Industrial safety (MG University notes)

1. MODULE I
Development of safety movement: - Need for safety-safety and productivity-planning for
safety planning procedure-safety policy-formulation of safety policy-safety budget-role and
qualification of safety professional-safety committees-need, types and functions of
committees- safety organizations.
The importance of industrial safety was realized because every year millions of
industrial accidents occur which result in either death or an in temporary disablement of the
employees and involve large amount of loss resulting from damage to property and wasted
man hours and machine hours. Now-a-days serious attentions are being paid to reduce the
rate and severity of accident. Health and safety are basic desire and instinct. The benefits of
accident prevention have been well-understood and accepted by industries throughout the
world. Industrial safety is mainly concerned with minimizing hazards in the industries.
Hazard is a state, physical or chemical having potential to injure the person or impatient of
health.
“Industrial safety is primarily a management activity which is concerned with reducing,
controlling and eliminating hazards from the industries or industrial units.”
The danger of life of human being is increasing with advancement of scientific
development in different fields. The importance of industrial safety was realized because
every millions of industrial accidents occur which result in either death or in temporary
disablement or permanent disablement of employees and involve large amount of losses
resulting from danger to property, wasted man hours and wasted hours
Development of safety movement
An organized safety movement in India was started in Bombay in 1922, which in due
course, became the first safety association of India. In 1955, the council of industrial safety
was started at Bombay by the Mill owners association. In 1965, The National Safety Council
was formed, according to the decision of the Presidents conference of Industrial Safety, by
the representatives of government, management and trade unions. The council is a voluntary
nonprofit making body. It has been setup to educate and influence society to adopt
appropriate policies and procedures for preventing and reducing human suffering and
economic loss arising from all type of accidents. National safety day is celebrated on March
4th
because on this day NSC (National Safety Council) of India was established.
More ever, from managerial perspective the importance of industrial safety in any
organization may be concluded by following facilitation:
1. Treatment: industrial safety management provides treatment for injuries and illness
at the work place.
2. Medical Examination: it carries out medical examination of staff joining the
organization or returning to work after sickness or accident.
3. Hazards identification.
4. Provision of protective devices.

2. 5. Consultancy: it provides medical advised on other condition potentially affecting
health e.g. works canteen etc.
6. Education: it provides safety and health training
Objectives of industrial safety:
1. To prevent accidents in the plant by reducing the hazard to minimum.
2. To eliminate accident caused work stoppage and lost production.
3. To achieve lower workmen’s compensation, insurance rates and reduce all other direct
and indirect costs of accidents.
4. To prevent loss of life, permanent disability and the loss of income of worker by
eliminating causes of accidents.
5. To evaluate employee’s morale by promoting safe work place and good working
condition.
6. To educate all members of the organization in continuous state of safety mind and to
make supervision competent and intensely safety minded.
A safety programmed includes mainly following four E’s.
• Engineering: i.e. safety at the design, equipment installation stage.
• Education: i.e. education of employees in safe practices.
• Enlistment: It concerns the attitude of the employees and management towards the
programmed and its purpose. It is necessary to arise the interest of employees in accident
prevention and safety consciousness.
• Encouragement: i.e. to enforce adherence to safe rules and practices
Aim of industrial safety
(1) Provide workers with a safe work environment.
(2) Conduct routine/regular workplace inspections.
(3) Provide Personal Protective Equipment.
(4) Develop and implement safe work procedures and rules.
(5) Provide on-going safety training
(6) Enforce safety rules and appropriate discipline.
(7) Provide on-going property conservation practices.
SAFTEY AND PRODUCTIVITY
There is increasing and compelling overseas evidence that providing a healthy and
safe working environment has the potential to increase labour productivity and in turn
increase company profits.
Safety culture is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions,
competencies, and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to and organization’s
health and safety management. It varies from one country to another. Employees may behave
differently due to their background differences in race, nation, religion, and community. To
achieve a positive safety culture, employee involvement and satisfaction must be considered,
as it drives continuous improvement, which may lead to better productivity.

3. Productivity
Productivity construct is composed of eight items, including:
1. Good working environment: A good safe behaviour results in a good working
environment.
2. Material damage: The improvement of safety culture will reduce the material damage
3. Quality of product: Quality improvement is influenced by a positive health and safety
implementation
4. Compensation cost: A positive safety culture leads to the reduction of costs of
accidents borne by the organization, such as compensation cost and plant damage.
5. Reputation: High rates of severe injuries in organizations can have detrimental
(harmful) effects on the reputation as well as performance of an organization.
6. Increased working speed: Enhancement of safety culture leads to increased working
speed.
7. Customer perception: A global concern for safety is related to an ever-increasing
consumer expectation of service excellence.
8. Accident rate: The frequency of accident occurrences may be reduced with good
safety program.
Figure below illustrates how improved worker health and safety has the potential to
increased performance with resulting effects on short-term and long-term productivity for the
company
Fig 1: Pathways to productivity
SAFETY PLANNING
A Safety Plan is a written document that describes the process for identifying the
physical and health hazards that could harm workers, procedures to prevent accidents, and
steps to take when accidents occur. The written safety plan is a blueprint for keeping workers
safe. Many organizations compile their activity-specific safety plans into a single safety
manual.
Safety planning often appears as a core requirement in safety regulations and
standards. Safety planning includes the establishment of a risk management cycle, involving

4. continuous risk identification, evaluation and control. A safety planning has been integrated
into the production planning and control process.
Safety planning diffusion was achieved mostly by training workers based on safety
plans before they started carrying out their tasks. In addition to the monthly evaluation
meetings, safety performance measures were also disseminated (spread widely) in weekly
planning meetings. Moreover, this information was posted on bulletin boards all over the site.
Each written plan includes the following basic elements:
• Policy or goals statement
• List of responsible persons
• Hazard identification
• Hazard controls and safe practices
• Emergency and accident response
• Employee training and communication
• Record keeping
The main steps for producing the safety plans are presented below:
• Establish the necessary tasks to be undertaken: Both conversion and flow activities should
be considered
• Identify existing risks: The effort to identify risks can be supported by tools such as
checklists and brainstorming, as well as the technical literature or plans from past projects
In order to establish a common language for all plans, it is also helpful to adopt a risk
classification
• Define how each risk will be controlled: Considering that safety control will be based on
what has been written down in the plans, preventive measures should not be planned if they
are not considered to be necessary or if there are not enough resources to carry them out.
Although the aim should be to have no accidents, the management should always retain
some residual risks, which must be kept within an acceptable level. Managers are the ones
who must decide what is acceptable or not, following regulations as minimal requirements.
SAFETY RULES
Safety rules list the specific activities to do or avoid for completing the job effectively and
safely. Important things to keep in mind regarding safety rules include:
� No single list of safety rules is adequate for all types of businesses.
� Develop your own list of safety rules based upon standard industry practices and your own
accident experience. Don’t rely solely on generic lists or examples from other employers.
� All rules need to be completely and clearly communicated to management and staff alike.
� All rules should be strictly and consistently enforced.
� If written safety rules are not consistently and equitable enforced, the employer’s actual
practices outside the written rules may create a legal liability if challenged in a legal or
regulatory dispute.
� Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations when creating rules for the operation of
equipment.

5. General safety rules
• All injuries must be reported as soon as possible.
• No horseplay, alcohol, or drugs allowed on premises.
• No alcohol usage allowed during lunch break.
• PPE must be worn as prescribed by management.
• All tools/equipment must be maintained in good condition.
• Only appropriate tools shall be used for specific jobs.
• All guards must be kept in place.
• No spliced electrical cords/wiring allowed.
• Only authorized personnel can operate forklift vehicles.
• Smoking allowed only in lunchroom.
• Seat belt use required of all drivers/passengers.
• All Safety Standards will be followed for job processes requiring respiratory
protection.
Sample safety rules
1. Report to work alert, rested and in good physical condition.
2. Personal protective equipment (such as safety glasses, hearing protection, protective
clothing, and footwear) must be worn when required for specific job tasks or work
areas.
3. All accidents, incidents and injuries, regardless of how minor, shall be reported
immediately to the supervisor in charge.
4. All work is to be performed in a safe manner according to our written policies and
procedures. If you have a concern about the safety of a task, bring this to the attention
of your immediate supervisor.
5. Understand your work assignments and perform only the job functions in which you are
fully trained. Discuss any unfamiliar work assignments with your supervisor prior to
beginning the task.
6. Possession of firearms or other weapons is prohibited on Company property, or while
you are on Company business.
7. Horseplay or practical jokes are prohibited.
8. Use or being under the influence of, intoxicants or drugs while on the job is prohibited
and shall be considered cause for dismissal.
9. No worker shall operate equipment unless trained and authorized for its use.
10. A worker shall not operate a machine unless the guarding mechanisms are in place and
functioning properly.
11. Always use the proper tool, equipment, or process for the job.
12. Ignoring safe work practices, policies, procedures, rules or other safety instruction
could be cause for disciplinary action up to and including termination of employment.
13. All employees shall correct an unsafe condition or practice to the extent of their
authority and/or report the hazard to their supervisor.
14. Ignoring safe work practices, policies, procedures, rules, or other safety instruction is
cause for disciplinary action up to and including termination of employment.

