Entrepreneurship Development | scope | facility available

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SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING CUSAT
DEPARTMENT OF SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
TOPIC – PROJECT ON IRRIGATION SYSTEM
SUBMITTED BY
Gaurav Singh Rajput
@gauravkrsrajput

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CONTENTS
S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO
1. Introduction 3
2. Scope 4-10
3. Project management and duration 11-13
4. Facilities available 14-16
5. Conclusion 17
6. References 18

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(I)INTRODUCTION
Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil.
It is usually used to assist in growing crops in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall.
Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include protecting plants against
frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields, helping in preventing soil consolation.
In the Zana Valley of Peru, archaeologists found remains of three irrigation canals radiocarbon dated from the
4th millennium BCE, the 3rd millennium BCE and the 9th century CE. These canals are the earliest record of
irrigation in the New World.
Irrigation systems were developed in Indian Sub-continent by the Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan and
North India. The reservoirs at Girnar in 3000 BCE. An early canal irrigation systemfrom circa 2600 BCE.
Increase in agricultural production and productivity depends, to a large extent, on the availability of water.
Hence, the importance of irrigation is, however, the availability of irrigation facilities which is highly
inadequate in India.
Importance of Irrigation
Insufficient, uncertain and irregular rain causes uncertainty in agriculture.
Higher productivity on irrigated land
Multiple cropping possible
Role in new agricultural strategy
Bringing more land under cultivation
Reduces instability in output levels
In 1996-97, program called “Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Program” (AIBP) was launched by the Government
of India. Under this program, The Centre provides additional assistance by way of loans to the states on
matching basis for early completion of selected large irrigation and multi-purpose projects

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(II)SCOPEOF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN IRRIGATIONSECTOR
The artificial way of supplying water to the agricultural land at the right moment in an appropriate volume for
the proper growth of the plants in order to get the maximum yields of cultivation is technically called
irrigation. But irrigation also includes clearing away of excess water from the agricultural land. There is a great
necessity of irrigation in Indian agriculture. India has a great diversity and variety of climate and weather
conditions. These conditions range from extreme of heat to extreme of cold and from extreme dryness to
excessive rainfall
II(1)ECONOMIC ASPECTS
While we are on the topic of marketing, we need to invest in it. If we want to build a true professional
business, we need to invest in marketing. That means a professional logo and website, truck wraps, mailers,
door hangers and social media like Facebook .
The internet has also cut the costs of graphic design. Using tools like 99designs, we can get a great design
easily and inexpensively. Likewise on website design - there are a number of tools available that make it easy
for you to create and host a great looking website inexpensively. We can use these tools to get a jump on your
less Internet-savvy competition.
In India there is a great need and there are very few players in market. So people want cheap and efficient
methods that can help them in farming.
We can make our app and anyone who want to use our product can contact with help of app.
We will provide details of techniques ,machines used and toal cost as well as operaton cost throughout a
certain time.We will also provide various discounts on particular schemes.
II(2)TECHNICAL ASPECTS
The equipments should comply with Indian standards for nozzles, sprinkler design as well as
ISO 9001 – Quality management system
ISO 14001 – Environment management system
The appropriate technology needed, equipment, machinery required and the source of availability should be
taken care properly.
We will need proper knowledge about
(i)PUMPS
Pump to be used and its technical characteristics such as
Priming – To remove air from pump and casing so that water can flow into pump.
Cavitation – In low pressure suction region of pump, water starts to boil and air bubbles form and cause
pitting action.
Net positive suction head - Min pressure required to operate pump without cavitation etc.
Various accessories such as strainers should be used in order to remove unwanted materials from coming into
pump and piping system.

