Digital Tv Overview

Digital TV Overview
Standards, Technology, Requirements

Broadcasting
Terrestrial, Cable, Satellite

Georgiy Shenderovich Proprietary georgiysh@gmail.com, ph.: +972-544-491911
+972- 544- 2

Standard Organizations
• Terrestrial
• DVB-T/T2 – ETSI
• ATSC
• ISDB-T – ARIB
• Cable
• DVB-C – ETSI
• ATSC
• ISDB-C – JCTEA
• OpenCable – CableLabs
• Satellite
• DVB-S/S2 – ETSI
• ATSC
• ISDB-S – ARIB
• DSS – DirecTV

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• DVB
• www.etsi.org
• www.dvb.org
• ATSC
• www.atsc.org
• OpenCable
• www.opencable.com
• www.cablelabs.com
• www.scte.org
• ISDB
• www.arib.or.jp/english/
• www.dibeg.org
• http://www.catv.or.jp/english/jctea-e050112.htm
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Digital TV Networks Throughput
• DVB-T/T2/S/S2/C
• DVB-T – up to 31.67 Mb/sec
• DVB-S – up to 68 Mb/sec
• DVB-S2 – claimed 30% higher than DVB-S
• DVB-C – up to 38.1 Mb/sec
• ATSC
• Terrestrial – 19.39 Mb/sec
• Cable – 38.78 Mb/sec (high rate mode)
• Satellite – 85.15 Mb/sec (nominal)
• OpenCable
• SCTE association – 38.4 Mb/sec
• ISDB-T/S/C
• ISDB-T – 19 Mb/sec
• ISDB-S – 51 Mb/sec
• ISDB-C – 29.162 Mb/sec

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Terrestrial Networks Map

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Cable Networks Map

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Satellite Networks Map

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Video Presentation Resolutions

Full Raster Active Raster Frame Rate Pixel Rate
858x525 i/p 720x480 i/p 30 / 60 13.5MHz / 27MHz
864x625 i/p 720x576 i/p 25 / 50 13.5MHz / 27MHz
1144x525 i/p 960x480 i 30 18MHz
1152x625 i/p 960x576 i 25 18MHz
1650x750 p 1280x720 p 60 74.25MHz
2200x1125 i/p 1920x1080 i/p 30/60 74.25MHz / 148.5MHz
2376x1250 i/p 1920x1080 i/p 25/50 74.25MHz / 148.5MHz

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Presentation System Requirements
• HD and SD color spaces
• SD – ITU-R BT.601
• HD – ITU-R BT.709
• Gamma correction
• Plasma panels
• LCD panels
• CRT screens
• Video preprocessing
• De-interlacing for presentation on Plasma and LCD panels
• Mosquito effect reduction
• Antialiasing – preventing “jaggies” effect
• Scaling – at least on X axis since the video is often horizontally shrank
before transmission
• Multilayer overlay system
• PiP and PaP – Picture-in(aside)-Picture
• Subtitling
• Menus and guides
• Alpha compositing
• Supporting monochrome, index and full color pixel formats

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Compression Technologies
• Video
• MPEG-2 Main Profile at Main Level is used for MPEG-2 encoded SDTV
• MPEG-2 Main Profile at High Level is used for MPEG-2 encoded HDTV
• H.264/AVC Main Profile at Level 3 is used for H.264/AVC SDTV
• H.264/AVC High Profile at Level 4 is used for H.264/AVC HDTV
• VC-1 Advanced Profile at Level 1 is used for VC-1 SDTV
• VC-1 Advanced Profile at Level 3 is used for VC-1 HDTV
• Audio
• MPEG-1 Layer I, MPEG-1 Layer II
• MPEG-2 Layer II backward compatible
• AC-3, Enhanced AC-3
• DTS
• MPEG-4 AAC, MPEG-4 HE-AAC or MPEG-4 HE-AACv2
• Sampling rates of 32 kHz, 44,1 kHz and 48 kHz are supported
• Recommended to support
• AVS
• DiVX
• XVid
• MP3

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Digital TV Transmitting

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Architecture of Typical Receiver

