BP Canada has been asked by leading environmental organizations to stop its proposed quot;Mist Mountainquot; Coalbed Methane Project in the Southern Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. The proposed 500 km² project is directly adjacent to the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park.[57] [edit] Contributions to political campaigns According to the Center for Responsive Politics, BP is the United States' hundredth largest donor to political campaigns, having contributed more than US$5 million since 1990, 72% and 28% of which went to Republican and Democratic recipients, respectively. BP has lobbied to gain exemptions from U.S. corporate law reforms.[58] Additionally, BP paid the Podesta Group, a Washington, D.C.-based lobbying firm, $160,000 in the first half of 2007 to manage its congressional and government relations.[59] In February 2002 BP's chief executive, Lord Browne of Madingley, renounced the practice of corporate campaign contributions, noting: quot;That's why we've decided, as a global policy, that from now on we will make no political contributions from corporate funds anywhere in the world.quot;[60]
  • 13. [edit] BP retail brands BP gasoline station in Zanesville, Ohio using previous BP prototype. [edit] ampm Main article: ampm ampm is a convenience store chain with branches located in several U.S. states including Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, recently in Illinois, Indiana, Georgia and Florida, and in several countries worldwide such as Japan. In the western US, the stores are usually attached to an ARCO gas station; elsewhere, the stores are attached to BP gas stations. BP Connect stations in the US are transitioning to the ampm brand. [edit] ARCO ARCO is BP's retail brand on the US West Coast in the seven Western States of California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, Arizona, and Utah. BP acquired ARCO (formerly the AtlanticRichfieldCompany) in 1998. ARCO is a popular quot;cash onlyquot; retailer, selling products refined from Alaska North Slope crude at plants at Cherry Point (WA), Los Angeles (CA) and at other contract locations on the West Coast. [edit] BP Travel Centre BP Travel Centers are large scale destination sites located in Australia which on top of offering the same features of a BP Connect site with fuel and a Wild Bean Cafe, also feature major food- retail tenants such as McDonalds, KFC, Nando's and recently Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, with a large seating capacity foodcourt. There are also facilities for long-haul truck drivers including lounge, showers and washing machines all in the same building. There are 4 travel centers located in South East Queensland, Australia. Two on the Pacific Highway (Coomera and Stapylton) and two on the Bruce Highway (Caboolture). A fifth travel center was opened in 2007 at Chinderah in northern New South Wales. [edit] BP Connect BP Connect is BP's flagship retail brand name with BP Connect Service stations being operated around the UK, Europe, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • 14. and other parts of the world. BP Connect sites feature the Wild Bean Cafe which offers cafe style coffee made by the staff and a selection of hot food as well as freshly baked muffins and sandwiches. The food offered in Wild Bean Cafe varies from each site. BP Connect sites usually offer table and chair seating and often an Internet kiosk. In the US, the BP Connect concept is gradually being transitioned to the ampm brand and concept. [edit] BP Express BP Express was the flagship BP brand prior to the introduction of BP Connect in 2000. There are still some BP Express sites operating around the world but most have been either upgraded to Connect or changed to an alternative brand. BP Express offers a bakery service but doesn't have the selection of food offered in the Wild Bean Cafe and usually coffee is only available through a self service machine. [edit] BP Shop A BP Petrol prices sign outside a BP Shop garage in the United Kingdom (prices in UK pence per litre). BP Shop is commonly used on smaller sites mainly independently owned sites. Products vary in each BP Shop but usually a selection of convenience store style food and automotive products. [edit] BP 2go BP 2go is a franchise brand used for independently operated sites in New Zealand and is currently being rolled out throughout Australia (Although not all BP 2go stores are franchises in Australia). BP 2go sites mainly operate in towns and outer suburbs in New Zealand. BP 2go offers similar bakery food to BP Connect but in a pre-packaged form. Some BP Express sites around New Zealand and Australia that were considered too small to be upgraded to BP Connect were given the option to change to BP 2go others were downgraded to BP Shop. Staff at some
