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- The longest 20th century war
- War triggered by Ethical/ Religious/
  Economic/ AND Territorial Conflict
Iran - Khomeini




Iraq – Saddam Hussein
 When? September 22nd, 1980 ~ 1988
 Where? Areas near the border of Iran and Iraq.
  (First on Iran's territory, later on Iraq's territory
  as well)
 Who? Iraq and Iran, led by Saddam Hussein and
  Khomeini respectively,
 What? almost 9 years of total/ conventional war
  (for both sides)
 Why (immediate cause)? In September
  1980, border skirmishes erupted in the central
  sector near Qasr-e Shirin, with an exchange of
  artillery fire by both sides. And on September
  22nd of the same year, Iraq invaded Tehran with
  their air forces, MiG-23s and MiG-21s.
This war led to Gulf War of 1991, which
 was also started from Iraqi aggression
This was fought between two of the largest
 oil exporters
   Explains why the number of allies were
 so large/ The war was internationally
 important
Used CW and BW  Iraq widely used
 these, whereas Iran allegedly used them
Use of Air force was also very significant
 Iraqi MiG-23s/ MiG-21s, Iranian F-14s and Scud
 (Missiles) which were used first by Iraq, and later
 also by Iran, to bomb each other’s territory
High economic losses for both sides + countries
 involved
Civilian involvement & impact was huge
Resulted from a variety of long/short-term Causes

The war was ended with the help of UN
 (Iran accepting UN’s Security Council Resolution 598, l
 eading to a 20 August 1988 cease-fire.)
Iran and Iraq War
•Please look at the notes  !!!

•WAR WAS THE RESULT OF….

•Long-term, Short-term, Immediate Causes

•Economic, Social, Religious, Ideological, Politi
cal and many other causes
 Economic/ military: significance of Shatt-al-Arab  connected
  Persian Gulf with the Iranian port of Khorramshahr and Abadan

 Religious: Most Iraqi population belived in Sunnis Islam, where
  as most Ianian population believed in Shiis Islam. Sunnis and
  Shiis Islam were split since 661, when the founder of Islam, Ca
  liph was assassined.

 Ethnical: Resentment existed between Arabians and Persians
  since Arabians invaded Persians centuries ago.
 Persians could not form a consolidated country for almost 800
  years

 Political: 1961~1975, Iraq focused on the suppression of
  Kurish rebellions, which led them to accept…

 Algiers Agreement of 1975
 Political:
 1) Rise of the two ambitious leaders – Khomeini and
  Saddam Hussein
 2) Islamic revolution of 1979 caused confusion in Iran

 Diplomatic:
 1) “Iran hostage crisis”  bad relationship with the
  U.S.
 2) Persecution of communists in Iran  bad
  relationship with USSR

 Military:
 Persecution of key military commanders in Pahlavi
  Shah’s regime
Iran and Iraq War
 Economic: Islamic revolution in Iran
  industries were suffering and export of petroleum
  decreased because of the bad relationship w/ the U.S.

 Religious:
 1) Islamic revolution in Iran also affected Shiis population &
  even Kuridish people in Iraq. Many of them fought on the
  Iranian side in the war.
 2) Khomeini insulted Saddam Hussein, by saying that his
  regime is “anti-Islamic”
 On September 22nd, 1980
 Iraq invaded Tehran with MiG-23s and MiG-21s
Khomeini and Saddam Hussein
Land forces – tanks/ CW&BW/
 artilleries near the border lines


HOWEVER….
Air force was most significant
Iraqi air forces invaded Iran without
 officially declare war on Iran
 Saddam Hussein thought that with
 the element of surprise, they can
 easily win the war Because….
MiG-23s (picture below) & MiG-21s
Iran and Iraq War
Allies
These Scud Missiles were launched
 against Iranian/ Iraqi civilians.
Iran and Iraq War
Iraq first used Chemical weapons
 when Iran started counter attacking
Many attributed the use of CW in
 Iran-Iraq war as the lenient
 international policy regarding
 CW&BW
Ali Hassan al-Majid was the minister
 of National Defense at that time, and
 he was the one who approved the
 use of CW

