Expansion Bus, Internal & External Buses, Northbridge/Southbridge, Device Drivers, System Requirements, Windows Update, Binary & Hexadecimal

2. Expansion
Slot
Are slots that
enabled hardware-
add ons.

3. Expansion Bus
A. Internal Bus
B. External Bus
Special set of external data bus & address
bus wires in the Northbridge for devices
connected to the PC’s expansion slot.

4. The Expansion bus connects to the Northbridge
chip

6. Address Bus goes to expansion slots

7. Device Drivers
- A computer program allowing higher-level
computer programs to interact with a hardware
device.
System Resources
- a collective term for the I/O address, IRQ &
DMA: settings that enable each device in a PC to
communicate with the CPU & request RAM space
for its use.
External data bus – main data path on your PC.
Address bus – main communication path between
the CPU and devices in your computer.
I/O address – a unique pattern of one’s & zero’s
used by the CPU to give instructions to a device
on a PC.

8. Binary and Hexadecimal values for fouraddressBus
WiresBinary Number State of Wires (On or Off) Hexadecimal Value
0000
0001
0010
All wires off
Only fourth wire on
Only third wire on
0
1
2
0011 Third and fourth wires on 3
0100 Only second wire on 4
0101 Second and fourth wires on 5
0110 Second and third wires on 6
0111 Only first wire off 7
1000 Only first wire on 8
1001 First and fourth wires on 9
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
First and third wires on
Only second wire off
First and second wires on
Only third wire off
Only fourth wire off
All wires on
A
B
C
D
E
F

9. 0000 0000 0110 0000
0000 0000 0110 0000
0000
0 0 6 0
0110 00000000
Binary
Number
State of Wires (On or Off) Hexadecimal
Value
0000
0001
0010
All wires off
Only fourth wire on
Only third wire on
0
1
2
0011 Third and fourth wires on 3
0100 Only second wire on 4
0101 Second and fourth wires
on
5
0110 Second and third wires on 6
0111 Only first wire off 7
1000 Only first wire on 8
1001 First and fourth wires on 9
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
First and third wires on
Only second wire off
First and second wires on
Only third wire off
Only fourth wire off
All wires on
A
B
C
D
E
F
0060h
h shows it’s a hex value

10. 0000 0000 0110 0001 = 0061h
Binary
Number
State of Wires (On or Off) Hexadecimal
Value
0000
0001
0010
All wires off
Only fourth wire on
Only third wire on
0
1
2
0011 Third and fourth wires on 3
0100 Only second wire on 4
0101 Second and fourth wires
on
5
0110 Second and third wires on 6
0111 Only first wire off 7
1000 Only first wire on 8
1001 First and fourth wires on 9
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
First and third wires on
Only second wire off
First and second wires on
Only third wire off
Only fourth wire off
All wires on
A
B
C
D
E
F
0000 0000 0110 0010 = 0062h
0000 0000 0110 0011 = 0063h

11. Windows Update

12. InternalBuses
• 8-Bit ISA
• 16-Bit ISA
• MCA
(Micro Channel Architecture)
• EISA (Extended Industry
Standard Architecture)
• VESA Local Bus
(VL-Bus)
• PCI (Peripheral
Component
Interconnect)
• AGP (Accelerated
Graphics Port)
• AMR (Audio Modem Riser) / CNR
(Communications/Networking Riser)
• Mini PCI

13. Internal Buses:
• 8-Bit ISA
~ Industry Standard Architecture
(ISA) bus – the first PC
expansion bus.
~ 8 bits wide & runs at 7 Mhz.

14. Internal Buses:
• 16-Bit ISA
~ No substantial difference
between, the 8-bit & 16-bit ISA
slots other than their width in bits.

15. Internal Buses:
• MCA (MicroChannel Architecture)
~ 32 bits wire compatible for
external data bus of 386 and 486
CPU’s & ran at 12 MHz, faster
than ISA
~ self-configuring

16. Internal Buses:
• EISA (Extended
Industry Standard
Architecture)
~ 32-bits wide & ran at 8.33 MHz
~ self-configuring
- EISA has something MCA
does not have: backward
compatibility

17. Internal Buses:
• PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect)
~ self-configuring & runs at 33 MHz.
~ has all the good aspects of both MCA
and EISA.
~ has a mezzanine bus feature that
does not have to be the only expansion
bus on the motherboard.

18. Internal Buses:
• VESA Local
Bus (VL-Bus)
~ A parasitic bus. A local bus
worked alongside the ISA bus.
~ it act as a high-speed conduit for
memory-mapped I/O and DMA,
while the ISA bus handled
interrupts and port-mapped I/O.

19. Northbridge terminated 16 ofthe 32 external data
bus wires

20. Northbridge & Southbridgeconnectedto expansion
slots

22. Northbridge, southbridge &Ichon Intel System

24. ~ with its own personal
connection to the Northbridge.
Internal Buses:
• AGP (Accelerated
Graphics Port)
~ Only for graphics.

25. Internal Buses:
• AMR/CNR
~ CNR (Communications/Networking
Riser)
~ a noise limiting devices. A riser
expansion slot. designed to interface
with chipsets and provide analog
functionality, such as sound cards and
modems, on an expansion card.

26. Internal Buses:
• Mini PCI

27. External Expansion Buses:
• USB
• Fire Wire

28. External Expansion Buses:
Two versions of USB:
a. USB 1.1 - devices run at one of two speeds: a low
speed of 1.5 Mbps & a high speed of 12 Mbps.
b. USB 2.0 - devices run at a blistering 480 Mbps.
- Viable option for large data storage.
USB 2.0 Icon

29. External Expansion Buses:
Two different USB Connectors:
a. USB A Connector
b. USB B Connector

30. External Expansion Buses:
Fire Wire - also known as IEEE 1394
standard
- designed by apple computers

31. External Expansion Buses:
Personal Computer Memory
Card International Association
(PCMCIA) card interface
• better known as PC Card.
• a form factor of a peripheral
interface designed for laptop
computers.

32. External Expansion Buses:
Card Types:
• Type I – 16 bit. Form factor
thickness 3.3 mm
• Type II – 16 bit or 32 bit. Form
factor thickness 5.0 mm.
• Type III – 16 bit or 32 bit.
Form factor thickness 10.5 mm.