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(ii)PIPING SYSTEM AND VALVES
We have to design piping system, diameter of pipes to be used ,friction losses in pipes.
Also various modern equipments and sensors can be used.
A pressure gauge should be provided for safe operation because in case if pressure reaches max permissible
limit valve should open.
There should be a non return valve to maintain water in discharge line to maintain an effective pressure.
There should pe proper valves such as ball valves for opening and closing of discharge of water to a particular
.area
(iii)DISCHARGE NOZZLE
There should be proper emitters for discharge of water effectively.
Various emitters are also available in a wide range and should be selected according to the type of growing
techniques.
- punch-in emitters and built-in emitters
- emitters having flushing feature
- pressure compensating emitters
- non-drip emitters
- emitters have multiple outlets
(iv)SENSORS
There should be proper sensors that will automatically detect the current conditions such as moisture , temp
etc and thus helps in automatic opening and closing of sprinkler system. Thus it saves our time and
unnecessary wastage of water.
Potential benefits of soil moisture sensors
Provide feedback on soil moisture level for correct scheduling of irrigation
Provide additional information on soil environment eg. soiltemperature, electrical conductivity (EC).
Determine effectiveness of irrigation- monitor wastage through deep drainage
Evaluate/analyse plant demand for water
Detect leaching of nutrient.
Sensing techniques
Volumetric
(Water content sensors (VWC) measure the total water held in the soil i.e. water locked into the soil structure
plus available water)

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Tensiometric
(Matric potential sensors measure the effort required to extract the water from the soil )
(v)Intelligent Automatic Irrigation System
When we are away from the crop land for a long day there is a need of physical watering or depending on a
companion to water plants. Even if the crop land has a water pump physical action by the farmer is required to
turn on/off whenever plants need water. Meanwhile Farmer needs to protect the area by animals, robberies
and fire. The fundamental point of our venture is to minimize this manual mediation by the rancher and which
helps in sparing cash and water.
II(3)FINANCIAL ASPECTS
Total investment at starting of project – 8 lakhs
Working capital assessment

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The assets required for day to day working of a unit are known as current assets which are floating in nature
and keep changing during the course of business. It is these ‘current assets’ which are generally referred to as
working capital. It includes cost such as equipments needed according to different climatic conditions ,water
availability, labour availability and cost of installation , land availability.
Cost of production statement
It includes cost such as labour, equipments to be bought ,technical experts
(i)PUMPS:
Types of pumps used and their rates are given below
Submersible pump- cost -13000
Jet pump - Shallow well pumps cost up to 35000
Booster pump - cost 7000
Centrifugal pump - costs 6000-15000 (head up to 90m)
(ii)PIPES:
TYPE OF PIPE ESTIMATED COST
pvc pipe 30 rs per meter
Soaker hose 26 rs per feet
HDPE PIPES 60 rs per feet
(iii)PIPE FITTINGS :
IRON FITTINGS :
Galvanized elbow -400 rs, threaded couplings, reducers – for galvanized iron 200 rs and for aluminium costs
around 400 rs. , sprinkler with thread costs 100-250 rs.
Polypropylene fittings :
Coupler – 1100 rs , tee -610 rs ,elbow -830 rs
Pvc fittings :

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They are most cheepest
3 way, 4 way elbow - 200 -300 rs
Elbow 1” 30 rs
Coupler - 33 rs
Reducer - 40 rs
Drip nozzle - 38 rs
Flow control devices:
Shut of or stop valves - for galvanized costs up to 1000
Regulating valves - galvanized ball valve – 320 rs, gate valve -1100 rs, pvc ball valve – 400 rs
Non return valve - galvanized costs up to 700rs
Meter / gauges - 1000 /600 rs
(iv)DESIGNING :
Designing experts costs up to 50000-1 lakh
Installation expenses - 900Rs per worker
(v)ADVERTISEMENT :
20000 Rs
(vi)FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE :
Seeking loan from banks for business
There are claims such as PM FASAL BIMA YOJANA , PM KAUSAL VIKAS YOJNA for start ups etc.. Can be used.
(vii)MARKET OF PRODUCT :
Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals. Irrigation helps to
grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of
less than average rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop production, including frost protection,
suppressing weed growth in grain fields and preventing soil consolidation.
In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed or dry land farming.
Irrigation systems are also used for cooling livestock, dust suppression, disposal of sewage , and in mining.
Irrigation is often studied together with drainage , which is the removal of surface and sub-surface water from
a given area.
MAJOR COMPETITORS:
• NETAFIM
• JAIN IRRIGATION LTD.

