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An agile approach to iPhone design:
                Paper prototyping + user testing

                Suzanne Ginsburg, Principal
                suzanne@ginsburg-design.com




Tuesday, April 21, 2009                               1
Thanks for your interest in these slides!

                Full-screen view is recommended
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Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                     2
About Me


                 • More than thirteen years of experience designing software
                 • Six years in the Communities & Communications group at Yahoo!
                 • Three years consulting on my own (startups, in-house, design agencies)
                 • M.S. in Information Management from UC Berkeley’s iSchool
                 • Certified Scrum Master; participated in Agile pilot at Yahoo!




                                                                                            3


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                         3
Project Background


                 • A few months ago, I started sketching ideas for an events related iPhone app
                 • Before investing time & money on development, I wanted to get user input on
                   the concept.
                    – Were prospective users interested in the idea?
                    – What features & functionality would make the service most compelling?
                          – How would they respond to the presence of ads?
                          – Did the high-level information architecture make sense?




                                                                                                  4


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                               4
Approach



                                Develop a paper prototype
                                            +
                          Test prototype with prospective users




                                                                  5


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                               5
What is a Paper Prototype?


               • Format can be hand-drawn sketches or
                 screenshot printouts
               • Fast & cheap way to incorporate user feedback
                 into designs.
               • Developer/designer plays the role of “computer”
                 & simulates how the UI will behave




                                                                   Posted by typeweight on Flickr




                                                                                                    6


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                                 6
What is a Paper Prototype? (cont’d)


                When compared to high-fidelity testing, Jared Spool, the founder of User
                Interface Engineering, describes it the following way:

                          “We think of paper prototyping as the course-grain sandpaper and
                          electronic-version testing as the fine grain. Once we’ve used the
                          paper prototypes to validate what each screen contains and how it
                          will work, we then move over to the electronic version to fine tune
                          the look and feel.”




                                                                                                7


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                             7
What are the benefits?


                 • Design changes can be made on the fly
                   during usability tests
                 • Usability participants may be more
                   comfortable being critical of a paper
                   prototype
                 • Making big conceptual changes early on
                   will save time & money




                                                            Posted by typeweight on Flickr




                                                                                             8


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                          8
What are the benefits? (cont’d)
                 “The most common estimate is that it’s 100 times cheaper to make a change
                   before any code has been written than it is to wait until after the
                   implementation is complete.” -- Jakob Nielsen




                            Testing ticketing system in Oslo; Posted by etunko on Flickr




                                                                                             9


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                          9
What types of projects are suitable?


                      Consider the project stage:
                 • Great for testing a completely new design
                 • Also works for changing parts of an existing design
                 • If you want to test an existing product, you might as well test the real thing


                      And the project domain:
                 • Works well for most productivity applications
                 • Good for some aspects of content-rich sites
                 • Can work for gaming; highly dependent on game type




                                                                                                    10


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                                  10
What types of issues can you explore?


               • Concepts. Do they understand the key concepts?
               • Terminology. Do they understand the terms in the UI?
               • Navigation. Does the flow match what users expect?
               • Content. Does it provide the right level of information?
               • Page layout. Is content organized as users expect?
               • Functionality. What additional features are desired?


                    Harder to address: Technical feasibility; download
                    time or other response times; scrolling, swiping; colors
                                                                               Posted by timo on Flickr
                    and fonts




                                                                                                          11


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                                        11
What tools can you use to build paper prototypes?


                  Options are endless:

                 • Pen + paper: Combine with stickies, markers, &
                   other readily available office supplies.


                 • Sketching applications: Omnigraffle,
                   BalsamIQ, Visio (Note: Omni & BalsamIQ have
                   nice iPhone stencils.)




                                                                    iPhone sketch created with Balsamiq




                                                                                                          12


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                                        12
iPhone Stencils: Graffletopia




                                                 13


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                               13
Pencil and Paper Prototype: Things iPhone App




                                                                 14


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                               14
Next, User Testing




                                      15


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                    15
Paper Prototype: Sample Usability Timeline

                          Planning    Recruiting          Study           Findings
                           2 days       3 days           1-2 days           1 day




                   This one-week timeline is very aggressive & has a number of built-in assumptions:


                   • Planning: Assumes that the prototype has already been developed.
                   • Recruiting: Assumes recruiting requirements are relatively straightforward.
                   • Findings: Assumes that “quick” findings are sufficient for team.


