1.
Iraq invaded her neighbour, Kuwait.
This war eventually caused

2.
Over
30, 000
dead

3.
Over
400, 000
made
homeless

4.
created

5.
Almost 100,000surrendering Iraqi soldiers became
Prisoners of War (POWs).

6.
created

7.
Over 600 oil
wells in Kuwait
to be set on fire.

8.
They dumped 11
million
barrelsof
oil into the sea
of the Persian Gulf.

9.
Unbelievable
environmental damage…
for
no apparent
reason.

10.
led to

11.
A rise in terrorism worldwide A huge drop in the popularity/
public image of the USA

12.
There is a connection to Kuwait’s situation and
Singapore.
Kuwait has a small
population:
3-3.5 million
Kuwait’s local
population is only 1
million, the rest are
foreign workers.
Kuwait’s defence force is
tiny, so she relies on the
USA as her protector/
main oil trading partner.
Unlike Singapore,
Kuwait is wealthy! She
has oil, but apart from
this, Kuwait has no
other natural
resources at all.

13.
It lead directly to
your next chapter –
Transnational
Terrorism
You have a project
to complete for this
chapter
Most importantly,
it hasn’t come out
for 2 years, and you
like marks… don’t
you?

14.
1. Basic Events of the War
(This is for SBQ)
2. Causes of the War
(This is for SEQ, the acronym in your notes is IRAQ)
3. Impacts/ Results of the War
(Also for SEQ, the acronym in your notes is KILLED)

15.
Part 1: The Scene

16.
Where is our conflict located?

17.
The Middle East

18.
Part 2: The Characters

19.
Main Character 1: Iraq
POPULATION
31 million
•Mostly Arab/ Muslim
(97%) with other
small minorities like
Christians and Kurds
ECONOMY
Mostly based on
production of oil.
MILITARY
Over 1 million
soldiers, almost
2000 tanks, 300+
modern jet aircraft
and a small navy.

20.
1979 2003 2006

21.
Main Character 2: Kuwait
POPULATION
3.5 million
•Mostly Arab/Muslim
(85%) with other small
Asian minorities like
the Indians and
Pakistanis
ECONOMY
Mostly based on
production of oil.
MILITARY
Over 15,000
soldiers, almost
300 tanks, 100+
modern jet aircraft
and a small navy.

22.
Main Character 3: United Nations

23.
The UN force was led by the United States of America
(USA).

24.
Main Character 4: Iran
LOCATION
Another ‘next
door
neighbour’ to
Iraq
HISTORY
Fought an 8
year war with
Iraq
(1980 – 1988).
LEADER
Ayatollah
Khomeini

25.
In the past: the
historical relationship
between Iraq and Kuwait
Iraq and Kuwait have
always been ruled as one
territory.
In the past, it was a part
of the Ottoman Empire.

26.
Later, under the British Empire, Kuwait and Iraq were
still ruled as one territory.

27.
So, when the British gave Kuwait their independence in
1961, Iraq objected as they felt it was not fair to take
away a part of their territory.

28.
Sounds familiar?
A larger more
powerful country
wanting
ownership of a
smaller area
because it was
never
considered
separate
throughout
history?

29.
Because of this war, the Iraqi economy was in ruins.

30.
The Iraqi economy was also badly in debt to
neighbouring countries, but especially to the USA and
France because Saddam Hussein borrowed billions of
dollars to buy…

31.
Finally, Iraq was
not able to make
as much money
as expected from
oil sales as OPEC
members like
UAE and Kuwait
did not follow oil
production
quotas.

32.
Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing oil
from their side of the Rumaila oil field
by using slant drilling technology

33.
Iraq also accused
Kuwait of denying
them access to the
sea because
Kuwait refused
to allow Iraq to
use the island
ports of Bubiyan
and Warbah.

34.
Iraq also accused
Kuwait of denying
them access to the
sea because
Kuwait refused
to allow Iraq to
use the island
ports of Bubiyan
and Warbah.

35.
with Saddam Hussein himself

36.
Part 3: How did it begin?

37.
28th May 1990
•Iraq complains to
the Arab League.
•UAE and Kuwait
agree to follow
OPEC oil
production quotas.
18th July 1990
•Iraq warns Kuwait
not to involve the
USA, wants Arab
League to settle
this matter instead.
24th July, 1990
•Iraq begins military
build-up at the
Iraq-Kuwait border.

38.
27th-28thJuly,1990
OPEC agrees to
raise oil price by
38.8%.
1stAugust,1990
Saudi Arabia and
Kuwait cancel
Iraq’s war debt.
Kuwait loans a
further US$500
million to Iraq but
refuses to pay any
compensation for
accusations about
Rumaila, and
refuses to give
any territory to
Iraq.
2ndAugust1990
Iraq invades
Kuwait!
12 hours later,
mission
accomplished – the
Kuwaiti royal
family flees to the
USA, Iraq officially
declares that
Kuwait is now a
part of Iraq.