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• GREEN INDIA
• KISSAN
• PREMIER
(viii)BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS
The break-evenanalysisletsusdeterminewhetherbusinessisprofitable ornotour break-evenpoint.The break-even
analysistable calculatesabreak-evenpointbasedonfixedcosts,variable costsperunitof sales,andrevenue perunitof
sales.
It makes us determine min installations to be done per month or year for profit .
II(4)MANAGERIAL ASPECTS
The persons working under designing should be well qualified and well experienced so that they will design
cost water efficient sprinkler system.
The project manager should be able to continue project in a certain period of time efficiently.
There should be a proper management system and a systemin which persons working under senior persons
can communicate with senior officials and ask for help or suggestions.
SOCIO ECONOMIC BENEFITS
In an economy like India, where resources are scarce, it is essential to plan and prioritise use of resources.
Our project has following socio economic benefits
It will create direct and indirect employment to various technical persons such as engineers, managers as well
as normal workers.
It will contribute to GDP of country.
It will also take care of careful and efficient use of water without wastage.
It will stable water table at place where system is installed.

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(III)PROJECTMANAGEMENTAND PROJECTDURATION
Project management is the planning, organizing and managing the effort to accomplish a successful project.A
project is a one-time activity that produces a specific output. Project management includes developing a
project plan, which involves defining and confirming the project goals and objectives, how they will be
achieved, identifying tasks and quantifying the resources needed, and determining budgets and timelines
for completion. It also includes managing the implementation of the project plan, along with operating regular
'controls' to ensure that there is accurate and objective information on 'performance' relative to the plan, and
the mechanisms to implement recovery actions where necessary.
III(1)PROJECT MANAGEMENT PHASES
(i)MANAGEMENT INITIATION PHASE
During the first of these phases, the initiation phase, the project objective or need is identified.
A feasibility study is done like technical, economical, feasibility etc to know whether the project can be done
(ii)PLANNING PHASE
The next phase, the planning phase, is where the project solution is further developed in as much detail.
Various senior officials with project manager holds meeting on how to deal with next stages of planning.
(iii)IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
During the third phase, the implementation phase, the project plan is put into motion and the work of the
project is performed. It is important to maintain control and communicate as needed during implementation.
(iv)CLOSING PHASE
During the final closure, or completion phase, the emphasis is on releasing the final deliverables to the
customer, handing over project documentation to the business, terminating supplier contracts, releasing
project resources, and communicating the closure of the project to all stakeholders
III(2)NETWORK DIAGRAM
Network diagrams serve as visual representations of a project.
Following two major network systems:
• PERT
• CPM
(i)CRITICAL PATH METHOD

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If the duration of each activity is known with certainty, then critical path method can be used to determine the
length of time required to complete the project. CPM also can be used to determine how long each activity in
the project can be delayed without delaying the completion of the project .Critical Path Analysis is commonly
used with all forms of projects, including construction, aerospace and defense, software development,
research projects, product development, engineering, and plant maintenance, among others.
B
A 3 C
4 3
G 4
D
4 F
E 2
1
PATH – ABC- 4+3+3=10 WEEKS
DEF - 4+1+2=7 WEEKS
DFGC – 4+1+4+3=12 WEEKS
Hence DFGC is critical path.
Hence critical activities are D,F,G,C.
Their slack value is 0.
Hence if anyone of these three activity is delayed whole project will be delayed.
Total duration of project = 12 weeks
A,B are called non critical activities,means they have slack time .They do not affect the project duration and
their duration can be varied .
(ii)PERT(PROJECT EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE)
The actual performance of a task which consumes time and requires resources (such as labor, materials, space,
machinery). It can be understood as representing the time, effort, and resources required to move besides
events, PERT also knows activities and sub-activities
START
DESIGN
FEASIBILITY
STUDY
FINISH
INSTALLAT
ION
STUDY OF
WATER
TABLE

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B
A 5.33 C
4 5.17
G 4
D
6.33 F
E 2
5.17
CRITICAL PATH = 6.33+5.17+4+5.17=20.67
It is equal to project duration.
Activity Predecessor
Time estimates
Expected time
Opt. (o) Normal (m) Pess. (p)
A 2 4 6 4.00
B A 3 5 9 5.33
C B 4 5 7 5.17
D 4 6 10 6.33
E D 4 5 7 5.17
F E 1 2 3 2
START
DESIGN
FEASIBILITY
STUDY
FINISH
INSTALLAT
ION
STUDY OF
WATER
TABLE