6. Benefits of safety planning
• It provides for a safe and healthful work environment by identifying and controlling
hazards.
• It provides a mechanism for organizing thoughts and approaches and documenting
activities. The process of “working it through” is as important as the Plan, itself.
• It provides a structure for action, especially in an emergency.
• It facilitates coordination with other University groups: Facilities Services
maintenance and delivery staff; emergency personnel; construction or remodelling
workers; Health and Safety Committees, and Environmental Health and Safety.
• It facilitates coordination with non-University organizations: Police Department,
local community organizations, county governments, Department of Ecology etc.
• It helps compliance with Federal and State regulations, helps avoid the citations and
penalties associated with non-compliance.
SAFETY POLICY
Safety policies cover broad topics and communicate company philosophy or general
guidelines. Safety policies should be written as guidelines for reference and discussed with
employees upon hire and during orientation. They provide both vision and inspiration to the
organization and highlight what is believed, valued and expected.
The policy shall include:
a) A statement, which clearly articulates the company's safety objective and goals and
management's commitment to achieve these objective and goals;
b) A clear description of duties and responsibilities of employees at all levels in promoting
and ensuring occupational safety and health in the organization;
c) Acknowledgement that employees are an important resource.
Formulation of safety policy
The development of a health and safety policy or program is the responsibility of the
employer. However, for such a policy or program to be accepted and successful it will need
the commitment and endorsement of the workers. Therefore, it is critical to involve the
workers in the early stages when developing a policy or program. This would include, but not
be limited to, the workers' health and safety representative or the occupational health and
safety committee.
A safety organization shall be established to clearly define the roles, duties,
responsibilities and accountabilities of every individual in the organization. The policy must
be endorsed (approved) by the Chief Executive Officer or the most senior management
staff of the company to demonstrate commitment of top management. The policy must be
well publicized(make widely known), made known, understood and accepted by all levels of
personnel and contractors. The policy must be reviewed and revised (if necessary) on a
regular basis and the date(s) of review and revised stated.

7. Reasons for Safety Programs or Policies in the Workplace
There are several reasons why workplaces need a health and safety policy or program,
including:
• To clearly demonstrate management's full commitment to their employee's health and
safety;
• To show employees that safety performance and business performance are compatible;
• To clearly state the company's safety beliefs, principles, objectives, strategies and
processes to build buy-in through all levels of the company;
• To clearly outline employer and employee accountability and responsibility for
workplace health and safety;
• To comply with the Occupational Health and Safety Act; and
• To set out safe work practices and procedures to be followed to prevent workplace
injuries and illnesses.
SAFETY PROCEDURES
Safety procedures cover specific safety activities. These procedures outline the steps to
be taken to implement a policy. Some procedures are specific to a job or task while others are
general descriptions of how to implement a policy.
Procedures exist for most aspects of a job whether they are formalized and written
down or not. To be effective, safety procedures should be communicated in written and
verbal form and emphasized by showing the employee the procedure and then having them
demonstrate to assure proper understanding of the procedure.
Common safety procedures may cover:
� How to report a hazard
� Step-by-step examples of how to safely complete specific work tasks
� Basic safety rules
� Personal protective equipment
� Chemical usage
� Hazard communication
� Specific equipment use and safe operation
� Sharps use and disposal procedures
� Emergency plans
SAFETY BUDGET
The safety budget is used for funding all activities that make Safety Management
System (SMS) reach the highest standard of safety. Safety training, personal protective
equipment, safety signs, machine guarding, or general safety maintenance are all areas that
should be considered and included when developing a budget.
The establishment of a separate accounting line for safety and health related purchases
is essential. This allows you to clearly track monies expended for this purpose. It also reduces
the likelihood that budget reductions in other areas will occur. In the budget planning process,
staff members should be asked to contribute suggestions for ependitures needed to maintain
safe operations and continue to improve the safety program.

8. The four main safety activities that require funding:
• Development of Safety Procedures
• Training
• Oversight
• Managing Safety Database
Development of Safety Procedures
Through reviewing and updating these procedures regularly for further improvement
and making sure that they comply with safety standards.
Training
Suitable training must be provided to staff to enhance their awareness of the safety
requirements. Depending on the nature of the task, the level of safety management training
required will vary from general safety familiarization to expert level for safety specialists.
Oversight
Funding for Monitoring safety performance and performing safety audits to provide a
better look at human performance errors, helping improve man -machine interactions to
reduce the rates of accident and incident for the industry.
Managing safety database
Improving safety depends heavily on the ability to collect and analyze safety data and
to use that information to develop safer systems and take corrective actions before accidents
occur.
Resources needed:
• Definition of Standard
• Project Specification
• Process Architecture
• Safety Manual (or other manuals)
• Implementation
• Evaluation
• Project management
• Maintenance of the system
COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH BUDGET
The various costs associated with safety are Part-time or Full-time Inspectors and
Auditors cost, pay and incentives, IT Costs, Costs of Audits and Inspections, Costs of
Accreditation (if required or desired), Costs of maintaining Accreditation (if required or
desired.
Fixed Costs
– Salaries and benefits
– IT Costs

9. – Office Space and associated utilities
– Training Costs
Variable Costs
– Number of Safety Audits
– Number of Safety Inspections
– Hotel costs
– Travel costs
– Management time
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SAFETY BUDGET
1. Training for safety - Inhouse by External Faculty, Inhouse by Internal Faculty,
2. Seminars on Safety
3. Promotional activities such as Competitions on various safety related factors
4. Celberation of Safety Day / Week and other days dedicated to Environment, Fire etc.
5. Hiring of External Consultants for Audits and studies
6. Expenses to be incurred towards internal audits by auditors from corporate or from
other group unit.
7. Expenses for liasioning(establishing) activities.
8. Expenses towards presentations to be made if applied for awards at various levels.
9. Expenses towards PPEs, Testing Instruments etc
SAFETY PROFESSIONAL/OFFICER
The role of the safety officer is in most respects advisory. It is essential however, for
the safety officer to be influential and to have technical competence and experience to be
accepted by line management. The later for their part are not likely persistently to disregard
the advice of the safety officer if he possesses these qualifications and is seen to be supported
by senior management.
The situation of the safety officer is one where there is a potential conflict between
function and status. He may have to give unpopular advice to managers more senior than
himself. It is a well understood principle of safety organization, however, that on certain
matters function carries with it authority.
The safety officer should have direct access to a senior manager, eg. Works manager,
should take advantage of this by regular meetings and should be seen to do so. This greatly
strengthens the authority of safety officer.
Although the safety officer’s duties are mainly advisory, he may have certain line
management functions such as responsibility for the fire fighting and security systems, and
his assistants often have responsibilities in respect of the permit- to-work system.
Qualifications of the safety professional
1. He should possess a recognized degree in any branch of engineering or technology or
physics or chemistry and have sufficient practical experience of working
2. Possess a degree or diploma in industrial safety recognized by the Central
Government.
3. Has adequate knowledge of the language spoken by majority of the workers in the
industry which he has appointed.

10. Duties of safety officer
i. To advice the concerned departments in planning and organizing measures necessary
for the effective control of personal injuries
ii. To advice on safety aspects on all departmental work, and to carry out detailed job
safety studies of selected work.
iii. To check and evaluate the effectiveness of the action taken or proposed to be taken to
prevent personal injuries
iv. To advice purchasing and stores departments in ensuring high quality and availability
of personal protective equipment
v. To carry out safety inspections of industry, in order to observe the physical conditions
of work and the work practices and procedures followed by workers and to render
advice on measures to be adopted for removing the unsafe physical conditions and
preventing unsafe actions by workers.
vi. To investigate the cases of occupational diseases contracted and reportable dangerous
occurrences
vii. To advice maintenance of such records as are necessary relating to accidents, dangerous
occurrences and occupational diseases.
viii. To investigate fatal and other selected accidents
ix. To promote setting up of safety committees and act as advisor and catalyst of such
committees
x. To organise in association with the concerned departments, campaigns, competitions,
contests and other activities which will develop and maintain the interest of the workers
in establishing and maintaining safe conditions of work and procedures
xi. To design and conduct either independently or in collaboration with the training
department, suitable training and educational programmes for the prevention of
accidents to industrial workers.
xii. Frame departmental safety rules and are working practices in consultation with the
various departments or authorities
xiii. Supervise and guide in respect of safety precautions to be taken while handling
dangerous operations
SAFETY COMMITTEE
The primary purpose of the Safety Committee is to promote safety awareness and
reduce the potential for injury/loss throughout a Manufacturing Company.
The Safety Committee is to be chaired by the Safety Director and include
representatives from each department (total number of committee members not to exceed five
individuals). Members can be volunteers or appointed. Membership is limited to two terms (1
year each) during any four year period.
Meetings are to be scheduled, when possible, for the same day each month. All
meetings are to take place in the conference room. Each meeting should have a set agenda
and minutes of each meeting recorded. A copy of the minutes shall be forwarded to the
Executive Vice-President within 48 hours of meeting.

11. Each Safety Committee Meeting shall include a review of the prior month’s minutes
as well as a review of the prior month’s injury/illness log and investigations of losses/claims.
Past injuries/claims/losses need to be reviewed for any patterns or trends.
General functions of the Safety Committee can include:
(1) Identifying workplace hazards
(2) Enforcement of Safety Rules
(3) Measuring safety performance
(4) Reducing frequency/severity of injuries
(5) Creating safety policies
(6) Developing and monitoring safety programs
Specific tasks of the Safety Committee can include:
(1) Conducting self-inspections of the workplace
(2) Review employee reports of hazards
(3) Assist in safety training
(4) Creating safety incentive programs
(5) Publish/distribute safety newsletter
(6) Inspect PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
(7) Post safety posters/slogans on bulletin board
(8) Identify Light Duty Jobs
Safety Functions with Objectives and Duties
1. Management Commitment to Workplace Safety and Health
• Establish procedures for review and management's response to minutes.
• Submit written recommendations for safety/health improvement/changes and
response.
• Evaluate employer’s safety/health policies and procedures.
• Respond in writing to safety committee recommendations.
• Review corrective action taken by management.
2. Committee Meetings and Employee Involvement
• Establish procedures for employee input, i.e. to receive suggestions, report hazards,
and other pertinent safety and health information.
• Include employee input on agenda for safety committee meetings.
• Hold monthly meetings.
• Keep meeting minutes.
• Develop and make available a written agenda for each meeting.
• Take meeting minutes and distribute to management and the safety committee
members.
• Include in the meeting minutes all recommendations.