Smart card/CA
Tuner Front-end Descrambler
Module

MPEG-2
demultiplexer
DRAM

Video
decoder Graphics/Display
processor

CPU
Integrated into front-end

Integrated into SOC
Flash memory
Middleware

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System Layer
• All systems (except DirecTV)
• MPEG-2 Transport Stream (TS) is used
• Service Information (SI) is based on MPEG-2 program-specific
information
• Scrambling is as defined in ETR 289 [5]
• Conditional access uses the MPEG-2 Conditional Access
CA_descriptor
• DirecTV – DSS
• Transport, scrambling, SI and CA as defined in Rec. ITU-R BO.1294
ANNEX 1 System B transport stream characteristics
• Digital Rights Management and Content Protection
• Microsoft or NDS (SVP) DRM
• DVB-CPCM Content Protection Content Management
• DTCP Digital Transmission Copy Protection
• HDCP High Definition Copy Protection

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MPEG-2 TS Syntax

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Transport Stream Interface

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PSI/SI Topology – DVB Primer

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SI/PSI Timing – DVB Primer

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PSI Transmitting

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Multimedia Streaming

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Receiver Synchronization

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Time Base Explanation
PCR is 42-bit counter based on
27MHz clock

PCR accuracy is +/- 30ppm or 810
Hz or 1.11 ps
90x103 Hz
DVB allows PCR jitter +/- 500ns
Modulo 300

27x 106 Hz
PCR = PCRbase * 300 + PCRext
•PCRbase = 27MHz / 300 = 90 KHz
Counter
•PCRext = 27MHz % 300
PCR
extension
233
PCRbase is 33-bit 90KHz counter
PCR base
PCRext is 9-bit 27MHz counter on
modulo 300

ES PTS and DTS are synchronized
by PCRbase

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Decoding and Presentation Timing

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Data Broadcasting

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Data Broadcasting
• Data Piping - where discrete pieces of data are delivered using containers to
the destination. There is no timing relationship between the data and other
PES packets.
• Data Streaming - where the data takes the form of a continuous stream which
may be Asynchronous (i.e. without timing, as for Internet packet data)
Synchronous (i.e. tied to a fixed rate transmission clock, as for emulation of a
synchronous communication link) or Synchronised (i.e. tied via time stamps
to the decoder clock and hence to other PES packets, as for the display of TV
captions). The data is carried in a PES.
• Multi-Protocol Encapsulation (MPE) - the technique is based on DSM-CC and
is intended for providing LAN emulation to exchange packet data
• Data Carousels - a scheme for assembling data sets into a buffer which are
played-out cyclic manner (periodic transmission). The data sets may be of any
format or type. One example use is to provide the data for Electronic
Programme Guides (EPGs). The data are sent using fixed sized DSM-CC
sections.
• Object Carousels - object carousels resemble data carousels, but primarily
intended for data broadcast services. The data sets are defined by the DVB
Network Independent Protocol specification. They may be used, for example,
to down-load data to a set top box decoder

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Digital Content Protection
Network Protection Systems Features
Closed distribution network (cable,
DTH) and terminal equipment (STB),
limited local storage
Broadcast Conditional access
Protection at transport level
Heavy exposure to piracy, hardware
security
Open distribution network (Internet)
and terminal equipment (PC),
extensive local storage
On-line Digital Rights Management
Protection at application level
Lesser exposure to piracy, software
security
Copy protection (DTCP,
Digital home Point-to-Point secure transmission
HDCP)
Backwards compatibility with existing
Physical media Copy control (CPRM)
standards

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Conditional Access
• Two models
• Simulcrypt
• Is using network standard scrambling (encryption) algorithm incorporated into
the DTV receiver
• The keys for decryption are provided over the Transport Stream
• Multicrypt
• Is using external decryptor implementing proprietary cryptography algorithm of
the content provider
• The decrypted Transport Stream leaving the external decryptor can be then
considered under simulcrypt model definition, i.e. sometimes double
scrampling may be used: proprietary and standard
• CA Cryptography
• DVB (ETSI)
• DVB-CI – Common Interface for multicrypt CAS
• DVB-CSA – Common Scrambling Algorithm for simulcrypt CAS
• ATSC
• POD – Point Of Deployment (based on DVB-CI) for multicrypt CAS
• 3DES at CBC mode - for simulcrypt CAS
• OpenCable
• CableCard – based on POD (for S-cards) for multicrypt CAS
• 3DES at ECB mode – as standard scrambling algorithm
• ARIB (ISDB) – MULTI2 for simulcrypt CAS

