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Osteoporosis surgical Spine tips and tricks
1. OSTEOPOROSIS
IS IT A SURGICAL PROBLEM?
Dr.Ghazwan A. Hasan
Medical City Complex
2016
2. OSTEOPOROSIS:
• The Nightmare Of Post-menopause/ Old Age.
• The leading cause of disability and morbidity in elderly.
• The Disease of aging.
• The Silent Disease.
3. DEFINITION
Osteon is bone and porosis is hole in Greek.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by
low bone mass, micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue
leading to bone fragility , and consequent increase in fracture
risk .
5. OSTEOPOROSIS AFFECTS ENTIRE SKELETON
Osteoporosis is responsible for >36.8 million vertebral and non-vertebral fractures per
year in USA
Spine, hip, and wrist fractures are most common.
Vertebral fractures are the most common type of osteoporotic fracture and responsible
for 42–48% of the variation in kyphosis in patients with osteoporosis
6. PREVALENCE
Osteoporosis is the most prevalent bone disease in the world, 44 million
Americans have or are at risk of osteoporosis.
According to the International Osteoporosis Foundation, 1 in 3 women over 50
may experience osteoporotic fractures, and 1 in 5 men .
Affect : 25% people over 70 y.
50% people over 80 y.
Female to male ratio 6:1
7. PREVALENCE OF OSTEOPOROSIS WILL INCREASE WITH AN INCREASING
AGING POPULATION
Paiement GD, Perrier L. In: Comprehensive Management of Menopause. 1994:32-38. US Census Bureau. 2000.
0
5
10
15
20
%
Projected
Population
>65 Years
1900
1950
1985
2020
8. OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURE INCIDENCE IS HIGH
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
Breast
Cancer
Heart
Disease
Osteoporotic
Fractures
Cases/Year
Women’s Health Facts and Figures. Washington, DC: ACOG; 2000.
9. NIH/ORBD National Resource Center. October 2000.
Vertebral
46%
(700,000)
Wrist
16%
(250,000)
Hip
19%
(300,000)
Other
19%
(300,000)
Distribution of Fractures
10. HIGH ECONOMIC BURDEN
Estimated $13.8 billion/year
Outpatient
($1.3)
Hospitalization
($8.6)
Nursing
Home
($3.9)
Ray NF et al. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12:24-35.
11. TYPES OF OSTEOPOROSIS
2 TYPES :-
a) PRIMARY OSTEOPOROSIS
I. Type-1 : Postmenopausal osteoporosis
II. Type-2 : Age – associated osteoporosis
b) SECONDARY OSTEOPOROSIS
Loss of bone is caused by an identifiable agent or disease process such as inflammatory disorder ,
bone marrow cellularity disorder and corticosteroid use.
13. NON-MODIFIABLE/FIXED RISK FACTORS
Older age.
Female gender.
Ethnic background.
Small bone structure.
Family history of osteoporosis or osteoporosis-related
fracture in a parent or siblings.
Previous fracture.
Menopause/hysterectomy.
Some medicines like steroids, anti-epileptics.
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Reduced levels of gonadal hormones in men.
15. CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Fractures caused by osteoporosis are often painful.
Osteoporosis is often called the ‘Silent disease’ as many people don’t
recognize they have it until a fracture occurs.
Back pain: Episodic, acute , low thoracic/high lumbar pain.
Compression fracture of the spine.
16. VERTEBRAL FRACTURES
Most common fractures (46%)
Insidious
Progressive
Often unrecognized
Associated with
Deformity, height loss, back pain
Morbidity and mortality
Predict future vertebral and non-vertebral fractures
17. Most serious clinical event
Morbidity is high
50% do not regain independence
50% do not regain previous mobility
Mortality is high
1 in 5 patients die within 1 year
Patients not treated for osteoporosis
NIH Consensus Development Panel. JAMA. 2001;285:785-795.
Hip Fracture
18. Low BMD
Maternal history of fracture after 50 years
Fracture after 50 years
Age 65 years
Low body weight (125 lb)
Smoking
Corticosteroid use
Other secondary causes
Black DM et al. Osteoporosis Int. 2001;12:519-528.