12. 3. Hazard Assessment and Control
• Establish procedures for workplace inspections to identify safety and health hazards.
• Assist the employer in evaluating the accident and illness prevention program.
• Appoint an inspection team of at least one employee representative and one employer
representative.
• Conduct workplace inspections at least quarterly.
• Make a written report of hazards discovered during inspections.
• Review corrective measures. Make written recommendation to correct the hazard,
and submit it to management for timely response.
• Identify high risk job tasks and develop written safe operating conditions.
4. Safety/Health Planning
• Establish procedures to review inspection reports and make appropriate
implementation of new safety/health rules and work practices.
• Develop/establish procedures for an annual review of the company safety and health
program.
5. Accountability
• Evaluate the company safety and health accountability program.
• Make recommendations to implement supervisor and employee account ability for
safety and health.
6. Accident/Incident Investigations
• Establish procedures for reviewing reports completed for all safety incidents,
including injury accidents, illnesses and deaths.
• Review these reports so that recommendations can be made for appropriate corrective
action to prevent recurrence.
7. Safety/Health Training for Committee-Members
• Identify and make accessible applicable OSHA standards and other codes that apply
to your particular industry.
• Provide specific training on your type of business activity. Include at a rninimum,
hazard identification of the workplace and how to perform effective accident incident
investigation.
• Identify the location of safety procedures provided with appropriate equipment and
inform employees of their location.
• Recommend training for new employees and refresher training on company,
department and work location safety practices, procedures and emergency response.
• Management should maintain (and make available to the safety committee) records on
employee safety training.

13. Workplace safety committee member duties
Chair person
• Prepare agenda for next meeting
• Arrange for meeting place
• Notify members of meeting
• Arrange program
• Set time schedule for meeting
• Arrange all seating for members
• Review previous minutes and material for meeting
• Conduct meeting
Secretary
• Record minutes of meeting
• Distribute minutes to committee member s
• Post minutes for other employees
• Report status of recommendation s
• Assume chairperson 's duties, if required
Members
• Report unsafe conditions and practices
• Attend all safety meetings
• Report all accidents or near misses
• Review injury accidents, illnesses and death investigations
• Contribute ideas and suggestions for improvement of safety
• Work safely
• Influence others to work safely
• Make or assist in inspections
SAFETY ORGANIZATIONS
A safety organization consists of a systematic procedure by means of which interest is
created and maintained and all safety activities are co-related and directed. The accident
prevention is a continuing process and hence continuous systematic efforts are necessary.
The basic objectives of safety organization are:
(i) Creating and maintaining interest.
(ii) Fact finding through periodical inspections and surveys of structures, machine tools,
equipment, processes and employee procedures, accident investigation and analysis.
(iii) Selection of remedies and corrective action with regard to unsafe acts and conditions
based upon the found facts.
The organization setup depends upon the size and complexities of the industries. In
small industry foreman or supervisor may be responsible for achievement of all the
objectives of safety. Whereas in large industries the number of positions may be involved in

14. .
the organization set up. A typical organization structure for a manufacturing g concern
employing 1000 workers is shown in the figure.
The Organization set up consists of:
1. Executive safety committee.
2. Operations safety committee.
Executive safety committee: The executive safety committee consists of presidents'
representative, the General Manager, the plant superintendent and the sales manager. The
chief function of the executive safety committee is to determine the policy and set the
standards or plan at which the safety work is to be conducted.
Specific responsibilities and activities of the executive safety committee shall include:
1. Review and action on the report s and recommendations of the operations safety
committee.
2. Periodical considerations of trends and progress in the control of accident frequency and
severity.
3. Approval for abnormal expenditures for accident prevention.
4. Approval for major changes in safety organization and of activities effecting matters of
policy.
Operations safety committee: the function of the operations safety committee is to execute
the policies sat up by the executive safety committee regarding all the phases of accident
prevention.

15. Membership shall consist of executive safety committee, the plant safety inspector,
sales supervisors and plant superintendents.
Specific responsibilities and activities of the committee include:
1. Study and discuss the principal accident producing conditions and circumstances and to
take and recommend practical effective corrective action
2. Review of and action on the reports and recommendations received from the service
engineering
3. Review of and action on the reports of the plan safety inspector.
4. Review of and action on accident investigation reports submitted by supervisors.
5. Periodical check of all authorized safety procedure and their proper functioning.
6. Approval of proposed new construction and installation of equipment, changes in
procedures and processes etc. from the safety viewpoint.
Steps taken by safety organization to control accidents
In order to control the accident the following steps must be taken by safety organization:
A. Supervisory Safety Performance:
(1) Job safety analysis.
(ii) Proper job placement.
(iii) Development of safe working conditions.
(iv) Enforcement of Safety Rules.
(v) Promotion of employee participation in safety.
B. Mental Condition of Person:
(i) Adequate induction and job training.
(ii) Safety training, safety awareness, safety promotion/publicity.
(iii) Regular safety contacts by supervisor.
(iv) Involvement/participation.
(v) Adequate communication concerning the employee.
C. Physical Conditions of Person:
(i) Pre-employment medical examination.
(ii) Periodical medical checkup.
(iii) Proper job placement.
(iv) Adequate medical facilities.
(v)Recognition of physical limitations of workers who are new on job.
How accident can be prevented by safety programme?
For setting up a safety programme the various means generally used may be:
(a) Safety code-Regarding safe working conditions, design, maintenance, inspection,
testing, training etc.
(b) Standardization-Regarding equipment, practices, protective devices.
(c) Inspection- To secure enforcement of (a) above.
(d) Investigation of Accidents-To find out the root cause(s) and remove those.
(e) Research-{a) Technical (b) Medical (c) Psychological (d) Statistical.
(f) Education/training-For all categories of personnel.
(g) Persuasion/Appeal/Counselling of employees-Motivation.

16. (h) Insurance-To cover risks.
(z) Set up full-fledged safety department-For self-regulation within the organization.
National Safety Council (India)
National Safety Council is a premier, non-profit, self-financing and tripartite apex
body at the national level in India. It is an autonomous body, which was set up by the
Government of India, Ministry of Labour and Employment in 4th March 1966 to generate,
develop and sustain a voluntary movement on Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) at the
national level. It was registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and
subsequently, as a Public Trust under the Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950.
The vision of NSC is to serve the society by creating a preventive culture, scientific
mind-set and organised approach to SHE issues. It is our belief that these issues are a basic
humanitarian concern.
Activities of NSC includes
• Conducting specialised training Courses, Conferences, Seminars & Workshops all
over the Nation
• Conducting consultancy studies such as Safety Audits, Hazard Evaluation,
Emergency Management Planning & Risk Assessment
• Designing and developing HSE promotional materials & publications
• Facilitating organizations in celebrating various campaigns e.g. Road safety week,
Safety Day, Fire Service Week, World Environment Day
• Organised many national and international conferences e.g. XIII World Congress
(1993) and XI APOSHO Conference (1995) and implemented many a prestigious
project

17. MODULE II
Accident prevention: - Basic philosophy of accident prevention-nature and causes of
accidents-accident proneness-cost of accidents-accident prevention methods-Domino theory-
safety education and training-training methods-motivation and communicating safety-
personal protective equipments.
ACCIDENT
The ordinary meaning of the word “Accident” as derived from lexicons is an
unforeseen of an unexpected event'. This definition covers a wide range of phenomena
including even natural catastrophes and cannot, therefore, subserve the purpose of a scientific
investigation. The term accident 'when used in industry', while in essence retaining this
popular connotation, refers to a district class of the phenomena. The American 'National
Safety Council' has defined accident as “that occurrence in a sequence of events which
usually produces unintended injury, death or the property damage”. Heinrich' has, however,
defined accident as "an unplanned and uncontrolled event in which the action or reaction
on an object, substance , person or radiation result in personal injury."
Basically accidents constitute a behavioral problem signifying disintegration in the
equilibrium of the individual in relation to the work situation. The forces that make for the
disequilibrium are mainly drawn from the stress of the work situation and the psycho- social
character of the individual involved. As soon as this filed is distributed due to the
displacement of the relatively specific situation or the appearance of new one the equilibrium
is upset, causing an interruption or disorganization in performance. By and large, therefore,
accidents are defined as "unforeseen, sudden, unintended or unconscious deviations in work,
activity tending to end or to an injury".
THEORY OF ACCIDENT OCCURENCE