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Conditional Access – Simulcrypt

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Conditional Access - Multicrypt

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DRM
• Definition: DRM is the digital management
of user rights to content
• DRM is the technology that protects content
owner rights when selling and distributing
content online in a digital form
• The Goal of DRM is to balance information
protection, usability and cost to provide a
beneficial environment for all parties in an
information commerce transaction

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DRM Basic Entities

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DRM Security Mechanisms
• Secure Architecture
• Encryption
• Digital Signatures
• Digital Watermarking
• Fingerprinting
• Metadata
• Security Protocols

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Secure Architecture Basics

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Middleware
• Middleware runs between the device
drivers/OS and the application
• Literally ‘in the middle’ of the software
stack
Application Application Application Application

Middleware

RTOS
CA System
Device drivers

STB hardware

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Middleware
• Makes it easier to write complex applications
• Allows portability across hardware and operating
systems
• Applications will run on any platform the middleware
has been ported to
• The application developer doesn’t need to consider the
OS/hardware in every STB the application will run on
• Makes it easier for third parties to write
applications
• Only need to learn about a few middleware platforms
• More abstraction makes learning easier

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Middleware
• Proprietary Middleware
• Designed by a single company
• Licensed to STB manufacturers
• Most common in pay TV
• Open Middleware
• Standardized by an industry body
• Can be implemented by anyone
• Licensing fee is usually small
• More commonly used in free TV

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Middleware
• Proprietary Middleware
• OpenTV Core (OpenTV)
• the “Microsoft” of middleware
• 70% market share
• MediaHighway (Canal+)
• Microsoft TV (Microsoft)
• Liberate
• PowerTV
• NDS Core (NDS)
• Open Middleware
• MHEG
• DAVIC
• MHEG + Java
• MHP
• Open middleware standard from DVB
• Broad industry support
• Used as basis for other standards
• OCAP
• Open standard for US cable market
• Based on MHP
• ACAP
• ATSC’s middleware based on MHP
• ARIB B23
• JavaTV
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MHP Introduction

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Typical MHP Environment

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MHP Profiles

+ Java Internet client APIs
Internet Access + Web browser & email client
profile + DVB-HTML (optional)

+ Java APIs for return channel
+ DVB-HTML (optional)
+ Protocols for return channel
+ App download over HTTP
Interactive Broadcast HTTP 1.0, DNS, HTTPS
+ Inner applications
mandatory
profile
HTTP 1.1, DSMCC-UU optional

Java VM
DVB Java APIs + Application storage
Enhanced Broadcast Basic media formats + Smart card APIs
profile (MPEG, GIF, JPEG, PNG, etc.)
Broadcast transport protocols

MHP 1.0.x MHP 1.1.x

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Further MHP Development

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Broadband
IPTV

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• DVB
• DVB-IPTV Phase 1 – MPEG-2 TS over IP
• DVB-IPTV Phase 2 – Audio/Video over IP
• ISMA – Internet Streaming Media Alliance
• ISMA 1.0 – Profiles 0 & 1
• ISMA 2.0 –Profiles 2, 3 ,4

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DVB-IPTV Roadmap

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DVB-IPTV Phase 1 – MPEG-2 TS over IP

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DVB-IPTV Phase 2 – A/V Directly over IP

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DVB-IPTV Profiles and Levels

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ISMA IPTV Profiles and Levels

