4. X-RAY 的发现 人类第一张 X 线照片 发现 X 线时的伦琴 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 The discovery of X-rays Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen The 1st X-ray film of human
5. 总论 ---- 学科构成 ( 时间发展 ) Diagnostic radiology Radiography Ultrasound Radionuclide imaging Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Digital Subtraction Angiography Radiology Introduction The development of radiology 计算机体层成像 X 线成像 1895 年 超声诊断 核素扫描 磁共振成像 1950’ 1972 年 1973 年 1977 年 1950’ 数字减影血管造影 Diagnostic imaging/ Medical Imaginology
10. SUN YAT SEN Memorial Hospital / Guangzhou, China Inspace 4D 心脏运动情况 SOMATOM Sensation 64 with z-sharp 10 sec for 30mm 64 x 0.6mm Resolution < 0.4 mm Rotation 0.33 sec 120 kV 770 effective mAs
18. Image Distribution Scenarios PACS All examinations from 8 pm to 6 am to Dr. Smith’s home (on call) All CT examinations always to reading room 1 All chest examinations from Dr. Miller to his office from 9 am to 3 pm
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20. The basic principles of X-ray The application of Radiology The Pearl of This Morning
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23. X 线球管 X-ray tube 热 阴极 阳极 电子群 X-ray 0.2% Cathode - Anode + heat electrons The capability of penetration related to tube voltage Higher voltage, shorter wavelength, stronger penetrating ability
24. B 、 The nature of X-ray Fluoroscopy Radiotherapy radiation injury Filming Penetrating effect Fluorescent effect Photosensitive effect Ionization effect Imaging&Therapy
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27. 三、 X 线成像基本原理 detector 组织间 密度差异 荧光屏 screen 片盒、胶片 film 检测器 detector difference penetration C 、 the principles of radiography 穿透性
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29. 三、 X 线成像基本原理 ---- 密度的概念 与组织的 密度 有关 与组织的 厚度 有关 厚度 thickness 密度 density X-ray Tissue density Tissue thickness Barium sulfate iodide water air C 、 the principles of radiography characteristics 硫酸钡 碘酊 水 空气
30. 三、 X 线成像原理 ---- 密度的概念 收音机 钢笔 钳子 X -ray C 、 the principles of radiography characteristics
31. 三、 X 线成像基本原理 ---- 影像密度 密度的概念 自然对比 C 、 the principles of radiography Natural contrast
32. X 线成像基本原理 ---- 影像密度 自然对比 Chest plain film ： best X-ray contrast 密度的概念 C 、 the principles of radiography Natural contrast tissue Density / thickness X-ray rib calcium high lung air low fat loose Medium-L muscle dense Medium heart thick Medium-H m. pectoral major thin Medium
33. 正常腹部平片 膀胱结石 肾结石 密度的概念 影像密度 自然对比 Normal KUB urinary bladder calculus renal calculus Abdomen plain film Natural contrast of radiography
38. 造影剂种类 － 高密度 碘水溶液 contrast media – high density Barium sulfate Iodide
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49. 三、 X 线成像基本原理 荧光屏 screen 片盒、胶片 film 检测器 detector C 、 the principles of radiography
50. --- X-ray detector diff. modality with diff. detector C 、 the principles of radiography X-ray detector analog digital screen film Image Intensifier Digital detector fluoroscopy fluorography Plain film tomography recorder CT DSA DR / CR / DSI
51. 数字影像 透视 - 今天 Electron Image Intensifier (I.I.) TV PickupTube ( 摄像管或 CCD) X-Ray Light Tube 乳腺片 & 普通拍片 - 今天 Phosphor Film Light X-Ray 模拟影像 Tube X-Ray X-Ray 模拟影像 Digital Medical Image Mammo & plain film - today Fluoroscopy - today All medical image – digital detector – today & tomorrow Analog image Analog image Digital image Detector ( 数字平板 ,Flat panel) Tube X-Ray X-Ray 所有的应用 － 数字式探测器 － 今天 & 明天 数字影像
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54. X 线普通检查 ---- 透视、平片 The routine X-ray exam – fluoroscopy , plain film
64. 动态范围调节 -- 想看什么 , 就看什么 ! Dynamic manipulation 数字影像 Digital radiography Dynamic Range Management Can Mimic Look of Film... … or many different looks such as a soft-tissue look … or a Bone Look Image Brightness X-ray Detected Spine, Diaphragm Lung, Skin Line Soft Tissue Spine, Diaphragm Lung, Skin Line Soft Tissue Dense Breast Skin Line Typical Breast Mass Spine, Diaphragm Lung, Skin Line Soft Tissue Dense Breast Skin Line Typical Breast Mass Spine, Diaphragm Lung, Skin Line Soft Tissue
68. X 线特殊检查 ---- 体层摄影 － X 线球管与胶片同步反向运动 special radiography - tomography
69. X 线特殊检查 ---- 体层摄影 special radiography - tomography
70. X 线特殊检查 ---- 软线摄影（钼靶） special radiography - mammography
71. X 线特殊检查 ---- 软线摄影（钼靶） special radiography - mammography
72. X 线特殊造影 ---- 胃肠道气钡双对比造影 special exam – GI tract double contrast
73. X 线特殊造影 ---- 排泄性造影： IVP special radiography - IVP
74. X 线特殊造影 ---- 血管造影（介入放射学） special radiography - angiography Interventional Radiology
75. X 线特殊检查 ---- 体层摄影（ CT ） 计算机体层扫描（ Computed tomography, 简称 CT ）是由英国科学家 Hounsfield 于 1969 年首先设计成功，于 1972 年在英国放射学会学术会议上宣布，并于 1979 年获得了诺贝尔医学生物学奖。 special radiography -- CT CT was invented in 1972 by British engineer Godfrey Hounsfield of EMI Lab. In England, and was awarded the Nobel Price in 1979
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77. CT 成像基本原理 The basic principles of CT 体素与像素 voxel & pixel Voxel -> pixel (displayed as gray-scaled cuboids), is arrayed as digital matrix
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79. CT 成像基本原理 － 像素的大小与图像清晰度 128×128 256×256 The basic principle of CT － the pixel size & imaging quality
80. CT 设备 ---- 普通 CT 的发展 The CT development 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
81. X 线特殊检查 ---- 体层摄影（ CT ） X-ray special exam --- CT CT 的成象过程是用 X 线束围绕人体某一选定部位作 360 度的匀速旋转扫描，穿过人体的 X 线经检测器接收，转变为数字信号经计算机存储、运算并重建为 断层 图象。 The X-ray beam go through the object in 360 º, detector placed on the opposite direction to detect the surplus X-ray Cross section imaging
107. 影像学诊断步骤 ---- 分析病变 abnormal 病变部位分布 position 大小、数目 size & number 形态 appearance 边缘 margin 密度 X-ray density 邻近器官、组织变化 器官功能改变 func. 动态变化 dynemic
108. 影像学诊断步骤 ---- 结合临床， 综合诊断 发热，寒战，胸痛伴咳嗽咳痰，痰液放置后有分层改变 Clinical information Fever, cough with rusty & yellowish sputum 急性肺脓肿 acute lung abscess
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110. MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of SYSU Biling Liang MD
111. MRI – uses magnetic field and radio frequency waves to detect Hydrogen atoms, can detect body chemical composition and tissue structure, it is computer generated imaging.
112. The history of MRI 1946 discovered the nuclear magnetic resonance phenomenon Bloch,Purcell 1972 created the MR image Lauterbur 1980 MRI equipment marketing 1986 1st set MRI installed in China
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