18. BASIC PHILOSOPHY OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION/CONTROL
Accident prevention is the tactical, sometimes relatively short-term, approach to
controlling workers, materials, tools and equipment, and the workplace for the purpose of
reducing or preventing the occurrence of accidents. This is in contrast to safety management,
which is a relatively long-term strategic approach for the overall planning, education, and
training of such activities. A good accident prevention process is an orderly approach very
similar to the methods engineering program shown in figure below.
The first step in the accident prevention process is the identification of the problem in
a clear and logical form. Once the problem is identified, the safety engineer the needs to
collect data and analyze them so as to understand the causation of the accident and identify
possible remedies to prevent it or, if not completely prevent it, at least to reduce the effects or
severity of the accident. In many cases, there may be several solutions, and the safety
engineer will need to select one of these solutions. Then the remedy will have to be
implemented and monitored to ensure that it is truly effective. If it is not effective, the
engineer may need to repeat this process and attempt another, perhaps better remedy. This
monitoring effectively closes the feedback cycle and ensures a continuous improvement
process for accident prevention.
ACCIDENT CAUSES
It is established that the accidents are caused, they do not happen out of nothing.
Whenever there occurs an accident, there must be some cause, which may be obvious, or
difficult to trace.
The causes of accidents may be classified into two categories:
1. Technical causes – Unsafe conditions
(a) Mechanical factors
(b) Environmental factors
2. Human factors
(a) Unsafe Act
(b) Unsafe personal factors
Mechanical factors:
1. Continued use of old, poorly maintained or unsafe equipment, this is generally
accompanied by failure to have regular plant safety and preventive inspection of all

19. production facilities in accordance with a properly designed time schedule. For example:
If crane elevator cables are not regularly inspected and promptly replaced when
dangerously worn.
2. Unguarded or improper guarded machines or equipment, guards of improper height,
strength, mesh etc.
3. Unsafe process, mechanical, chemical, electrical etc.
4. Improper material handling system
5. Improper plant layout
6. Violation of prescribes safety practices
7. Unsafely clothed, no goggles, gloves and masks, smoking in no smoking areas, wearing
high heal shoes etc.
Environmental factors
1. Temperature and humidity: Low temperature causes shivering. Too high temperature
causes head-ache and sweating, this causes fatigue to the operator.
2. Defective and inadequate illumination: It causes glares, shadows, eye strain etc.
3. Presence of dust, fumes and smoke.
4. Harsh or dominating behavior of management or supervisors towards worker.
5. Overly fatigued worker: Excess fatigue may arise out of work assignment that may tax the
worker’s physical and mental powers
6. Excessively long duration of work, shift duty.
7. The type of leader ship adopted by the management in the organization
Human causes
Unsafe act: Unsafe act may be defined as the deviation from normal and correct
procedure or practice. It results in unnecessary exposure to hazards, or conduct minimizing
the degree of safety.
The following are unsafe acts:
1. Operating without authority
2. Operating or working at unsafe speed
3. Making safety devices unoperative
4. Taking unsafe position or posture
5. Failure to use personal protective devices
6. Improper use of tools
The unsafe personal factors
The unsafe personal factors are the mental or bodily characteristics which promote
unsafe acts. They are:
1. Improper attitude (disregard of instructions, failure to understand instructions, nervousness,
excitability)
2. Ignorance, forgetfulness, carelessness, day dreaming etc.
3. Lack of knowledge and skill (unaware of safe practices, unskilled)
4. Home environment
5. Mental worries

20. 6. Bodily defects (defective eye sight or hearing, weak heart etc.)
7. Feeling of job in security among workers.
8. Accident Proneness
ACCIDENT PRONENESS
It is a continuing tendency of a person to have more accidents as a result of his
persisting/inherent characteristics. The workers who are found consistently to experience
more accidents than the average workers are called as Accident Prone Workers. Accident
proneness is related to psychological and physiological make up of certain persons. The
causes of accident proneness may be unattentiveness, and day-dreaming, poor eyesight, too
much sensitiveness, lack of train in g and skill, unsafe behaviour etc.
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
Accident prevention involves removal or control of hazards. It is both science and art.
It represents above all other things, control of human performance, machine performance and
physical environment. 'Control' here means prevention as well as correction of unsafe actions
and conditions. Accident prevention requires combination of efforts using:
(a) Psychology and philosophy, for human behaviours and attitudes and actions.
(b) Natural sciences.
(c) Engineering/Technology.
(d) Medicine, Hygiene etc.
The five basic reasons, for Accident Prevention can be:
(a) Basic Need for Safety
(b) Economic
(c) Productivity
(b) Humanitarian
(d) Legal
''An injury prevented is a benefaction (a gift), an injury compensated an apology ''.
Accident prevention is the work of eliminating the mechanical hazards of environment and
the unsafe actions of persons before the accident and the injury occurs.
It is concerned with the control of man performance, machine performance and
physical environment. Accident prevention is a vital factor in every industrial enterprise; if it
is ignored or practiced unskillfully, leads to needless human suffering and low business
quality.
Accident prevention brings about spectacular achievements in the saving of life,
compensation, continuity of services, increased production, decreased labour turnover and
improved labour management relations.
To be effective in hazard control programme, it must be planned and should be
logical. Programme objectives and safety policies need to be established. Responsibility to
the hazard control programme needs to be determined.

21. Accident prevention consists of four major steps. These are:
(a) Discover the causes. (b) Control environmental causes.
(c) Control behaviouristic causes. (d) Supplementary activities.
(a) Discovering accident causes: Before any steps can be taken it is essential to find out-
1. The causes of previous accidents and
2. The existing hazards that may cause accident unless corrected.
These activities are necessary not only before starting the actual procedures for
accident prevention but also afterwards, for they must be given continuous never ending
attention; otherwise the real efforts of accident prevention will get out of hand. The
supervisors report of accident investigation is the basis of all analysis of past accidents.
After finding the potential hazards by survey and inspection, analysis must be made to
select most important hazards to be attacked. The reasons for existence of hazard s must be
found when thee do not yield to corrections. Knowing and finding the hazards is only the
beginning. These must be corrected/ controlled.
(b) Controlling environmental causes: All the environmental causes have something to do
with machinery and equipment, with the things one can see and feel. A good layout and
working conditions play a major role in preventing many accidents. Improper physical and
mechanical environment suchas space, light, heat, arrangement, ventilation, materials, tools,
equipment, procedures, company policy, routing etc. make it awkward, difficult, in
convenient or impossible to follow safe practice rules.
1. The layout should be such that:
(a) Every e1nployee has enough space to move and operate.
(b) Passage ways between working p laces, roads, tracks etc. must never be obstructed.
2. The working area should prevent the inrush of cold air, hot air and draughts to the working
place. .
3. For adequate lighting, ventilation etc. the heights of working room should be about 3
meters.
4. Floors must be nonskid type satisfactorily plane and should have capacity to absorb sounds
vibration etc.
5. Doors and windows should be of adequate dimensions in order to make full use of natural
day light.
6. Select, purchase and make use of machines and process which will produce little noise.
7. Isolate and keep noise producing machines in separate close cabin.
8. Use suitable machine mounts to damp-down the vibration.
9. Use proper material handling equipment; it should also be promptly repaired and
adequately maintained.

22. (c) Controlling behaviouristic causes: These can be controlled through the application of:-
1. Job analysis (4) Discipline
2. Job training (5) Personal work
3. Supervision (6) Physical examination.
Proper placement of workers: In general itis much more difficult to control behaviouristic
causes than it is to control environmental causes. It can neither be seen nor felt. It is the result
of such complicated factors as heredity, emotion, diet and habits etc. For example, a wrong
attitude is an important behaviouristic causes that is more closely induced by worry. Many
workers worry about current finance problems or the possibility of poverty in old age or the
expenses on medical care. The activities such as pension plans, group health and accident
insurance and employees credit union have helped to relieve thousands of workers from some
of these worries and problems and helped in improving the company's accident record.

23. Behaviouristic causes of Accidents-How to eliminate them
Only discovering the corrective action or remedy is not enough. Unless the remedy is
successfully applied, all the previous steps will be useless.
The safety engineer has to direct authority for implementation of the remedies. Hence he
must :
(1) Prepare and present his recommendations and suggestions to management so that
management is convinced of the importance, and thus obtain active support.
(ii) Establish safety organisation.
(iii) Create enthusiasm and co-operation at all levels.
(d) Supplementary Activities: The workers should be properly trained to observe safety
rules. If necessary discipline is to be strictly enforced, wide publicity should be given
through:
1. Posters, 2. Booklets and other literature
3. Movies, 4. Film strips,
5. Contests, 6. Meetings,
7. Committees, 8.Suggestion system
9. Employee magazines, Bulletins 10. Safety books, safety training.