Many Iraqi soldiers used CW in the
 borderline b/w Iran and Iraq
1) US and USSR both supported

2) Islam supported Iraq, whose
 population is mainly Arabians.
Iran and Iraq War
 Civilians – many civilians died from bombing or as voluntary
  soldiers

 Casualties –
 Iran acknowledged that nearly 300,000 people died in the
  war
 Iraq suffered an estimated 375,000 casualties. Another
  60,000 were taken prisoner by the Iranians.


 Economic – Both sides had huge economic impact
 (Iraq’s bad economy  Gulf war 1991)


 Political: regimes of both Iraq and Iran did not change
  much after this war. However, the war made both regimes
  oppressed…
The war stopped when Iran accepted
 UN Security council Resolution
 598, leading to a 20 August 1988
 cease-fire.
Thus, the war in a sense no
 winner, and both countries suffered
 from the war.
Iran-Iraq war caused an enormous
 ecomomic, military and social
 problems to both Iran and Iraq.

  for both fronts it was a TOTAL
 WAR
Each student must say 3 similarities/
 differences between Iran-Iraq war
 and wars listed below 

World War I:
Gulf War of 1991(Anthony’s war):
6 day war (Laurence’s war):
Korean war (Jimmy war):
Iran and Iraq War
THANK YOU! 
 Books:
  a) Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi
  b) Geopolitical Determinism: The Origins of the Iran-Iraq War by Efraim
  Karsh
  c) The Social Origins of the Iran-Iraq War by Thom Workman (Ph.D
  Candidate in Department of Political Science in York University)
  d) Success in World History Since 1945 by Jack Watson
  e) Challenge to Civilization: a history of the 20th century (1952-1999) by
  Martin Gilbert

 Websites:
 1) http://course1.winona.edu/aelafandi/polsci270/iran-iraq-war.htm
  2) http://www.iranchamber.com/history/iran_iraq_war/iran_iraq_war1.php
  3)http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_iraniraq.html
  4) http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm
  5) http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/arabs/iraniraq.html
  6) http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/iraniraq.htm