  • 15. BP 2go sites wear a different style of uniform to the rest of the BP branded sites, however in company owned and operated 2go sites in Australia the same uniform is worn across all sites. [edit] Air BP and BP Shipping Air BP is the aviation fuel arm, BP Marine the marine fuels and lubricants arm and BP Shipping is the Shipping arm within the BP group [edit] Advertisement The recent BP advertising campaign has been criticized by many as a superficial and stereotypical representation of the common man. Often the ads showcase a series of quot;man-on- the-streetquot; type questionnaires in which obviously paid actors answer certain questions pertaining to BP. However, the music composed by BP for the purpose of the ads has been praised and lauded. BP was also recently awarded a satirical prize, the quot;Emerald Paintbrushquot; award, by Greenpeace UK. The quot;Emerald Paintbrushquot; award was given to BP in order to highlight its alleged greenwashing campaign. Critics point out that while BP advertises its relatively minimal investment in alternative energy sources, the majority of its investments continue to go into fossil fuels. [edit] Bibliography The history of the British Petroleum Company o Vol. I:R.W.Ferrier, The Developing Years 1901-1932, Cambridge University Press, 1982 o Vol. II: James H. Bamberg, The Anglo-Iranian Years, 1928-1954, Cambridge University Press, 1994 o Vol. III: James H. Bamberg, British Petroleum and Global Oil, 1951-1975: The Challenge of Nationalism, Cambridge University Press, 2000 For the early history of BP in Iran and Iraq see Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Brysac. Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East. W.W. Norton (2008)ISBN 978-0-393-06199-4 [edit] See also 2006 Alaskan oil spill Oil fields operated by BP Shell-Mex and BP Shilling Guides, a series of guide booklets on the counties of Great Britain BP Solar Hemel Hempstead, BP's IT&S Division
  • 16. [edit] Notes 1. ^ quot;Company Profile for BP PLC (BP)quot;. http://zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=BP&page=quotesearch. Retrieved on 2008-10-10. 2. ^ It's about time oil started defending itself 3. ^ a b c Australian Dictionary of Biography 4. ^ Yousof Mazandi, United Press, and Edwin Muller, Government by Assassination (Reader's Digest September 1951) 5. ^ a b c d e f John Foster Dulles & Operation Ajax 6. ^ New York Times article, 1953 7. ^ Kinzer, All the Shah's Men, (2003), p.195-6 8. ^ Background to Confrontation 9. ^ As Sir Peter Walters, Chairman 1981 - 1990, stated, quot;To be in the oil industry is to be involved in politics at the highest levelquot; (Cadman Lecture, 31 October 1989 (BP 109206)) 10. ^ Natural Gas and Alaska's Future: The Facts page 22 11. ^ BP dossier 12. ^ a b Sohio timeline 13. ^ TNK appoints Sir Peter Walters 14. ^ Privitisation 15. ^ Kuwait has 10% of BP 16. ^ Britain drops a barrier to BP bid 17. ^ Organising for performance: how BP did it 18. ^ Royal Academy of Engineering 19. ^ BP and Amoco in oil mega-merger 20. ^ BP strikes it rich in America 21. ^ BP Amoco to buy Burmah Castrol 22. ^ BP sells chemical unit for £5bn 23. ^ Errors led to BP refinery blast 24. ^ BP puts 100 gas stations up for sale in Colorado.(British Petroleum Company PLC) 25. ^ Gas station signs of change 26. ^ BP to Sell Most Company-Owned, Company-Operated Convenience Stores to Franchisees 27. ^ Oil Gushes into Arctic Ocean from BP Pipeline 28. ^ quot;Penny Shares Online: BP(BP.)quot;. 2006-07-10. http://www.pennysharesonline.com/company/B/BP-BP..asp. Retrieved on 2006-07-10. 29. ^ quot;BP Set to Leave Russia Gas Projectquot; by Guy Chazan and Gregory White, Wall Street Journal, 2007-06-22 p. A3. 30. ^ Mark Tran (2006-07-19). quot;BP shuts leaking Alaskan wellsquot;. quot;Guardian Unlimitedquot;. http://money.guardian.co.uk/businessnews/article/0,,1824145,00.html. 31. ^ BP CEO set to retire 32. ^ BP's Browne quits over lie 33. ^ BP: The Board 34. ^ Alaska Oil Spill Fuels Concerns Over Arctic Wildlife, Future Drilling 35. ^ quot;Alaska Updatequot;. BP. 2 October 2006. http://usresponse.bp.com/go/doc/1249/132386/. 36. ^ BP accused of 'draconian' cost cuts prior to Alaskan pipeline spill 37. ^ Methanol and crude spill from Prudhoe Bay pipeline 38. ^ Seabed supplies a cure for global warming crisis 39. ^ Ten Worst Corporations of 2000 40. ^ The 10 Worst Corporations of 2005 41. ^ bp: Beyond Petroleum? 42. ^ SaveTheArctic.com