24. COST OF ACCIDENT
Often the extent of the cost of accident is not evident and hence not appreciated.
Usually, only "direct costs which represent compensation and medical expenses to be borne
by the management are taken into consideration when computing costs due to accidents. The
hidden or 'indirect costs' to the management, the injured and society at large ignored every
often.
COST OF THE INJURED
The injured workers themselves are the very heavy losers. Their actual losses in
money may not be as great as employer's but he can ill -afford to withstand his share of
financial burden. Where he is not covered by any benefit schemes of the management or any
insurance, he will have to bear himself the loss of wages, the cost of medical expenses and
the loss due to the any permanent disablement. Even when there are insurance of benefit
scheme, the compensation and medical benefits are rarely adequate. Further no costing can be
done to compensate for the suffering, pain, worry and effects due to incapacitation.
COST OF MANAGEMENT
According to detailed study carried out by Heinrich the indirect costs which
present all the incidental costs due to an accent except those relating to medical expenses
and compensation, work out on an average to about four time the direct costs. Some
studies report indirect costs to be even six times the direct costs. While these ratios
indicate the average pattern, individual accidents could be very costly particularly when
the accidents are serious or result in heavy damage to equipment.
Direct Costs
The direct costs of accidents comprise of (a) the compensation paid to the injured
person; and (b) medical expenses on his treatment since both these are generally covered
under insurance, the cost of accident on these accounts are also commonly as Insured Cost.
Indirect Costs
The following items contribute towards the indirect of uninsured costs of accidents
and can be calculated in terms of money unlike the other less tangible losses such as the
effect of accidents on morale etc.
 Lost time of injured employees: These are the wages paid for the time lost by the
injured worker other than those paid under the workman's compensation law.
 Lost time of other employees: After an accident all employees of the section op to
watch, assist or talk about it. Some time is also lost as the equipment damages in
accident are required or the output or aid of the injured person is required.
 Lost time of Foreman, Supervisors or other executives: Time spent on activities such
as investigating the accident, preparing reports, settling claims arising from it,
Selecting training or booking in new worker etc.
 Cost of time spent by the first aid attendant and hospital staff of factory
 Cost of damage to material or equipment. This should also include the cost incurred in
back in order the material or equipment which may be thrown into a state of disorder.
 Incidental cost due to interference with production like loss of profit on contracts
cancelled or orders lost

25.  Costs under employee welfare and benefit systems: These will be other than those
paid as compensation.
 Cost due to continuance of wages to injured persons in full: The output of injured
worker is below normal for some period after he rejoins work.
 Cost due to loss of profit on the injured worker's productivity and on idle machines.
 Overhead cost over injured worker: These are expenses for the light, heat, rent and
other items with continue over while the injured worker is away from work.
COST OF SOCIETY
Industrial accidents place a heavy burden on Society It is ultimately the Society
suffers all losses. For example, taking economical considerations alone, the financial losses
of direct and indirect costs by the management will have to be met consumers in terms of
increased cost of products. Further, it is society, which again, ultimately bears the financial
burden of maintenance of all the disabled employees and their dependents. Looking at it from
this board perspective, every citizen bears a proportion of the cost of accidents and knowing
heavy costs, every effort should be made prevent accidents.
DOMINO THEORY
The domino theory developed by H. W. Heinrich, a safety engineer and pioneer in the
field of industrial accident safety.
Heinrich’s Domino Theory states that “accidents result from a chain of sequential
events, representing like a line of dominoes falling over. When one of the dominoes falls, it
triggers the next one, and the next…but removing a key factor (such as an unsafe condition
or an unsafe act) prevents the start of the chain reaction”.
According to Heinrich, an "accident" is one factor in a sequence that may lead to an
injury.
• The factors can be visualized as a series of dominoes standing on edge; when one
falls, the linkage required for a chain reaction is completed.
• Each of the factors is dependent on the preceding factor.

26. Heinrich’s Dominos – The Process
1. A personal injury (the final domino) occurs only as a result of an accident.
2. An accident occurs only as a result of a personal or mechanical hazard.
3. Personal and mechanical hazards exist only through the fault of careless persons or
poorly designed or improperly maintained equipment.
4. Faults of persons are inherited or acquired as a result of their social environment or
acquired by ancestry.
5. The environment is where and how a person was raised and educated.
Heinrich posits five metaphorical dominoes labelled with accident causes. They are
1. Social Environment and Ancestry,
2. Fault of Person,
3. Unsafe Act or Mechanical or Physical Hazard (unsafe condition),
4. Accident, and
5. Injury
1) Social Environment and Ancestry: This first domino in the sequence deals with worker
personality. Heinrich explains that undesirable personality traits, such as stubbornness, greed,
and recklessness can be “passed along through inheritance” or develop from a person’s social
environment, and that both inheritance and environment (what we usually refer to now as
“nature” and “nurture”) contribute to Faults of Person.
2) Fault of Person: The second domino also deals with worker personality traits. Heinrich
explains that inborn or obtained character flaws such as bad temper, ignorance, and
recklessness contribute at one remove to accident causation. According to Heinrich, natural
or environmental flaws in the worker’s family or life cause these secondary personal defects,
which are themselves contributors to Unsafe Acts, or the existence of Unsafe Conditions.
3) Unsafe Act and/or Unsafe Condition: The third domino deals with Heinrich’s direct cause
of incidents. As mentioned above, Heinrich defines these factors as things like “starting
machinery without warning and absence of rail guards.” Heinrich felt that unsafe acts and
unsafe conditions were the central factor in preventing incidents, and the easiest causation
factor to remedy, a process which he likened to lifting one of the dominoes out of the line.
4) Accident: Of accidents, Heinrich says, “The occurrence of a preventable injury is the
natural culmination of a series of events or circumstances which invariably occur in a fixed
and logical order.” He defines accidents as, “events such as falls of persons, striking of
persons by flying objects are typical accidents that cause injury.”
5) Injury: Injury results from accidents, and some types of injuries Heinrich specifies in his
“Explanation of Factors” are cuts and broken bones.
Corrective Actions in Sequence that has to be followed according to Heinrich’s Domino
Theory includes 3 “E” s
• Engineering
– Control hazards through product design or process change
• Education
– Train workers regarding all facets of safety
– Impose on management that attention to safety pays off
• Enforcement

27. – Insure that internal and external rules, regulations, and standard
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY TRAINING
With an emphasis on each trainee's role and responsibility in developing a more
complete knowledge of, and appreciation for, workplace safety, the industrial safety training
program provides employees with specific procedures for handling various materials,
operating different kinds of machinery, and performing various tasks safely while at the same
time ensuring maximum organizational productivity.
Employers must have an overall safety program including relative site specific safety
information where applicable. The safety training program should cover topics such as:
• Accident prevention and safety promotion
• Safety compliance
• Accident and emergency response
• Personal protective equipment
• Safety practices
• Equipment and machinery
• Chemical and hazardous materials safety
• Workplace hazards
• Employee involvement
Those who are new on the job have a higher rate of accidents and injuries than more
experienced workers. If ignorance of specific job hazards and of proper work practices is
even partly to blame for this higher injury rate, then training will help to provide a solution.
The Management should evaluate or verify that employees comprehend the training
given to them. This means that the training to be given must have established goals and
objectives regarding what are to be accomplished. Subsequent to the training, an evaluation
would be conducted to verify that the employees understood the subjects presented or
acquired the desired skills. If the established goals and objectives of the training program
were not achieved as expected, the employer then would revise the training program to make
it more effective, or conduct more frequent refresher training or some combination of these.
Benefits of a training program
An effective training program can reduce the number of injuries and deaths, property
damage, legal liability, illnesses, workers' compensation claims, and missed time from work.
An effective safety training program can also help a trainer keep the required mandated safety
training courses organized and up-to-date.
Safety training classes help establish a safety culture in which employees themselves
help promote proper safety procedures while on the job. It is important that new employees
be properly trained and embraces the importance of workplace safety as it is easy for
seasoned workers to negatively influence the new hires. That negative influence however, can
be purged (removed) with the establishment of new, hands-on, innovative effective safety
training which will ultimately lead to an effective safety culture. The role of training in

28. developing and maintaining effective hazard control activities is a proven and successful
method of intervention.
An employer is required to train employees in the safety and health aspects of their
jobs. It is the employer’s responsibility to limit certain job assignments to employees who are
“certified,” “competent,” or “qualified”—meaning that they have had special previous
training, in or out of the workplace. The term “designated” personnel means selected or
assigned by the employer or the employer’s representative as being qualified to perform
specific duties.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA’s) training guidelines follow a model
that consists of:
A. Determining if Training is needed
B. Identifying Training Needs
C. Identifying Goals and Objectives
D. Developing learning activities
E. Conducting the training
F. Evaluating program effectiveness
G. Improving the program
A. Determining if training is needed
Training is an effective solution to problems such as employee lack of understanding,
unfamiliarity with equipment, incorrect execution of a task, lack of attention, or lack of
motivation. Sometimes, however, the situation cannot be mitigated (make bad) through the
use of training and other methods, such as the establishment of engineering controls, may be
needed to ensure worker safety.
B. Identifying training needs
A job safety analysis and/or a job hazard analysis should be conducted with every
employee so that it is understood what is needed to do the job safely and what hazards are
associated with the job. A safety trainer may observe the worker in his/her environment to
adequately assess the worker's training needs. Certain employees may need extra training due
to the hazards associated with their particular job. These employees should be trained not
only on how to perform their job safely but also on how to operate within a hazardous
environment.
C. Identifying Goals and Objectives
It is important for the Trainer to identify necessary training material. It is equally
important that the trainer identify training material that is not needed to avoid unnecessary
training and frustration from their trainees.
At the beginning of every safety training session the trainer should clearly iterate the
objectives of the class. The objectives should be delivered using action oriented words like:
the employee... "will be able to demonstrate" or "will know when to"... which will help the
audience understand what he/she should know by the end of the class or what to information