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Iran and Iraq War

  • 1. - The longest 20th century war - War triggered by Ethical/ Religious/ Economic/ AND Territorial Conflict
  • 2. Iran - Khomeini Iraq – Saddam Hussein
  • 3.  When? September 22nd, 1980 ~ 1988  Where? Areas near the border of Iran and Iraq. (First on Iran's territory, later on Iraq's territory as well)  Who? Iraq and Iran, led by Saddam Hussein and Khomeini respectively,  What? almost 9 years of total/ conventional war (for both sides)  Why (immediate cause)? In September 1980, border skirmishes erupted in the central sector near Qasr-e Shirin, with an exchange of artillery fire by both sides. And on September 22nd of the same year, Iraq invaded Tehran with their air forces, MiG-23s and MiG-21s.
  • 4. This war led to Gulf War of 1991, which was also started from Iraqi aggression This was fought between two of the largest oil exporters  Explains why the number of allies were so large/ The war was internationally important Used CW and BW  Iraq widely used these, whereas Iran allegedly used them
  • 5. Use of Air force was also very significant  Iraqi MiG-23s/ MiG-21s, Iranian F-14s and Scud (Missiles) which were used first by Iraq, and later also by Iran, to bomb each other’s territory High economic losses for both sides + countries involved Civilian involvement & impact was huge Resulted from a variety of long/short-term Causes The war was ended with the help of UN (Iran accepting UN’s Security Council Resolution 598, l eading to a 20 August 1988 cease-fire.)
  • 7. •Please look at the notes  !!! •WAR WAS THE RESULT OF…. •Long-term, Short-term, Immediate Causes •Economic, Social, Religious, Ideological, Politi cal and many other causes
  • 8.  Economic/ military: significance of Shatt-al-Arab  connected Persian Gulf with the Iranian port of Khorramshahr and Abadan  Religious: Most Iraqi population belived in Sunnis Islam, where as most Ianian population believed in Shiis Islam. Sunnis and Shiis Islam were split since 661, when the founder of Islam, Ca liph was assassined.  Ethnical: Resentment existed between Arabians and Persians since Arabians invaded Persians centuries ago.  Persians could not form a consolidated country for almost 800 years  Political: 1961~1975, Iraq focused on the suppression of Kurish rebellions, which led them to accept…  Algiers Agreement of 1975
  • 9.  Political:  1) Rise of the two ambitious leaders – Khomeini and Saddam Hussein  2) Islamic revolution of 1979 caused confusion in Iran  Diplomatic:  1) “Iran hostage crisis”  bad relationship with the U.S.  2) Persecution of communists in Iran  bad relationship with USSR  Military:  Persecution of key military commanders in Pahlavi Shah’s regime
  • 11.  Economic: Islamic revolution in Iran   industries were suffering and export of petroleum decreased because of the bad relationship w/ the U.S.  Religious:  1) Islamic revolution in Iran also affected Shiis population & even Kuridish people in Iraq. Many of them fought on the Iranian side in the war.  2) Khomeini insulted Saddam Hussein, by saying that his regime is “anti-Islamic”
  • 12.  On September 22nd, 1980  Iraq invaded Tehran with MiG-23s and MiG-21s
  • 14. Land forces – tanks/ CW&BW/ artilleries near the border lines HOWEVER…. Air force was most significant
  • 15. Iraqi air forces invaded Iran without officially declare war on Iran  Saddam Hussein thought that with the element of surprise, they can easily win the war Because….
  • 19. These Scud Missiles were launched against Iranian/ Iraqi civilians.
  • 21. Iraq first used Chemical weapons when Iran started counter attacking Many attributed the use of CW in Iran-Iraq war as the lenient international policy regarding CW&BW
  • 22. Ali Hassan al-Majid was the minister of National Defense at that time, and he was the one who approved the use of CW Many Iraqi soldiers used CW in the borderline b/w Iran and Iraq
  • 23. 1) US and USSR both supported 2) Islam supported Iraq, whose population is mainly Arabians.
  • 25.  Civilians – many civilians died from bombing or as voluntary soldiers  Casualties –  Iran acknowledged that nearly 300,000 people died in the war  Iraq suffered an estimated 375,000 casualties. Another 60,000 were taken prisoner by the Iranians.  Economic – Both sides had huge economic impact  (Iraq’s bad economy  Gulf war 1991)  Political: regimes of both Iraq and Iran did not change much after this war. However, the war made both regimes oppressed…
  • 26. The war stopped when Iran accepted UN Security council Resolution 598, leading to a 20 August 1988 cease-fire. Thus, the war in a sense no winner, and both countries suffered from the war.
  • 27. Iran-Iraq war caused an enormous ecomomic, military and social problems to both Iran and Iraq.   for both fronts it was a TOTAL WAR
  • 28. Each student must say 3 similarities/ differences between Iran-Iraq war and wars listed below  World War I: Gulf War of 1991(Anthony’s war): 6 day war (Laurence’s war): Korean war (Jimmy war):
  • 31.  Books: a) Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi b) Geopolitical Determinism: The Origins of the Iran-Iraq War by Efraim Karsh c) The Social Origins of the Iran-Iraq War by Thom Workman (Ph.D Candidate in Department of Political Science in York University) d) Success in World History Since 1945 by Jack Watson e) Challenge to Civilization: a history of the 20th century (1952-1999) by Martin Gilbert  Websites:  1) http://course1.winona.edu/aelafandi/polsci270/iran-iraq-war.htm 2) http://www.iranchamber.com/history/iran_iraq_war/iran_iraq_war1.php 3)http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_iraniraq.html 4) http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm 5) http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/arabs/iraniraq.html 6) http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/iraniraq.htm