                   Note: If you work with an agency or rent lab space, expect these times to double at
                   minimum. Costs will also be much higher (recruiting + lab can cost $5000 for 2
                   days; facilitation and analysis are separate line items)




                                                                                                         16


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                                       16
Paper Prototype: Usability Planning

                          Planning    Recruiting           Study              Findings
                           2 days       3 days             1 day                1 day




                    Your test plan should include:
                    • Purpose                                •     Test environment/equipment
                    • User profile                           •     Test monitor roles
                                                             •     Evaluation measures
                    • Method (test design)
                                                             •     Report contents and presentation
                    • Task list


                  List is from, Handbook of Usability Testing, Jeffrey Rubin
                  Templates can be found at Society for Technical Communication:
                  http://www.stcsig.org/usability/resources/toolkit/toolkit.html




                                                                                                      17


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                                    17
Usability Testing Equipment: Fancy Lab




                                                          18


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                        18
Usability Testing Equipment: DIY Style

                 If you’re planning to do testing in-house, here are
                 some tools for recording your session

                 • Voice: iPhone has plenty of recording apps (e.g. iTalk
                   from Griffin)
                 • Photos: Bring camera to capture artifacts and take
                   participant photo (with permission)
                 • Video: Valuable if you need to report back to team
                   members or executives (also get permission)
                 • Elmo: Used to project paper onto monitor for viewing &
                   recording; these can be rented.
                                                                            Handy dandy Elmo

                 Or you can go the basic pen & paper route.




                                                                                               19


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                             19
Paper Prototype: Usability Recruiting

                          Planning   Recruiting         Study           Findings
                           2 days      3 days           1 day              1 day




                 Recruiting tips:
                 • Goal is to find participants that meet your user profile (5-8 recommended)
                 • Characteristics to consider may include: age, gender, education, occupation, computer
                   experience, product experience.
                 • Can use outside agency ($200/head) or do it yourself.


                 For my project:
                 • Recruited iPhone users who regularly attend certain local events and had downloaded at
                   least one iPhone app.
                 • Created screener with SurveyMonkey; posted on Craig’s List for $75.
                 • Participants were offered $50 for one hour; over 200 responses in one day.

                                                                                                       20


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                                     20
Paper Prototype: Usability Study

                          Planning        Recruiting         Study           Findings
                           2 days           3 days           1 day             1 day




                 Study Tips:
                 • Facilitating sessions is harder than it looks; if you can’t do it, hire someone.
                 • Use the “think aloud” protocol; the goal is to listen and observe, not demo your product.

                 For my project, participant sessions were divided into 3 parts:
                          Review participant background (10 minutes): Go over screener responses and
                 1.
                          delve deeper into areas of interest.
                          Scenario based tasks (40 minutes): Evaluate user experience by asking participants
                 2.
                          to complete tasks with the paper prototype.
                          Wrap-up interview (10 minutes): Ask participant about their overall impressions of
                 3.
                          the product. (e.g. “How would you describe this product to a friend?)

                                                                                                               21


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                                             21
Paper Prototype: Usability Findings

                          Planning        Recruiting          Study            Findings
                           2 days           3 days             1 day             1 day




                 Tips on study findings:
                 •        Format will depend on your company’s goals & needs; some company’s needs
                          are met with a “quick findings,” others may need a detailed report with video clips.


                 Some top findings from my project:
                 •        Overall: Participants liked the concept and would use it if free. (Ads were OK)
                 •        Navigation : Understood tab structure & navigation between events.
                 •        Content: Wanted additional info on list view and detail view (e.g. text reviews
                          instead of ratings alone).
                 •        Web Site vs. iPhone: Some participants expected the app to have a sister web
                          site; thought certain tasks were more appropriate for desktop.


                                                                                                                 22


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                                               22
What I didn’t learn


                 • While the paper prototype study was incredibly helpful in evaluating the
                   concept, there are many aspects of the user experience that weren’t
                   tested (e.g., size of targets, scrolling, swiping)
                 • As soon as we have a working prototype, the goal is to do another round
                   of usability testing with prospective users.