29. to understand during the class. Clearly established objectives also help focus the evaluation
process on those skill sets and knowledge requirements necessary to perform the job safely.
D. Developing Learning Activities
Training should be hands-on and simulate the job as closely as possible. Trainers can
use instructional aids such as charts, manuals, PowerPoint presentations, and films. Trainers
can also include role-playing, live demonstrations, and round-table group discussions to
stimulate employee participation. Games like "what's wrong with this picture" (it is usually
good to use pictures of situations found at their specific location)".
E. Conducting the Training
Trainers should provide employees with an overview of the material to be learned and
relate the training to the employees' experiences. Employers should also reinforce what the
employees have learned by summarizing the program's objectives and key points of training.
At the beginning of the training program, the trainer should show the employees why the
material is important and relevant to their jobs. Employees are more likely to pay attention
and apply what they've learned if they know the benefits of the training.
F. Evaluating Program Effectiveness
Evaluation will help employers or supervisors determine the amount of learning
achieved and whether an employee’s performance has improved on the job. Among the
methods of evaluating training are:
(1) Student opinion: Questionnaires or informal discussions with employees can help
employers determine the relevance and appropriateness of the training program
(2) Supervisors’ observations: Supervisors are in good positions to observe an employee’s
performance both before and after the training and note improvements or changes
(3) Workplace improvements: The ultimate success of a training program may be changes
throughout the workplace that result in reduced injury or accident rates
(4) Formal assessments: Practical and written exams also assist in evaluating understanding
of training material. For example, for a lift-truck operator, a written and a practical exam
would identify areas of training that may need to be revisited. Furthermore administering
a pre-test and post-test will establish a knowledge base line or reference point to measure
training effectiveness.
G. Improving the Program
As evaluations are reviewed, it may be evident the training was not adequate and that
the employees did not reach the expected level of knowledge and skill. As the program is
evaluated, the trainer should ask:
(1) If a job analysis was conducted, was it accurate?
(2) Was any critical feature of the job overlooked?
(3) Were the important gaps in knowledge and skill included?
(4) Was material already known by the employees intentionally omitted?
(5) Were the instructional objectives presented clearly and concretely?
(6) Did the objectives state the level of acceptable performance that was expected of

30. employees?
(7) Did the learning activity simulate the actual job?
(8) Was the learning activity appropriate for the kinds of knowledge and skills required
on the job?
(9) When the training was presented, was the organization of the material and its
meaning made clear?
(10) Were the employees motivated to learn?
(11) Were the employees allowed to participate actively in the training process?
(12) Was the employer’s evaluation of the program thorough?
SAFETY AND COMMUNICATION AND MOTIVATION
Safety communication comes in varying forms including policies and procedures,
performance statistics, hazard and incident reports, workplace inductions, risk assessments,
and training. Effective communication mechanisms are critical to engage staff in safety
activities, to gain cooperation and support, and to maintain a positive safety culture. These
mechanisms need to complement the practical and technical safety strategies. Clear and
constructive safety communication can improve knowledge and understanding that prevents
at-risk behaviours and enhances safe work practices.
Communication allows people, tasks, processes and systems to interact purposively
and co-operatively to achieve health, safety and environment (HSE) objectives. The way we
communicate about safety will influence whether or not people will understand and
participate in the safety process, and the language we use will often determine whether the
process is accepted or rejected.
Merely training people to work safely will often not be sufficient. It may be necessary
to provide forms of motivation and publicity to encourage them to take responsibility for their
own health and safety, and that of others. The methods used will need to create an
atmosphere that promotes safe behaviour, and reminds and reinforces the benefits for
employees and the organisation of working safely.
In a system of open and two-way communication, management provides employees
with relevant information on hazards and risks associated with the organization’s operations
to build understanding on how to work safely. They listen and act on the concerns of
employees. People will contribute more effectively in an environment that provides a frame
work for consultation and communication that creates the conditions where individuals are
encouraged and prepared to report hazards, incident s and near-misses. Involving employees
in decisions about changes and responding to their concerns helps to establish common goals
between management and employees, and motivates them to work safely. Staff involvement
in the HSE decision-making process is a characteristic of a positive safety culture and has
also been recognized as being fundamental to the successful implementation and
sustainability of a HSE Management System.

31. MODULE III
Safety management techniques: - Safety inspection-Safety sampling technique-Safety
audit- Safety survey-Incident recall technique-Job safety analysis-Damage control-
Risk management.
Involvement in safety: - Role of management-role of supervisors-role of workmen-
role of unions- role of government
SAFETY INSPECTION
Effective safety and health inspections are one of the most important
incident/accident prevention tools in a company's safety and health program. Using
properly trained inspectors in a planned inspection program will reduce incidents and
property damage. An effective safety inspection program will improve worker
communication, company morale and, over time, save the employer money.
Safety inspections are aimed primarily at finding and recording unsafe
conditions. This narrow focus tends to ignore other causes of incidents, such as unsafe
actions and personal factors. In addition, workers and supervisors are generally well
aware of the inspection team’s arrival a day or two before the inspection. This
warning system sometimes creates a preparatory atmosphere before the inspectors
arrive. That means the inspectors often observe the workplace and those within it only
on a superficial basis. The result is that safety inspectors rarely see the actual
situations that are causing the incidents, injuries and property damage. In order for
your inspection team to be effective, they must inspect the workplace in its day-to-day
status. They must see the activities and the conditions in which incidents, injuries and
property damage occur.
The primary focus of this program should be accident prevention, through the
maintenance of safe working conditions and the removal of any potential hazards that
arise in the workplace. Good inspection programs will also identify the “items to be
inspected and then set standards to be maintained in the workplace by supervision and
workers”. The program should include a system that will record inspections done and
ensure that any problems identified are corrected by a responsible person who has the
ability to carry out the necessary changes. A follow-up system, through the safety
committee and management, should be employed to ensure that all items are followed
up and corrected. Once the inspection program is in place, the safety program should
provide a means of monitoring it to see if trends arise that may be contributing to the
company's accident or injury problems.

32. General requirements of the inspection program
1. Who establishes the inspection program?
Every employer must ensure that regular inspections are made of all
workplaces.
2. What must be inspected in the workplace?
Buildings, structures, grounds, excavations, tools, equipment, machinery, and
work methods and practices.
3. How often?
Inspections must be done at intervals that will prevent the development of
unsafe working conditions.
There are various types of inspections that must be done in the workplace.
Some will be done on a daily basis by operators before using equipment and
machinery, others are ongoing by supervisors each time they pass through the
workplace. Some inspections will be done after an accident or the purchase of new
equipment. Although this workbook is concerned with planned inspections, the other
types must be included in the overall inspection program.

33. Safety Inspectors
1. Management
Management should, whenever possible, show their commitment to the
program by being involved in the inspection process. When management becomes
part of the regular inspection team, it will show commitment to the company safety
program.
Department managers should be aware of the conditions that exist in the
workplace and the various procedures necessary to carry out the work process.
Management should review inspection reports and ensure that proper action is taken to
correct any hazards that are reported.
2. Supervisors
Continuous inspections are generally done by supervisors and foremen each
time they pass through their area of responsibility. Supervisors are accountable for the
safety of workers under their control. Therefore, they should be constantly on the
lookout for any hazard that might arise in the work areas. Supervisors should ensure
that workers are carrying out preoperational checks when and where they are required.
In some companies, additional responsibility is also assigned to safety captains and /or
other workers who are on the alert for unsafe conditions and actions.
3. Workers
Although we have referred to workers as safety committee members and as part
of the planned safety inspection team(s), we have not identified one important part of
a workers' responsibility. This is the pre-job inspection. It should be one of the major
parts of a company's accident prevention efforts. Workers must inspect their work
areas for hazards to ensure that they will not be injured as a result of their job. This
may mean nothing more than watching out for hazards or it may mean a detailed pre-
job inspection checking out equipment before use.
4. Qualified Inspectors
Although we have indicated who will do inspections in compliance with
OH&S Regulation, we have not yet considered what expertise and training they
should have to carry out effective safety inspections. Inspections should be done by
employees who are familiar with the work process and the areas they are inspecting.
They must be given instruction in the inspection system and be made aware of the
standards that have been established in the areas they are inspecting.
Frequency of Inspections
The following is an overview of various inspections that should be considered
when developing a safety inspections system:

34. Planned inspections are to be done on a regular basis as specified by OH&S
Regulations. Although the term "regular" does not specify a time period, these
inspections are generally done in accordance with the hazards associated with a
particular industry and its potential for serious incidents. An example of a low hazard
industry might be an office which does its planned inspections on a 30-day basis.
However, a higher hazard industry such as logging might be doing planned
inspections every week or 10 days. Planned inspections are also the time to check on
other persons who have inspection responsibilities to ensure that they are being done
according to regulation and established standards.
Spot or Special Inspections should be done by management, supervisors and
safety committee members from time to time. The purpose of a spot inspection may
be to follow up on corrective action after an incident or accident. Other reasons may
be the installation of a new piece of equipment or a change in a work process or
procedure, which may prompt an update to the inspection checklists or guidelines.
SAFETY SAMPLING
Safety sampling is a method by which management studies people and
processes with the aim of making a safer workplace. This is accomplished by
identifying, detecting, and reducing the unsafe acts people and processes exhibit prior
to accidents.
Sampling is the most important step in assuring that good quality aggregates
are being used. Since a sample is just a small portion of the total material, the
importance that the sample be representative of the material being delivered cannot be
overemphasized. Any test performed on the sample, regardless of how carefully and
accurately performed, is worthless unless the sample is truly representative of the
material offered for use on the project.
Safety sampling measures how often (agreed-to) standard practices (identified
‘safe’ or minimal risk behaviours) are used.
The advantages of safety sampling are:
• It is a sensitive and predictive indication of health and safety performance,
enabling a workgroup to measure reliably whether safety is improving in a
matter of days or weeks rather than months or years.
• It is a positive measure, focussing on how good rather than how poor safety is.
• It is a direct measure of safety performance, focussing on how well personnel
are complying with their own agreed safety responsibilities.
• The results of sampling can be used as powerful performance feedback through
its use of standard practices by increasing the use of standard practices by
positive reinforcement.