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ISMA IPTV Older Profiles and Levels
• Profile 0
• Video
• REQUIRED - MPEG-4 ISO/IEC 14496-2:1999 + Cor 1:2000 + Cor 2:2001 Simple Profile @ Level 1
• Typical Visual Session Size is QCIF (176x144)
• Maximum bit rate is 64kbit/s
• ISMA Restriction: Profile 0 is limited to one (1) video object only
• Audio
• REQUIRED - MPEG-4 ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999 and AMD1 2000 High Quality Audio Profile @ Level 2
• Up to 2 channels
• Up to 48000 Hz sampling rate
• This profile contains both CELP and Low Complexity AAC
• ISMA Restriction: Profile 0 is limited to one (1) audio object only
• Profile 1
• Video
• REQUIRED - MPEG-4 ISO/IEC 14496-2:1999 + Cor 1:2000 + Cor 2:2001 Advanced Simple Profile @ Level 3
• Typical Visual Session Size is CIF (352x288)
• ISMA Maximum Bitrate 1.5 Mbps
• ISMA Restriction: Profile 1 is limited to one (1) video object only
• Audio
• REQUIRED - MPEG-4 ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999 and AMD1 2000 High Quality Audio Profile @ Level 2
• Up to 2 channels
• Up to 48000 Hz sampling rate
• This profile contains both CELP and Low Complexity AAC
• ISMA Restriction: Profile 1 is limited to one (1) audio object only
• Cumulative Bit Rate Limitation
• ISMA Restriction: The combined audio and video bitrates in a Profile 1 session is limited to 1.5 Mbps.

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Typical IPTV-STB Architecture
Provided by:
VOD/
EPG ETC… Value-add Applications
DVR MiddleWare

WMP
Messenger
HW
UPnP A/V IE
OpenTV, MSTV, etc Software (Middleware)
RDP
NAT…

OS (Linux or Windows CE kernel (incl. DShow)) (RTOS)

DRM VC1/AVC/
Board Support Package / Drivers
Drivers MPEG2 Drivers

Peripherals Core CPU
Core System Hardware
(USB, IR) (+ Media Processor)

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IPTV Content Protection
• DVB
• Based on IP security requirements
• rfc4301(IPsec architecture)
• rfc4305(IPsec - ESP & AH crypto requirements)
• rfc4308(crypto suites for IPsec)
• rfc4346(Transport Layer Security 1.1)
• rfc4347(Datagram TLS).txt
• DVB-CPCM – not standardized yet (Blue Book)
• ISMA
• ISMAcryp 1.1 – 1.2 in final review stage
• MPEG-4 IPMP Extension - Intellectual Property
Management and Protection
• Other DRM systems
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IPTV (ISMA & DVB) Roadmap

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Mobile TV

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Mobile TV Standards Introduction
• 3G Broadcast/Multicast
• 3GPP2-BCMCS (Gold)
• Broadcast and Multicast Services
• 3GPP2-eBCMCS (Platinum)
• Broadcast and Multicast Services
• Adds streaming capability to Gold
• 3GPP-MBMS
• Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services in UMTS
• Using HSDPA and UMTS data

• Broadcast Standards based on OFDM
• DVB-H: Digital Video Broadcasting standard, DVB-T, adapted for
handhelds
• Used in Europe
• FLO: Qualcomm’s proprietary network Forward Link Only
• nation wide US launch, international trial success
• ISDB-T: Integrated Service Digital Broadcasting – Terrestrial
• used in Japan, evaluated in Brazil
• DMB: Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
• Used in Korea, indoor coverage problems. Satellite-DMB

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Mobile TV Broadcast Networks

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Market Forecast

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Technical Properties Overview

MPEG TS

H.264

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Broadcast Mobile TV Terminal Types

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Mobile TV Cellular Networks

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Open Mobile Alliance Introduction
The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), an international specifications setting body,
announces the public availability of its Mobile Broadcast (BCAST) Version 1.0
Candidate Enabler Release. The specification is an open global standard for
interactive mobile TV as well as on-demand video services, and is adaptable to any
IP-based mobile content delivery technology. Currently, OMA’s BCAST 1.0 can be
adapted to broadcast systems like DVB-H as well as cellular systems like 3GPP
MBMS, 3GPP2 BCMCS and mobile unicast streaming systems

• Features
• Service Guide
• Generic data model enables wide variety of use cases and business models
• Delivery over broadcast and interactive channels
• Auxiliary data support (intro, outro, ads)
• Update and management of data
• Stream and File Distribution
• Broadcast and interactive delivery of files
• Broadcast and interactive delivery of A/V streams
• Associated delivery procedures for file repair, reporting and maintenance
• Service and Content Protection
• Encryption layer including IPsec, SRTP and ISMACryp
• Key stream layer
• Two profiles
• With USIM -- Smartcard Profile
• Without USIM -- DRM Profile

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DRM – Open Mobile Alliance

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DVB-H System Requirements

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Digital Tv Overview

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