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(IV)DIFFERENTTYPES OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FACILITIES AVAILABLE
TYPES OF IRRIGATION
Surface irrigation
Center pivot irrigation
Lateral move irrigation
Localized irrigation
IV(1)Surface irrigation can be subdivided into two types.
•Border Strips or Basin Flood: – Strips of land with dikes on the sides – Usually graded but with no cross slope
– Downstream end may be diked
• Furrow: – Small channels carry the water (entire surface is not wet) – Commonly used on row crops – Lateral
as well as vertical infiltration – Furrows are usually graded
WATER SUPPLY
• Methods of water supply
–Head ditch with siphon tubes or side opening gates
–Gated pipe (aluminum or plastic pipe with small gates that can be opened and closed)
–Buried pipeline with periodically spaced valves at the surface
IV(2)CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION
Is a form of sprinkler irrigation.
• Consisting of several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or aluminum) joined together and supported
by trusses.
• Mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers.
• System moves in a circular pattern.

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• These systems are common in parts where terrain is flat.
IV(3)LATERAL MOVE IRRIGATION:
• A series of pipes, each with a wheel is affixed to its midpoint and sprinklers along its length.
• Water is supplied at one end using a large hose.
• After sufficient water has been applied, the hose is removed.
• The hose is reconnected.
• The process is repeated until the opposite edge of the field is reached.
LOCALIZED IRRIGATION:
Water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network.
• Applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. IT MAY BE DIFFERENT KINDS:
1.Drip irrigation 2.Sprinkler irrigation 3.bubbler irrigation
(i)DRIP IRRIGATION
Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, functions as its name suggests.
Water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants, drop by drop.
This method can be the most water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed properly, since evaporation and
runoff are minimized. In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with plastic mulch, further
reducing evaporation, and is also the means of delivery of fertilizer.

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Advantages of Drip Irrigation
• Delivers water slowly.
• Minimizes water loss due to runoff.
• Useful in windy areas.
• Less evaporation.
• Less splash that may spread fungal.
• Spores, bacteria to other plants
(ii)SPINKLER IRRIGATION
Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural rainfall, hence the
whole surface is irrigated. The spray lines are placed high in the greenhouse, above the crop canopy. The
plants are wetted with each irrigation event.
Advantages
 The whole surface and root zone is wetted,
 Fertigation can be included, but proper programming during the irrigation event is necessary to avoid
nutrient precipitation on the leaf canopy.
Disadvantages
 The plants become wet each time.
 The irrigation intensity is relatively high; short irrigation rounds are technically difficult and lead to
high heterogeneities, hence leaching is a risk
 Anti-drip nozzle which hold the water in the lines should be used to avoid any dripping onto the crop
after switched off the system.
 Fogging/humidification nozzle can also be used instead of sprinkler to irrigate different crops. This is
the ideal solution for cooling and humidifying of the glasshouse or the Polytunnel,

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CONCLUSION
 India has a great diversity and variety of climate and weather conditions. These conditions range from
extreme of heat to extreme of cold and from extreme dryness to excessive rainfall
 Improving irrigation efficiency is related to the selection of irrigation method and irrigation schedule
based on the plant growing conditions.
 Soil moisture sensor technology has promised a lot over the past decade and the technology is
continuing to be developed and refined.
 Expensive and sophisticated root zone sensors (RZS), such as neutron probes, TDR, FDR are available
for the use of soil and plant scientists, while cheap and practical devices are needed for irrigation
management in commercial crops.
 Future research should focus on developing new techniques or improving the available actual
methods to overcome the main limitation of requiring a soil- specific calibration.
 Further refinement of non-contact and remote sensing techniques shows promise to evaluate soil
moisture distribution and variation across large scales

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REFERENCES
 IOSR Journal Of Electronics And Commmunication Engineering
 International Journal Of Innovative Research In Advanced Engineering
(IJIRAE)
 Intelligent automatic irrigation system –journal
 Experimenal Investigation on drip irrigation using moisture sensor.
(International jornal for research in applied science and rngineering
technology)