35. • It involves all workers and achieves ‘ownership’. Management can recommend
safety programs but unless everyone embraces safety and their own daily
responsibility for it, the programs won’t work.
TYPES OF SAMPLING
A.Probability sampling
1.Simple Random sampling
2.Systematic sampling
3.Stratified sampling
4.Cluster sampling
5.Multi- stage sampling
B. Non- Probability sampling
1. Convenience sampling
2. Judgment sampling
3. Quota sampling
Simple Random Sampling
• Each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance,
• Each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during
the sampling process
Simple random
Systematic Sampling
This is a special kind of random sampling in which the selection of the first unit of the
sample from the population is based on randomization.
The remaining units of the sample are selected from the population at fixed intervals
of n, where n is the sample size

36. Stratified Sampling
• The population is divided into specified set of strata
• Members of each group will have similar attributes
• Members between strata have dissimilar attributes
Cluster Sampling
• Total population is divided into clusters
• Members in each cluster are heterogeneous
• Different clusters are similar to each other
• Each cluster can be treated as small population
• Any one of the clusters is randomly selected and all the units of the
cluster are selected
SAFETY AUDIT
Audit is a systematic and, wherever possible, independent examination to
determine whether activities and related results conform to planned arrangements and
whether these arrangements are implemented effectively and are suitable to achieve
the organization's policy and objectives.
A safety audit enables the assessment of safety standards in the workplace. It
also helps to identify unsafe work practices and procedures. Since the majority of
industrial accidents are caused by the unsafe practices of personnel, reacting to
information gathered from audits can prevent accidents. Each major industry should
have an audit program involving regular audits concentrating on safety in plant,
machinery, equipment and procedures.
Objectives of safety audit
• Appraise existing plants on occupational safety, hygiene and health aspects to
determine where improvements could be made.
• Review of drawings and other specifications for new facilities and equipment
to ensure they meet safety, hygiene and health requirements and safe practices.
• Review compliance with Municipal Regulations.
• Identify hazards and establish preventive and corrective measures.

37. • Assess company policy, responsibility, supervision and safety program
enforcement and effectiveness of hazard control.
• Appraise the safety performance of the factory.
• Assess risks and plan for emergencies.
Steps of safety audit
A Safety audit team comprising of a leader and several members shall be formed. The
exact size will be determined by the
1. Time span of audit
2. Man power availability
3. Plant process and size
The audit team may consist of
1. Consultants. (Third party agency)
2. General Manager/Works Manager
3. Safety Manager/Officer
4. Safety Engineer/Officer
5. Supervisor/Engineer of individual plant.
6. Medical Officer
7. Officer of Occupational Health and Safety Section
Audit scope
The audit scope will be determined by the public Health and Safety
Department. An audit may involve a single industrial process/section of factory or an
entire industrial facility or to a particular scope specified. The management may
conduct additional safety audits in addition to the requirements made by the public
Health and Safety Department.

38. Collection of Data
The primary data on plant operations is vital information for a safety audit
program. The types of information that will be useful in conducting the audit are as
follows:
Design information
• Plan, elevation, cross-section of buildings and layout of plant and machinery .
• Process flow charts
• Raw materials used.
• Process details and operating manuals.
• Plant, machinery and equipment details
• Plant designs including egress and exits.
Production process
• Job descriptions/functions of personnel, Operating procedures.
• Maintenance activity/periodical testing of plant and equipment.
• Hazardous processes/activities.
• Physical, chemical and biological hazards in various activities.
• Material safety data sheets.
• Manpower involved.
• Identification of each type of workplace.
Safety Activities
• Management commitment to Safety - Safety Policy - Accident Prevention
Programs.
• Personal protection and medical examination.
• Accident statistics/occupational illness/safety performance.
• Safety control measures/procedures.
• Safety training.
• Risk assessment/safety reports.
SAFETY SURVEY
Safety Survey - a systematic review, to recommend improvements where
needed, to provide assurance of the safety of current activities, and to confirm
conformance with applicable parts of the safety management system. A safety survey
is an organization’s internal systematic evaluation to check safe operations and
practices are in place in workplaces and facilities. It is an opportunity to suggest
improvements on safety issues and confirm intended safety regulations are being
complied with. It is an integral part of the safety management system.

39. The main reason of safety survey is to bridge the gap between perception and
reality. They differ from the general safety inspections or audits conducted by the
government or other legislative bodies. Surveys are conducted regularly to detect
unsafe conditions due to malpractices, mishandling of equipment, improper stowage
of materials, poor housekeeping, workplace hazards, fire hazards, machine wear and
tear, unsafe and unauthorized activities, and no or improper use of personal protective
equipment.
These surveys collect feedback about the quality of the company’s safety
program directly from the employees. Surveys of this type provide a leading indicator
of safety program improvement.
Safety surveys may include the following points:
• Building Conditions: Structural safety, housekeeping, unobstructed exits, fire
protection, and electrical items
• Equipment: Machine guarding, wear-and-tear on joints and connections
• Health Conditions: Sufficiency of light and air, temperature and humidity
levels, noise pollution, ergonomics, and the presence of slip, trip and fall
hazards
• Procedures and Practices: Standard operating procedure is in place, safety
practices are adhered to, personal protective equipment is used, and procedures
for preventing exposure to harmful substances are followed
• Personal Acts: The presence of unsafe and unauthorized activity, talking while
working, mindlessness, etc.
Benefits of Using Surveys
 The surveys give a more accurate and timely indicator of safety program
quality than other safety metrics.
 They sort strengths and weaknesses and automatically create a prioritized
action plan for improvement.
 They add to company employee involvement initiatives.
 They set a baseline against which to measure future improvement.
 They are relatively straightforward and non-intrusive compared with other
measurement tools and interventions.
INCIDENT RECALL
Incident recall is an information gathering technique whereby employees
(participants) describe situations they have personally witnessed involving good and
bad practices and safe and unsafe conditions. Such studies, whether by interview or
questionnaire, have a proven capacity to generate a greater quantify of relevant,

40. useful reports than other monitoring techniques, so much so as to suggest that
their presence is an indispensable criterion of an excellent safety program.
The purpose of the critical incident recall technique is to identify and take
action on the hazards in an operation that have serious injury potential, utilizing the
knowledge of skilled safety practitioners and of the work staff. In applying the
technique, skilled observers interview a sampling of persons, eliciting their recall of
"critical" incidents that have occurred that exposed them to operational or physical
hazards that gave them cause to be concerned, whether the incidents did or did not
result in injury.
For this process to succeed, it must be recognized that the people doing the
work are a valuable resource in identifying hazards and risks because of their
extensive knowledge of how the work gets done. Critical incidents identified are
analysed and classified with respect to the significance of the risks presented by the
hazards noted, with priorities being set for remedial action.
The critical incident recall technique is based on the idea that in almost every
accident that results in injury, there will have been a number of prior ‘near misses’. If
we can identify the near misses prior to an accident involving serious injury and take
preventive action the accidental injury in the organization can be reduced.
There are two basic elements of the technique
a) Participant observation of critical events
b) Critical incident interviewing to identify critical incidents
a) Participant Observation
This involves selecting certain members of the work group to perform their
normal work tasks whilst at the same time, acting as observers of critical incidents.
Some training of these personnel is required and it will be found that certain
personality types are more suited to this role than others.
b) Critical Incident Interviewing
This technique is quite simple; it involves interviews on a 'one-to-one' basis
between the person collecting the critical incident data and employees in the
department. All statements must be kept confidential on a 'no-blame' basis; therefore
employees must have confidence in the interviewer. During the interview, the
employee is requested to recall how many incidents with a potential for serious injury
they have been aware of in a designated period (eg. past 12 months). A brief

41. description is taken of each incident (no names) and the frequency of occurrence is
noted. The interviews are then collated and the data is analysed to determine
appropriate preventative action. This technique can also be used on a routine basis to
determine whether preventative action has been successful.
JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS (JSA)
JSA is a procedure used to review job methods at the design stage itself to
ensure safe working. However, it may also be used successfully to uncover hazards
that may have developed after production started or that resulted from change in work
procedures.
PRODCURE
The procedure of job safety analysis is simple and consists of 4 basic steps.
Selecting the job
Jobs with potential for more frequent accidents, severity of injury and new jobs
in which the accident potentials is unknown should be selected first.
Breaking the job down
The Job should be broken down to basic steps in the hazards in the jobs proper
sequence. Descriptions or each step should give the idea of want is being done. A job
safety breakdown sheet giving the following 4 heads is used for analysing the hazards
in the jobs.
Step No Operation Hazard Precautions
Identifying the Hazards
The person examines all possibilities of accidents in each step. He should note
down these hazards under the second column of break down sheet. For identifying the
hazards .the should watch the operations as many times as may be required and also
have discussions with the operators concerned and others who have knowledge of the
job.
Developing Solutions
The solutions to hazards in the job may be worked out by:
 Finding a new method or procedure of doing the job.
 Reducing the necessity or frequency of doing a job that is hazardous, and
 Changing the physical conditions that create the hazards.

42. After the precautions to be taken in each step are developed, these safety
precautions are to be incorporated in the job or process sheets. Job safety instruction
sheets containing safe - guard and safe procedures to be adopted in different jobs ,
particularly the hazardous ones could also be made out and is issued to the supervisors
and operators and necessary training imparted to them, so that the y could follow
correctly the procedures of safe- guards laid down. If accidents are happening in spite
of complying with procedures laid down based on job safety analysis, the analysis,
obviously need further review.
Before actually beginning the job safety analysis, take a look at the general conditions
under which the job is performed and develop a checklist. Below are some sample
questions you might ask.
• Are there materials on the floor that could trip a worker?
• Is lighting adequate?
• Are there any live electrical hazards at the jobsite?
• Are there any chemical, physical, biological, or radiation .hazards associated
with the job or likely to develop?
• Are tools including hand tools, machines, and equipment In need of repair?
• Is there excessive noise in the work area, hindering worker communication or
causing hearing loss?
• Are job procedures known and are they followed or modified?
• Are emergency exits clearly marked?
• Are trucks or motorized vehicles properly equipped with brakes, overhead
guards, backup signals, horns, steering gear, and identification, as necessary?
• Are all employees operating vehicles and equipment properly trained and
authorized?
• Are employees wearing proper personal protective equipment for the jobs they
are performing?
• Have any employees complained of headaches, breathing problems, dizziness,
or strong odours?
• Is ventilation adequate, especially in confined or enclosed spaces?
• Have tests been made for oxygen deficiency and toxic fumes in confined
spaces before entry?