  • 17. 43. ^ GB patent application 1435945, quot;Oil Clean-Up Methodquot;, published 1976-05-12 44. ^ quot;Global Climate Coalitionquot;. Sourcewatch. http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Climate_Coalition. 45. ^ How green is BP? 46. ^ George Monbiot: Behind the spin, the oil giants are more dangerous than ever | Comment is free | The Guardian 47. ^ Edinburgh Evening News 48. ^ a b Baker Panel Report 49. ^ The Baku Ceyhan Pipeline: BP's Time Bomb 50. ^ UK petrol could top £1 a litre 51. ^ BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers 52. ^ Energy Biosciences Institute - Main Home 53. ^ Stop BP-Berkeley 54. ^ About the station | The greencurve 55. ^ 'Green' BP Station Still Pumps Gas : NPR 56. ^ BP unveils green gas station : Business News : Redding Record Searchlight 57. ^ Citizens concerned about project 58. ^ quot;BPquot;. The Center For Responsive Politics. http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.asp?ID=D000000091&Name=BP. 59. ^ quot;BPquot;. The Center for Responsive Politics. http://opensecrets.org/lobbyists/clientsum.asp?year=2007&txtname=BP. 60. ^ BP stops paying political parties [edit] External links BP Company Website BP Youtube Channel BP's Corporate History BP Solar BP Whiting Refinery Information Company Details BP Accident Investigation Report Baker Panel Report Herald Tribune report on sudden resignation of Lord Browne Statistical Review of World Energy Companies portal v•d•e FTSE 100 companies of the United Kingdom As of 19 January 2009. 3i · Admiral Group · Alliance Trust · AMEC · Amlin · Anglo American · Antofagasta · Associated British Foods · AstraZeneca · Autonomy Corporation · Aviva · BAE Systems · BG Group · BHP Billiton · BP · BT Group · Balfour Beatty · Barclays · British Airways · British American Tobacco · British Land Company · British Sky Broadcasting Group · Bunzl · Cable &
  • 18. Wireless · Cadbury · Cairn Energy · Capita Group · Carnival · Centrica · Cobham · Compass Group · Diageo · Drax Group · Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation · Experian · FirstGroup · Friends Provident · G4S · GlaxoSmithKline · HSBC · Hammerson · Home Retail Group · ICAP · Imperial Tobacco · Inmarsat · InterContinental Hotels Group · International Power · Invensys · Johnson Matthey · Kazakhmys · Kingfisher · Land Securities Group · Legal & General · Liberty International · Lloyds Banking Group · London Stock Exchange Group · Man Group · Marks & Spencer · Wm Morrison Supermarkets · National Grid · Next · Old Mutual · Pearson · Pennon Group · Prudential · RSA Insurance Group · Randgold Resources · Reckitt Benckiser · Reed Elsevier · Rexam · Rio Tinto Group · Rolls-Royce Group · Royal Bank of Scotland Group · Royal Dutch Shell · SABMiller · Sage Group · J Sainsbury · Schroders · Scottish and Southern Energy · Serco Group · Severn Trent · Shire · Smith & Nephew · Smiths Group · Standard Chartered Bank · Standard Life · Tate & Lyle · Tesco · Thomas Cook Group · Thomson Reuters · TUI Travel · Tullow Oil · Unilever · United Utilities · Vedanta Resources · Vodafone · WPP Group · Whitbread · Wolseley · Xstrata v•d•e Nectar loyalty card AA · American Express · Beefeater · BP · Brewers Fayre · Dollond & Aitchison · EDF Energy · Ford · Gala Bingo · Hertz · TalkTalk · Members: Sainsbury's · Sainsbury's Bank · Table Table · Thomson · Thomson Local Barclaycard · Magnet · Threshers · Vodafone · Debenhams Former members: Redemption partner: Argos · The Carphone Warehouse · ebookers Retrieved from quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPquot; Categories: Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange | Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange | BP | Companies established in 1908 | Multinational companies | Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom | Chemical companies of the United Kingdom | Automotive companies of the United Kingdom | Nectar loyalty card | Automotive fuel brands | British brands | Companies based in London | Companies based in Houston, Texas | Economy of Alaska | Greenwashing | Orphan initialisms | Oil pipeline companies Hidden category: Portal:Companies/Total Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Watch Personal tools Gurugulab My talk My preferences My watchlist
  • 19. My contributions Log out Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Searc h Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ‫ال عرب ية‬ Català Česky Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto ‫ف ار سی‬ Français 한국어
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