All postmenopausal women with the following:
Risk of Fracture
19. Klotzbuecher CM et al. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:721-739.
Future Fractures (Fold Increase)
Existing Fracture
Wrist
Vertebral
Hip
Hip
1.9
2.3
2.3
Vertebral
1.7
4.4
2.5
Wrist
3.3
1.4
-
A Fracture Begets a Future Fracture
20. • History
Risk factor assessment
Medical history
Family history
Social history (smoking, alcohol)
Evaluation of fall risk
Physical
Height loss >1.5 inches
Kyphosis
Tests
BMD
X-ray of thoracic/lumbar spine
Bone turnover markers
Laboratory tests as necessary
AACE Guidelines. Endocr Pract. 2001;7:293-312.
Clinical Evaluation
21. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Height loss
Body weight
Kyphosis
Humped back
Tooth loss
Skinfold thickness
Grip strength
22. In case of vertebral fracture:
Wall- occiput distance
Rib-pelvis distance
23. BMD
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the best current test to
measure bone density.
The ability of the BMD to predict hip # is better than the
measurement of BP to predict stroke.
24.
25. T-Score* Classification
> -1.0 Normal
-1.0 to -2.5 Osteopenia
< -2.5 or lower Osteoporosis
< -2.5 + fracture Severe osteoporosis
WHO DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
The WHO Study Group. Geneva, 1994
*T-score = number of standard deviations (SDs) below or above the peak bone mass
in young adults.
26. BMD TESTS OTHER THAN DEXA
Quantitative CT vertebral scanning.
Single photon and dual photon absorptiometry.
Peripheral DEXA.
27. INDICATION OF BMD
All postmenopausal women <65 yr who have one or more additional risk factors for
osteoporosis, besides menopause.
All women >65 yr regardless of additional risk factors
Osteopenia on a radiograph.
Estrogen-deficient women.
Women on estrogen replacement therapy.
Diagnosing low bone mass in glucocorticoid-treated individuals(Prednisolone at 7.5mg
daily for 6m.)
Asymptomatic primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism.
28. Previous low trauma fragility #
Premature menopause <45y.
Prolonged secondary amenorrhoea (>1.y.)
Primary or secondary hypogonadism
Chronic disorders asso. With osteoporosis
A meternal h/o hip #
Alow BMI
Indication of BMD
29. Initial investigations include:
1. ESR
2. Bone profile: serum calcium, phosphate, albumin
3. Alkaline phosphatase
4. Renal function
5. Plain X-rays - lateral thoraco-lumbar spine or hip
LABORATORY TESTS
30. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
Other Problems to Be Considered
1. Bony metastases.
2. Multiple myeloma.
3. Primary hyperparathyroidism.
4. Secondary hyperparathyroidism.
5. Osteomalacia.
6. Renal osteodystrophy.
7. Paget disease of bone.
34. Calcium intake.
Diet and/or supplementation: 1200 mg/day
Vitamin D supplementation
Diagnose and treat deficiency/insufficiency.
Supplement: 400-800 IU/day.
Regular load-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercise (no weight lifting if
BMD in spine is low).
Fall prevention advice.
Home safety evaluation.
Nonpharmacologic Approaches
35. NORMAL CALCIUM REQUIREMENT
Age Calcium/day (mg)
Birth-6 months 210
6 months-1 year 270
1-3 500
4-8 800
9-18 1300
19-50 1000
51-70 1200
36. VITAMIN D
Doses:
400IU per day until 60
600-800 IU per day after 60
50,000 IU-D2Every 2-4 weeks
To treat deficiency-50,000 D2IU every week for 2 to 4 m.
37. Orthoses is also used in osteoporotic spine .
It promote extension of spine.
Hip protectors :-
Hip protectors are an external hip protection system
that aims to reduce the hip facture.
42. KYPHOPLASTY
Attempt to restore vertebral body height and reduce kyphosis by using
inflatable balloon tamp.
Orthopedic surgery 1998.
More expensive, often with general anesthesia.
Height restoration (may be only 3-4 mm).
Less risk of cement leak.
43. BACKGROUND DATA (PRIOR TO RECENT STUDIES OF
CONTROVERSY…)
Multiple small studies of VP demonstrating greater pain reduction, less
analgesic use, and greater mobility compared to medical management
(initially and at few months).
meta-analyses show reduction in pain.
Minimal complications.
44. BACKGROUND (CONT)
KP with similar history: multiple small studies demonstrating benefit
with quicker reduction in pain and mobilization compared to medical
treatment
KP and VP: no studies clearly demonstrated any benefit 1-2 years later
when compared to medical treatment
45. KP VS VP: WHICH IS BETTER?
KP: goal to restore height/reduce kyphosis, but may only increase by 2-4 mm (no
sig difference with VP).