43. • Are work stations and tools designed to prevent back and wrist injuries?
• Are employees trained in the event of a fire, explosion, or toxic gas release?
RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk Management is the systematic application of management policies,
procedures and practices to the tasks of analysing, evaluating and controlling risk.
Risk management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks
followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize,
monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to
maximize the realization of opportunities.
Risks can come from uncertainty in threats from project failures (at any phase
in design, development, production, or sustainment life-cycles), legal liabilities,
accidents, natural causes and disasters as well as deliberate attack from an adversary
(dispute), or events of uncertain or unpredictable root-cause.
• Risk Identification, is formalised after significant hazards have been identified.
Hazard Analysis includes hazard identification, classification and assessment of
associated mitigation techniques to establish whether hazards can be avoided.
• Risk Estimation, or the calculation of risk, is identifying the risk level by finding the
frequency of hazard event. A common to determine a risk level is by combining the
frequency of hazard event with and severity of associated consequences.
• Risk Evaluation determines whether risk is tolerable or warrants a response.
• Risk Response includes:
 Avoidance or elimination of hazard.

44.  Retention, whereby risk falls below a given level or range, deemed acceptable
or tolerable level. No further response is necessary.
 Transfer of the risk to a third party (i.e. employing subcontractor or insurance
premiums)
 Reduction of the severity or frequency associated with given hazard.
This may produce a residual risk that lies within a tolerable zone
• Risk Monitoring ensures the responses are performing adequately throughout the
lifecycle of the system, facility or activity. This can be achieved using audits and / or
retrospective evaluation analyses.
INVOLVEMENT IN SAFETY
Promoting safety in the industry is a joint venture of management, government,
worker, safety supervisor, unions.
ROLE OF MANAGEMENT
Management commitment is the driving force for organizing and controlling
activities within an organization. A safety and health program will be effective when
management views a safe and healthy work environment as fundamental and applies
its commitment to protect employees as vigorously as its commitment to
organizational goals and strategies.
OSHA recommends the following actions be taken to show management commitment
to the health and safety program:
• State the worksite safety and health policy clearly so all personnel can
understand its importance in relation to other organizational values.
• Establish and communicate the goal. Objectives should be clearly defined so all
levels of personnel understand the desired results and the required measures to
achieve those results.
• Involve employees in decisions that affect their safety and health. If involved,
employees will likely commit their insight and energy to achieving the
program’s goal and objectives.
• Provide visible top management support. Visibility gives employees the sense
that the top-level management cares and is truly committed to the safety of the
employees.

45. • Assign and communicate responsibility to all personnel levels. Everyone
should know what performance is expected and the consequences if
performance levels are not achieved.
• Give those assigned responsibilities the authority to act on situations that affect
the goal and objectives.
• Hold employees accountable to meet their responsibilities so that essential
tasks will be performed.
• Review the safety program periodically to evaluate problems within the
program and revise the objectives if the goal is not met.
ROLE OF SUPERVISOR
The supervisor is the one person who can take immediate, direct action to make
sure that his or her work area is safe and healthful for all employees. The primary role
of a supervisor in a safety program is to assure employee safety and health and to
protect the company needs.
Responsibilities of supervisor
• Detecting and correcting unsafe working conditions and practices.
• Training subordinates in proper procedures and company safety rules.
• Ensuring that each subordinate knows, understands, and follows safety rules
specifically pertaining to his or her job.
• Writing policies, procedures, and/or safe work practices.
• Completing proper reports on all accidents and incidents.
• Keeping informed of new developments impacting them and their subordinates.
• Safety motivation.
• Supervisors are also the best choice to investigate small accidents and incidents
involving their subordinates and participate with more experienced
investigators on more serious accidents
• Supervisors must ensure that ‘suitable and sufficient’ risk assessments are
undertaken and recorded for all activities with significant risk, and that any
measures decided upon in the assessment are discussed fully with those
involved in the work and that all control measures are properly implemented.
• Supervisors must ensure that all the equipment under their control is properly
maintained in a safe condition, and taken out of service if a fault is identified.

46. ROLE OF WORKER
It is important that workers participate in the risk assessment. They know the
problems and the details of what really happens when they perform their tasks or
activities, so they should be involved in the assessment. Their practical knowledge or
competence is also often needed to develop workable preventive measures.
Workers’ participation is not only a right, it is fundamental to make the
employers’ occupational health and safety management effective and efficient.
Employee’s responsibilities include the following:
• Responsibility to work in compliance with OH&S acts and regulations
• Responsibility to use personal protective equipment and clothing as directed by
the employer
• Responsibility to report workplace hazards and dangers
• Responsibility to work in a manner as required by the employer and uses the
prescribed safety equipment.
Workers and/or their representatives have the right/duty to:
 Be consulted on arrangements for the organisation of the risk assessment and
for the appointment of those undertaking the task
 Participate in the risk assessment
 Alert their supervisors or employers regarding perceived risks
 Report any changes in the workplace
 Be informed of the risks to their safety and health and of the measures
necessary to eliminate or reduce these risks
 Be involved in the process of deciding on the preventive and protective
measures to be put in place
 Ask the employer to put in place appropriate measures and to submit proposals
to minimise hazards or to remove the danger at source
 Cooperate to help the employer to ensure that the working environment is safe
 Be trained/receive instructions on the measures to be put in place

47.  Take care as far as possible of their safety and health and that of others persons
affected by their acts in accordance with the training and the instructions given
by the employer
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
The Ministry’s goal is to ensure safe, fair and harmonious workplaces
General responsibilities of governments for occupational health and safety include:
• Enforcement of occupational health and safety legislation
• Workplace inspections
• Dissemination of information
• Promotion of training, education and research
• Resolution of OH&S disputes.
• Focus the Ministry’s role on setting, communicating and enforcing fair and
reasonable workplace standards while encouraging greater self-reliance in
achieving these standards in the workplace
• Establish fair workplace standards that are flexible enough to respond to the
demands of the new global economy, and which encourage new investment and
job creation
• Remain firmly committed to a strong enforcement program, aimed at helping
those employees in greatest need, and
• Improving service to the Ministry’s customers
ROLE OF UNIONS
A trade union is an organization based on membership of employees in various
trades, occupations and professions, whose major focus is the representation of its
members at the workplace and in the wider society. It particularly seeks to advance its
interest through the process of rule-making and collective bargaining.
Trade unions should therefore:
1. Where appropriate, maintain jointly with management and other trade unions
effective arrangements at industry or local levels for negotiation, consultation,
and communication and for settling grievances and disputes;
2. Take all reasonable steps to ensure that their officials and members observe all
arrangements;
3. Provide for the training of delegates in the scope of their powers and duties and
the day-to-day operation of the unions;
4. Provide adequate educational opportunities for the advancement of their
members;

48. 5. Be properly staffed to serve the needs of their members, and allow for effective
lines of communication between such staff and the rank and file membership;
6. Encourage members to take part in their activities by adopting such means as
would best allow them to do so, including the compilation and distribution of
information;
7. Make available information pertaining to the rules and policies of the union;
8. Provide adequate advisory services for their members and in particular assist
them to understand the terms and conditions of their employment; and
9. Identify trends in industrial relations to help their members to anticipate and
keep abreast of change.”

49. FACTORS IMPEDING
SAFETY

50. Human error
Four types of error that can lead to accidents:
1. Errors of omission: failing to carry out a task
2. Errors of commission: making an incorrect action, e.g.., a health
worker giving someone the wrong medicine
3. Timing errors: working too quickly, working too slowly
4. Sequence errors: doing things in the wrong order

51. Organisational error
• The selection of inappropriate staff
• Poor working procedure
• Duty rotas that lead to fatigue
• An organisational climate that creates
poor morale
• Inadequate equipment for the task
• Inadequate levels of training.

52. Individual error
• Substance and alcohol abuse
• Lack of sleep
• Accident proneness
• Other factors that might affect accidents include
recent stressful life events, and fear of mistakes

53. Hearing Conservation

54. Occupational Noise Exposure
• Noise, or unwanted sound, is one of the most
pervasive occupational health problems
• It is a by-product of many industrial processes
• Sound consists of pressure changes in a
medium (usually air), caused by vibration or
turbulence
• pressure changes produce waves
• Exposure to high levels of noise causes
hearing loss and may cause other harmful
health effects as well

55. • Noise-induced hearing loss
Temporary Or Permanent
• Temporary hearing loss results from short-term
exposures to noise, with normal hearing returning
after period of rest
• Prolonged exposure to high noise levels over a period
of time gradually causes permanent damage

56. Hearing Conservation Program
Designed to protect workers with significant
occupational noise exposures from hearing
impairment even if they are subject to such noise
exposures over their entire working lifetimes

57. Hearing Conservation Program For
General Industry
• Monitoring
• Audiometric testing
• Hearing protectors
• Training
• Record keeping requirements