                                                                                              23


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                            23
References & Additional Reading


                 • Marc Rettig, “Prototyping for Tiny Fingers,” Communications of the ACM, April 1994
                 • Jakob Nielsen, “Paper Prototyping: Getting user data before you code,” http://
                   www.useit.com/alertbox/20030414.html
                 • Jared Spool, “Looking back at 16 years of paper prototyping,” http://www.uie.com/
                   articles/looking_back_on_paper_prototyping/
                 • Carolyn Snyder, “Using Paper Prototypes to Manage Risk,” http://www.uie.com/
                   articles/prototyping_risk/
                 • Matthew Klee, “Five Paper Prototyping Tips,” http://www.uie.com/articles/
                   prototyping_tips/




                                                                                                        24


Tuesday, April 21, 2009                                                                                      24
email: suzanne@ginsburg-design.com
          twitter: @suzanneginsburg




Tuesday, April 21, 2009                        25

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An agile approach to iPhone design: Paper prototyping + user testing

  • 1. An agile approach to iPhone design: Paper prototyping + user testing Suzanne Ginsburg, Principal suzanne@ginsburg-design.com Tuesday, April 21, 2009 1
  • 2. Thanks for your interest in these slides! Full-screen view is recommended for optimal viewing. Tuesday, April 21, 2009 2
  • 3. About Me • More than thirteen years of experience designing software • Six years in the Communities & Communications group at Yahoo! • Three years consulting on my own (startups, in-house, design agencies) • M.S. in Information Management from UC Berkeley’s iSchool • Certified Scrum Master; participated in Agile pilot at Yahoo! 3 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 3
  • 4. Project Background • A few months ago, I started sketching ideas for an events related iPhone app • Before investing time & money on development, I wanted to get user input on the concept. – Were prospective users interested in the idea? – What features & functionality would make the service most compelling? – How would they respond to the presence of ads? – Did the high-level information architecture make sense? 4 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 4
  • 5. Approach Develop a paper prototype + Test prototype with prospective users 5 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 5
  • 6. What is a Paper Prototype? • Format can be hand-drawn sketches or screenshot printouts • Fast & cheap way to incorporate user feedback into designs. • Developer/designer plays the role of “computer” & simulates how the UI will behave Posted by typeweight on Flickr 6 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 6
  • 7. What is a Paper Prototype? (cont’d) When compared to high-fidelity testing, Jared Spool, the founder of User Interface Engineering, describes it the following way: “We think of paper prototyping as the course-grain sandpaper and electronic-version testing as the fine grain. Once we’ve used the paper prototypes to validate what each screen contains and how it will work, we then move over to the electronic version to fine tune the look and feel.” 7 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 7
  • 8. What are the benefits? • Design changes can be made on the fly during usability tests • Usability participants may be more comfortable being critical of a paper prototype • Making big conceptual changes early on will save time & money Posted by typeweight on Flickr 8 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 8
  • 9. What are the benefits? (cont’d) “The most common estimate is that it’s 100 times cheaper to make a change before any code has been written than it is to wait until after the implementation is complete.” -- Jakob Nielsen Testing ticketing system in Oslo; Posted by etunko on Flickr 9 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 9
  • 10. What types of projects are suitable? Consider the project stage: • Great for testing a completely new design • Also works for changing parts of an existing design • If you want to test an existing product, you might as well test the real thing And the project domain: • Works well for most productivity applications • Good for some aspects of content-rich sites • Can work for gaming; highly dependent on game type 10 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 10
  • 11. What types of issues can you explore? • Concepts. Do they understand the key concepts? • Terminology. Do they understand the terms in the UI? • Navigation. Does the flow match what users expect? • Content. Does it provide the right level of information? • Page layout. Is content organized as users expect? • Functionality. What additional features are desired? Harder to address: Technical feasibility; download time or other response times; scrolling, swiping; colors Posted by timo on Flickr and fonts 11 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 11
  • 12. What tools can you use to build paper prototypes? Options are endless: • Pen + paper: Combine with stickies, markers, & other readily available office supplies. • Sketching applications: Omnigraffle, BalsamIQ, Visio (Note: Omni & BalsamIQ have nice iPhone stencils.) iPhone sketch created with Balsamiq 12 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 12
