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1. Welcome to
Connecting Engineering Students to Industries…
nfi
Understanding
“VFD”
Variable Frequency Drive

2. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
What is VFD? How it Works?
Induction Motor Facts
VFD Practical Examples

3. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
What is VFD ?
Variable Frequency Drive
Used to control the speed of Motor
And make the system intelligent &
Saves energy
Speed of Motor directly Proportional to
Frequency
rmp = 120f/p
F: Frequency
P: Number of Poles

4. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Electric Motor Facts
Electric motors account for more than
used in industry
63%
two-thirds of all energy
of the energy consumed is linked to air & liquid flow
A typical 50HP industrial motor, with an efficiency of 90%, costs over
$25,000 to operate continuously over a year.

5. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Energy Usage in Office Building
Other
17%
Ventilation
& Cooling
52%
Lighting
31%

6. How Does VFD Works?

7. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
How Does VFD vary Frequency?
A VFD, AC inverter, or electronic speed controller for AC motors converts the AC
supply to DC using a rectifier (diode), then converts it back to a variable frequency
by using a inverter bridge.
VFD Block Diagram
Motor
Main
Power
Rectifier
Capacitor
Switches
(IGBT’s)

8. Lets see how we can save energy using
Variable Frequency Drives

9. FAN CURVE – BASIC CHARACTERISTIC OF A FAN
At decreasing speed
PRESSURE (P)
AT A GIVEN SPEED
FLOW (Q)

10. FAN OPERATING POINT WITH LOAD
PRESSURE (P)
Operating Point
P = K X Q.Q
FLOW (Q)

11. Now lets talk about varying the flow….

12. SYSTEM LOAD PROFILE
% TIME RANGE
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
60 65 70
75 80 85 90 95
CFM range

13. 100 %
80 %
60 %
DUTY CYCLE
(% OF TIME)
10 %
40 %
40 %
40 %
10 %
CFM

14. Now let’s see the different ways of Air Flow
Control…

15. Basic ON/OFF Control
SIMPLE METHOD
HOME APPLIANCES
TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION
Q max
ON
OFF
Average Flow rate: Q max x Ton/ (Ton + Toff)

16. Outlet Damper Control

17. OUTLET DAMPER CHARACTERISTICS
CURVES SHIFTS AS DAMPER CLOSES
120
100
% PRESSURE (P)
Energy = P X Q
60
80
100
% FLOW (Q)

18. OUTLET DAMPER CHARACTERISTICS
CURVES SHIFTS AS DAMPER CLOSES
120
100
% PRESSURE (P)
Energy = P X Q
60
80
100
% FLOW (Q)
Energy Saving = Difference in Area

19. OUTLET DAMPER CHARACTERISTICS
CFM
HORSE WEIGHTED
DUTY CYCLE
POWER
HP
100
10
35
3.5
80
40
35
14.0
60
40
31
12.4
40
10
27
2.7
TOTAL AVERAGE HORSE POWER REQUIREMENT 32.6

20. VARIABLE SPEED
FAN CONTROL
At decreasing speed
PRESSURE (P)
100
50
20
50
80
100
FLOW (Q)

21. VARIABLE SPEED
FAN CONTROL
At decreasing speed
PRESSURE (P)
100
50
20
50
80
100
FLOW (Q)

22. VFD CHARACTERISTICS
CFM
HORSE WEIGHTED
DUTY CYCLE
POWER
HP
100
10
35
3.5
80
40
18
7.2
60
40
7.56
3.024
40
10
2.24
0.224
TOTAL AVERAGE HORSE POWER REQUIREMENT 13.948

23. CFM
DUTY CYCLE
HORSE
POWER
WEIGHTED HP
100
10
35
3.5
80
40
35
14.0
60
40
31
12.4
40
32.6
TOTAL AVERAGE HORSE
POWER REQUIREMENT
OUTLET DAMPER CHARACTERISTICS
10
27
2.7
CFM
13.948
TOTAL AVERAGE HORSE
POWER REQUIREMENT
VFD CHARACTERISTICS
DUTY CYCLE
HORSE
POWER
WEIGHTED
HP
100
80
60
40
10
40
40
10
35
18
7.56
2.24
3.5
7.2
3.024
0.224

24. SAVING CALCULATION:
OUTLET
DAMPER
VARIABLE SPEED
WEIGHTED HORSE
POWER
32.6
13.948
x KW/HP
.746
.746
x HR/MONTH
730
730
= KWH/MONTH
17753
7596
x COST (INR)
2.5
2.5
= TOTAL COST (INR)
44382.5
18990

25. Saving per month on a single fan…?

26. Now Lets see the Practical Demonstration of
VFD

27. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Source of Frequency Command
• Master frequency determined by digital keypad
• Master frequency determined by 0 to +10 V input on
AVI terminal
• Master frequency determined by 4 to 20mA input on
ACI terminal
• Master frequency determined by potentiometer on
digital keypad

28. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Source of Operation Command
• Operation determined by digital keypad
• Operation determined by external control terminals,
keypad STOP is effective
• Operation determined by external control terminals,
keypad STOP is ineffective

29. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
STOP Method
• Ramp Stop
• Coast Stop

30. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Maximum Output Frequency
Range
0 ~ 400 Hz

31. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Acc./ Dec.
Time
Voltage / Frequency Setting for various Applications

32. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Acc S Curve
To Smooth the Acc/ Dec. Operation
Range 0 - 7

33. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Jog Frequency
To adjust the Speed of Motor at Jog Mode
Jog Acc./ Dec Time
0.1 to 600.0 sec or 0.01 to 600.0 sec

34. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Over–Voltage Stall Prevention
Over-Current Stall Prevention during Acceleration

35. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Operation Control of VFD
2 Wire Control (1)– On/Off & Direction
from Toggle Button

36. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Operation Control of VFD
2 Wire Control (2) – On/Off & Direction
from Toggle Button

37. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Operation Control of VFD
3 Wire Control – On/Off from Push Button &
Toggle Button for Direction Control

38. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Analog Output Signal
Analog Frequency Meter
(0 to Maximum Output Frequency)
Analog Current Meter
(0 to 250% of the rated AC drive current)
Analog Output Gain 0 ~ 200%

39. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Bias Adjustment

40. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Bias Adjustment

41. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Bias Adjustment

42. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Gain Adjustment

43. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Gain Adjustment

44. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Gain Adjustment

45. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Second Source of Frequency Command
Keypad Up/Down
AVI (0-10V)
ACI (4-20mA)
Keypad Potentiometer

46. Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Reverse Operation Inhibition
Parameter Lock
PLC Operation
Jog Acc./ Dec Time
0.1 to 600.0 sec or 0.01 to 600.0 sec

47. VFD saves
Energy & make Motor
Control Mechanism
Intelligent

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50. Connecting Engineering Students to Industries…
Thank You
nfi