39.
3rdAugust,1990
Iraqi armed
forces start
massing at the
Saudi-Kuwait
border. Saudi
Arabia officially
requests UN
help.
UN passes a
resolution
calling for Iraqi
withdrawal
from Kuwait.
8thAugust,1990
UN forms a
Coalition
force (under
the leadership
of the USA),
UN sends the
force to protect
Saudi Arabia;
called
‘Operation
Desert Shield’

40.
29th November,
1990
• UN Security Council issues a final ultimatum to
Saddam Hussein – the deadline to withdraw
from Kuwait is the 15th January, 1991.
15th January,
1991
• Iraq ignores the deadline
17th January,
1991
• Operation ‘Desert Storm’ begins.
28th February,
1991
• War is over. Iraqi forces withdraw from Kuwait.
UN forces do not pursue Iraqi forces past the
Iraq – Kuwait border.

41.
Kuwait’s suffering: The impact of the war on Kuwait.

42.
Social Impact: Death, Torture, Refugees
According to an unclassified report written by Pentagon lawyers in 1992:
“Report on Iraqi War Crimes: Desert Shield/Desert Storm,” (a copy of which
was obtained by WorldNetDaily), Iraqi troops were accused of
systematically carrying out grisly acts of torture against Kuwaiti
citizens “with the approval of the national leadership in Iraq.”
“The evidence establishes that there were at least two dozen torture sites
in Kuwait City, most of which were located in either police stations or sports
facilities,” the report said. “The gruesome evidence confirms torture by
amputation of or injury to various body parts, to include limbs, eyes,
tongues, ears, noses, lips and genitalia. Electric shock was applied to
sensitive parts of the body (nose, mouth, genitalia),” the report said.
“Electric drills were used to penetrate the chest, leg(s) or arm(s) of
victims.”

43.
Invading Iraqi soldiers also allegedly beat Kuwaiti civilians,
crushing bones, skulls and disfiguring their faces, according to
the catalog of abuses. Some victims were soaked in acid. Others
were beaten while suspended from ceilings. Axes were allegedly used
in some beatings.
“Women taken hostage were raped repeatedly,” the report added.

44.
But it gets worse:
“Eyewitnesses reported Iraqis torturing a woman by making her eat
her own flesh as it was cut from her body,” the report said.
Furthermore, some 120 babies “were left to die after being removed
from incubators that were taken to Iraq.” More than 150 children
between the ages of one and 13 were killed “for various reasons”, and
finally, 57 mentally ill individuals were killed “simply because of
their handicap.”
A news report published on ‘World Net Daily’, an internet news website.
http://www.wnd.com/2003/04/18117/

45.
Loss of Respect for the Iraqi Government
• How the war affected the political structure of Iraq
Lack of fear and respect for the Iraqi government
• the UN-backed Kurdish uprising against Saddam
Hussein’s government.

46.
The Kurds suffered for it.
It

47.
In 1988, the Hussein regime began a campaign of extermination
against the Kurdish people living in Northern Iraq. This is known
as the Anfal campaign. The campaign was mostly directed at Kurds
who sided with Iranians during the Iraq-Iran War. The attacks
resulted in the death of at least 50,000 (some reports estimate as
many as 100,000 people), many of them women and children.

48.
A team of Human Rights Watch investigators determined that the
attacks on the Kurdish people were characterised by mass
executions and disappearances of many tens of thousands of non-
combatants, widespread use of chemical weapons including
Sarin, mustard gas and nerve agents that killed thousands, the
imprisoning of tens of thousands of women, children, and elderly
people for months in conditions of extreme deprivation, forced
displacement of hundreds of thousands of villagers after the
demolition of their homes, and the wholesale destruction of
nearly two thousand villages along with their schools, mosques,
farms and power stations.

49.
In April 1991, after Saddam lost control of Kuwait in the Persian
Gulf War, he cracked down ruthlessly against several uprisings in the
Kurdish north, Iraqi forces committed wholesale massacres and
other gross human rights violations similar to the violations
mentioned before. Estimates of deaths during that time range from
20,000 to 100,000 for Kurds.

50.
Environmental Impact on the Region
From a radio interview of Dr. Jacqueline Michel, US geochemist, broadcast in 2010.

51.
The long term effects were very significant. There was no shoreline cleanup,
and so when we went back in to do quantitative survey in 2002 and 2003, there
was a million cubic meters of oil sediment remained then 12 years after the
spill.... The oil penetrated much more deeply into the sediment than normal
because the sediment there has a lot of crab burrows, and the oil penetrated
deep, sometimes 30, 40 cm into the mud of these tidal flats. There’s no way to
get it out now. So it has had long term impact. Marshlands and mud tidal flats
continue to contain large quantities of oil, over ten years later, and full recovery
is likely to take decades.

52.
Enjoy
memorising
all these for your O Levels!

53.
Goh Bang Rui
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