  • 13. iPhone Stencils: Graffletopia 13 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 13
  • 14. Pencil and Paper Prototype: Things iPhone App 14 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 14
  • 15. Next, User Testing 15 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 15
  • 16. Paper Prototype: Sample Usability Timeline Planning Recruiting Study Findings 2 days 3 days 1-2 days 1 day This one-week timeline is very aggressive & has a number of built-in assumptions: • Planning: Assumes that the prototype has already been developed. • Recruiting: Assumes recruiting requirements are relatively straightforward. • Findings: Assumes that “quick” findings are sufficient for team. Note: If you work with an agency or rent lab space, expect these times to double at minimum. Costs will also be much higher (recruiting + lab can cost $5000 for 2 days; facilitation and analysis are separate line items) 16 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 16
  • 17. Paper Prototype: Usability Planning Planning Recruiting Study Findings 2 days 3 days 1 day 1 day Your test plan should include: • Purpose • Test environment/equipment • User profile • Test monitor roles • Evaluation measures • Method (test design) • Report contents and presentation • Task list List is from, Handbook of Usability Testing, Jeffrey Rubin Templates can be found at Society for Technical Communication: http://www.stcsig.org/usability/resources/toolkit/toolkit.html 17 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 17
  • 18. Usability Testing Equipment: Fancy Lab 18 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 18
  • 19. Usability Testing Equipment: DIY Style If you’re planning to do testing in-house, here are some tools for recording your session • Voice: iPhone has plenty of recording apps (e.g. iTalk from Griffin) • Photos: Bring camera to capture artifacts and take participant photo (with permission) • Video: Valuable if you need to report back to team members or executives (also get permission) • Elmo: Used to project paper onto monitor for viewing & recording; these can be rented. Handy dandy Elmo Or you can go the basic pen & paper route. 19 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 19
  • 20. Paper Prototype: Usability Recruiting Planning Recruiting Study Findings 2 days 3 days 1 day 1 day Recruiting tips: • Goal is to find participants that meet your user profile (5-8 recommended) • Characteristics to consider may include: age, gender, education, occupation, computer experience, product experience. • Can use outside agency ($200/head) or do it yourself. For my project: • Recruited iPhone users who regularly attend certain local events and had downloaded at least one iPhone app. • Created screener with SurveyMonkey; posted on Craig’s List for $75. • Participants were offered $50 for one hour; over 200 responses in one day. 20 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 20
  • 21. Paper Prototype: Usability Study Planning Recruiting Study Findings 2 days 3 days 1 day 1 day Study Tips: • Facilitating sessions is harder than it looks; if you can’t do it, hire someone. • Use the “think aloud” protocol; the goal is to listen and observe, not demo your product. For my project, participant sessions were divided into 3 parts: Review participant background (10 minutes): Go over screener responses and 1. delve deeper into areas of interest. Scenario based tasks (40 minutes): Evaluate user experience by asking participants 2. to complete tasks with the paper prototype. Wrap-up interview (10 minutes): Ask participant about their overall impressions of 3. the product. (e.g. “How would you describe this product to a friend?) 21 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 21
  • 22. Paper Prototype: Usability Findings Planning Recruiting Study Findings 2 days 3 days 1 day 1 day Tips on study findings: • Format will depend on your company’s goals & needs; some company’s needs are met with a “quick findings,” others may need a detailed report with video clips. Some top findings from my project: • Overall: Participants liked the concept and would use it if free. (Ads were OK) • Navigation : Understood tab structure & navigation between events. • Content: Wanted additional info on list view and detail view (e.g. text reviews instead of ratings alone). • Web Site vs. iPhone: Some participants expected the app to have a sister web site; thought certain tasks were more appropriate for desktop. 22 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 22
  • 23. What I didn’t learn • While the paper prototype study was incredibly helpful in evaluating the concept, there are many aspects of the user experience that weren’t tested (e.g., size of targets, scrolling, swiping) • As soon as we have a working prototype, the goal is to do another round of usability testing with prospective users. 23 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 23
  • 24. References & Additional Reading • Marc Rettig, “Prototyping for Tiny Fingers,” Communications of the ACM, April 1994 • Jakob Nielsen, “Paper Prototyping: Getting user data before you code,” http:// www.useit.com/alertbox/20030414.html • Jared Spool, “Looking back at 16 years of paper prototyping,” http://www.uie.com/ articles/looking_back_on_paper_prototyping/ • Carolyn Snyder, “Using Paper Prototypes to Manage Risk,” http://www.uie.com/ articles/prototyping_risk/ • Matthew Klee, “Five Paper Prototyping Tips,” http://www.uie.com/articles/ prototyping_tips/ 24 Tuesday, April 21, 2009 24
  • 25. email: suzanne@ginsburg-design.com twitter: @suzanneginsburg Tuesday, April 21, 2009 25