KP with less cement leak (< 1% vs 3 % or more with VP), although most leaks not
symptomatic.
Pain and other outcomes similar.
Most likely similar, although patients referred for KP often have more severe
fractures.
47. TIPS AND TRICKS FOR INSTRUMENTATION IN OSTEOPOROSIS
Increase the screws length, diameter and design.
Bicortical Insertion.
(S. W. Breeze, B. J. Doherty, P. S. Noble, A. Leblanc, and M. H. Heggeness, “A
biomechanical study of anterior thoracolumbar screw fixation,” Spine, vol. 23, no. 17, pp.
1829–1831, 1998.)
Triangulations (Bilaterally), Screw Coupling
(P. S. D. Patel, D. E. T. Shepherd, and D. W. L. Hukins, “The effect of screw insertion angle and
thread type on the pullout strength of bone screws in normal and osteoporotic cancellous
bone models,” Medical Engineering and Physics, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 822–828, 2010.)
Undertaping the screws( Pilot Hole size)
(S. Battula, A. J. Schoenfeld, V. Sahai, G. A. Vrabec, J. Tank, and G. O. Njus, “The effect of pilot
hole size on the insertion torque and pullout strength of self-tapping cortical bone screws in
osteoporotic bone,” Journal of Trauma, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 990– 995, 2008.)
48. TIPS AND TRICKS FOR INSTRUMENTATION IN OSTEOPOROSIS
Use of Laminar Hook.
(A. Cordista, B. Conrad, M. Horodyski, S. Walters, and G. Rechtine, “Biomechanical evaluation of pedicle screws
versus pedicle and laminar hooks in the thoracic spine,” Spine Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 444–449, 2006.)
Cement Augment screws.
(L.-H. Chen, C.-L. Tai, D.-M. Lee et al., “Pullout strength of pedicle screws with cement augmentation in severe osteo- porosis: a
comparative study between cannulated screws with cement injection and solid screws with cement pre-filling,” BMC Musculoskeletal
Disorders, vol. 12, article 33, 2011.)
Expandable Pedicular screws.
(S. D. Cook, S. L. Salkeld, T. Stanley, A. Faciane, and S. D. Miller, “Biomechanical study of pedicle screw fixation in
severely osteoporotic bone,” Spine Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 402–408, 2004.)
Double Pedicle Screws
(L. Jiang, V. Arlet, L. Beckman, and T. Steffen, “Double pedicle screw instrumentation in the osteoporotic spine: a
biomechani- cal feasibility study,” Journal of Spinal Disorders and Techniques, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 430–435, 2007.)
49. SCREW DESIGN
Conclusions
Pedicle screw with an outer cylindrical and inner conical configuration with a V-
shaped thread may have maximum pullout strength, regardless of bone density.
52. CEMENT AUGMENTED SCREWS
Type of Augment. ( PMMA,, HA, or CaP)
Amount of cement ( 1.0 cc in Dorsal, 1.5 cc in Lumbar )
(P. E. Par ́e, J. L. Chappuis, R. Rampersaud et al., “Biomechanical evaluation of a novel fenestrated pedicle screw augmented with
bone cement in osteoporotic spines,” Spine, vol. 36, no. 18, pp. E1210–E1214, 2011.)
53. The use of cement- augmented screw is a valuable option for these fragile patients and can be associated with
percutaneous techniques in order to be as less invasive as possible, with comparable results to conventional
procedures and less morbidities.
Conclusion
54. Solid screws with retrograde cement pre-filling offer improved initial fixation
strength when compared to that of cannulated screws with cement injection
through perforation for both the conically and cylindrically shaped screw.
55. PMMA-augmented pedicle screw instrumentation combined with balloon-assisted
kyphoplasty could be an option to address unstable vertebral fractures in “a
minor-invasive way”.
56. EXPANDABLE PEDICULAR SCREWS.
Conclusion:
The results of this study have shown that
expandable pedicle screws can be efficacious
in cases in which pedicle screw fixation is
difficult and adds a valuable tool to the
growing armamentarium of spinal
instrumentation.
57. CONCLUSIONS
►Osteoporosis is still underdiagnosed.
►Inevitable consequence of aging in both sexes.
►Accelerated following menopause, disease and drugs.
►Early detection and intervention is mandatory.
►Conservative treatment should be done by Orthopedic not only by physician
58. CONCLUSIONS
► Surgery is needed when indicated.
► Different surgical options are available.
► Surgical Technique, Screw design, Supplement options affect the result.
► Surgery is not substitution for medical management.